Deck 41: Nutrition and Metabolism

Question 1

The Krebs cycle takes place in the:

A) ribosome.
B) cytoplasm.
C) mitochondria.
D) Golgi apparatus.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The cycle in which an ATP high-energy bond is broken to yield a phosphate group, ADP, and energy and then recombined to form ATP is called the:

A) conversion of monosaccharides.
B) ATP conversion.
C) ATP/ADP system.
D) metabolic pathway.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following statements is not true?

A) Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of all human cells.
B) Glycolysis requires the use of oxygen.
C) Glycolysis breaks the chemical bonds in glucose molecules and thereby releases about 5% of the energy stored in them.
D) Glycolysis is an essential process because it prepares glucose for the second step in catabolism, namely, the citric acid cycle.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following is the correct order of the body's energy fuel preference, starting with the first choice and ending with the third choice?

A) Carbohydrates, fats, proteins
B) Carbohydrates, proteins, fats
C) Fats, carbohydrates, proteins
D) Proteins, carbohydrates, fats

Question 5

The action of phosphatase enzyme is to catalyze the:

A) combination of phosphate with glucose.
B) release of glucose from phosphate.
C) movement of glucose through the cell membrane.
D) formation of ATP.

Question 6

In which of the following cells is glucose phosphorylation reversible?

A) Heart
B) Pancreas
C) Kidney
D) Muscle

Question 7

Which of the following is not true of glycolysis?

A) It occurs in the mitochondria.
B) Glucose is split into two pyruvic acid molecules.
C) It is an anaerobic process.
D) A specific enzyme catalyzes each step of the reaction.

Question 8

When the blood glucose level starts to decrease toward lower than normal:

A) liver cells increase the rate at which they convert glycogen, amino acids, and fats to glucose.
B) there is an increase in glycogenolysis.
C) there is an increase in gluconeogenesis.
D) all of the above occur.

Question 9

Which of the following is most indicative of a normal blood sugar level?

A) 60 to 80 mg/100 ml
B) 80 to 100 mg/100 ml
C) 110 to 125 mg/100 ml
D) 135 to 150 mg/100 ml

Question 10

An increased blood sugar level stimulates which of the following to occur?

A) Glycogenolysis
B) Glycogenesis
C) Gluconeogenesis
D) Glycolysis

Question 11

Which of the following is not true of ATP?

A) It is a high-energy substance.
B) It is formed by the synthesis of ADP and phosphate.
C) It releases energy when split.
D) It cannot be recycled after it is broken down.

Question 12

Which of the following names is not a term used for the aerobic breakdown of food substances?

A) Citric acid cycle
B) Pyruvic acid cycle
C) Krebs cycle
D) Tricarboxylic acid cycle

Question 13

ADP is an abbreviation for:

A) aniline diphosphate.
B) adenine diphosphate.
C) adenosine diphosphate.
D) adenosine triphosphate.

Question 14

The process of splitting glycogen is called:

A) glycogenesis.
B) glycogenolysis.
C) gluconeogenesis.

Question 15

Which of the following types of cells contains phosphatase?

A) Heart
B) Brain
C) Muscle
D) Kidney

Question 16

Catabolism is a _____ process involving the _____ of energy.

A) synthesis; release
B) decomposition; release
C) synthesis; use
D) decomposition; use

Question 17

Which of the following is true of energy released by the breakdown of food substances?

A) It is used to synthesize ATP.
B) It is used to decompose ATP.
C) It is changed to heat energy and used for cell functioning.
D) It is used directly for cell functioning.

Question 18

The preferred energy fuel of the body is:

A) fructose.
B) glucose.
C) amino acids.
D) fatty acids.

Question 19

Which of the following is true of metabolism?

A) It involves both a physical and a chemical breakdown of foods.
B) It occurs both inside and outside of cells.
C) It involves synthesis and decomposition.
D) Energy is released from the process of anabolism and catabolism.

Question 20

Glucose phosphorylation is catalyzed by which of the following enzymes?

A) Amylase
B) Glucokinase
C) Phosphatase
D) Phosphorylase

Question 21

The process of gluconeogenesis occurs in the:

A) liver.
B) skeletal muscle.
C) brain.
D) All of the above are correct.

Question 22

The hormone capable of causing both protein anabolism and catabolism is:

A) thyroid hormone.
B) growth hormone.
C) insulin.
D) ACTH.

Question 23

ACTH affects metabolism by stimulating the release of:

A) epinephrine.
B) thyroxine.
C) glucagon.
D) glucocorticoids.

Question 24

The hormone that has a tendency to inhibit fat catabolism is:

A) ACTH.
B) insulin.
C) growth hormone.
D) glucocorticoids.

Question 25

The hormone that raises blood sugar level by causing a shift to fat catabolism is:

A) ACTH.
B) growth hormone.
C) thyroid hormone.
D) both A and B.

Question 26

Which of the following stimulates protein synthesis?

A) Testosterone
B) Estrogen
C) Glucagon
D) ACTH

Question 27

Excess glucose and amino acids are converted to:

A) fatty acids.
B) glycerol.
C) triglycerides.
D) phospholipids.

Question 28

Glucagon increases the activity of:

A) phosphorylase.
B) phosphatase.
C) amylase.
D) glucokinase.

Question 29

Deamination, the splitting off of an amino group from an amino acid molecule to form a molecule of ammonia and one of keto acid, is the first step in protein:

A) catabolism.
B) anabolism.
C) metabolism.

Question 30

The enzyme that catalyzes glucose phosphorylation is:

A) phosphorylase.
B) phosphatase.
C) amylase.
D) glucokinase.

Question 31

All of the following hormones control lipid metabolism except:

A) ACTH.
B) glucocorticoids.
C) epinephrine.
D) insulin.

Question 32

The most common lipids in the diet are:

A) phospholipids.
B) cholesterol.
C) triglycerides.
D) prostaglandins.

Question 33

Catabolism of fatty acids, without any other food product availability, causes the production of:

A) glucose.
B) ketone bodies.
C) cholesterol.
D) ADP.

Question 34

A hormone that stimulates the conversion of proteins to glucose is:

A) ACTH.
B) growth hormone.
C) thyroid hormone.
D) TSH.

Question 35

Which of the following hormones is not hyperglycemic?

A) Glucagon
B) Glucocorticoids
C) Insulin
D) Epinephrine

Question 36

The process by which proteins are synthesized by the ribosomes in all cells is called protein:

A) catabolism.
B) anabolism.
C) metabolism.
D) transcription.

Question 37

The conversion of proteins to glucose is an example of:

A) glycogenesis.
B) gluconeogenesis.
C) glycogenolysis.
D) glycolysis.

Question 38

Which of the following vitamins is not stored in significant amounts in the body and must be continually supplied to the diet?

A) D
B) K
C) C
D) E

Question 39

Protein, or nitrogen, balance means protein:

A) anabolism equals protein catabolism.
B) anabolism exceeds protein catabolism.
C) catabolism exceeds protein anabolism.

Question 40

Diets high in saturated fats and cholesterol tend to increase the blood ____ concentration.

A) HDL
B) LDL
C) VLDL

Question 41

Malnutrition includes a deficiency or imbalance of:

A) water.
B) food.
C) vitamins.
D) both B and C.

Question 42

A person who consumes 6000 kilocalories per day and burns only 5000 kilocalories per day would gain approximately ____ pounds over a 10-day period.

A) 1
B) 3
C) 5
D) 7

Question 43

The appetite center is located in the:

A) stomach.
B) small intestine.
C) hypothalamus.
D) cerebrum.

Question 44

All of the following are a result of lipid anabolism except:

A) cholesterol.
B) ketone bodies.
C) triglycerides.
D) prostaglandins.

Question 45

A term for substances such as sodium, chloride, calcium, and potassium is:

A) bulk nutrient.
B) trace element.
C) macromineral.
D) both A and C.

Question 46

Glucose cannot be secreted from what cells once glucose phosphorylation has occurred in them?

A) Muscle cells
B) Kidney cells
C) Liver cells
D) Intestinal mucosa cells

Question 47

Which of the following minerals is important in blood cell production?

A) Magnesium
B) Iron
C) Manganese
D) Iodine

Question 48

Which of the following vitamins can the body make?

A) Vitamin D
B) Vitamin K
C) Biotin
D) The body can make all of the above vitamins.

Question 49

Which of the following is not a result of insulin deficiency?

A) Low glycogen storage
B) Slow glycogenesis
C) Increased glucose catabolism
D) All of the above are results of insulin deficiency.

Question 50

An increase of body temperature of 1 degree Celsius will necessitate an increase in metabolism of approximately:

A) 7%.
B) 11%.
C) 13%.
D) 15%.

Question 51

The basal metabolic rate is higher in all of the following situations except:

A) youth compared with adult.
B) male compared with female.
C) hypothermia compared with fever.
D) excess of thyroid hormone compared with the normal level.

Question 52

Which of the following is not considered a micronutrient?

A) Zinc
B) Iodine
C) Sodium
D) All of the above are considered micronutrients.

Question 53

Which of the following minerals is important in the production of ATP, RNA, and DNA?

A) Phosphorus
B) Iron
C) Calcium
D) Cobalt

Question 54

If four molecules of glucose were broken down by glycolysis, the cell would receive _____ molecules of ATP.

A) 4
B) 8
C) 12
D) 16

Question 55

Which of the following minerals is important in stomach acid production?

A) Iron
B) Calcium
C) Chlorine
D) Sodium

Question 56

Metabolic rates are expressed as:

A) normal or as a percentage above or below normal.
B) the number of kilocalories of heat energy expended per hour or per day.
C) kilocalories per pound of body weight.
D) both A and B.

Question 57

A deficiency in which of the following minerals leads to thyroid enlargement and a decrease in the metabolic rate?

A) Potassium
B) Iodine
C) Calcium
D) Phosphorus

Question 58

Which of the following is not considered a macronutrient?

A) Carbohydrates
B) Calcium
C) Iron
D) Neither B nor C is considered a macronutrient.

Question 59

Which of the following substances is not transported as part of a chylomicron?

A) Glucose
B) Cholesterol
C) Phospholipid
D) All of the above are transported as part of a chylomicron.

Question 60

Which of the following minerals is important in bone formation, blood clotting, and nerve function?

A) Phosphorus
B) Iron
C) Calcium
D) Cobalt

Question 61

Heat released in catabolism is used as an energy source for cell functions.

Question 62

Which statement best explains how orexigenic factors affect appetite?

A) Orexigenic factors are hormones, neurotransmitters, and other factors that affect feeding centers in the hypothalamus that decrease appetite.
B) Orexigenic factors are hormones, neurotransmitters, and other factors that affect feeding centers in the hypothalamus that stimulate appetite.
C) Orexigenic factors are neurons in the ventral medial nucleus of the hypothalamus that function as a satiety center-meaning that impulses from these neurons decrease appetite so that we feel sated, or satisfied.
D) Orexigenic factors are neurons in the ventral medial nucleus of the hypothalamus that function as a satiety center-meaning that impulses from these neurons increase appetite.

Question 63

Which process begins with acetyl CoA and produces high-energy electrons and hydrogen carrier molecules?

A) Krebs cycle
B) Anaerobic pathway
C) Glycolysis
D) Electron transport chain

Question 64

Which of the following is not part of "basal conditions"?

A) Awake but lying down and not moving a muscle
B) In a preabsorptive state
C) In a warm, comfortable environment
D) All of the above are part of basal conditions.

Question 65

If 4 molecules of glucose were broken down by glycolysis, the cell would gain _____ molecules of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

A) 4
B) 8
C) 12
D) 16

Question 66

Carbohydrates must be converted to which molecule before entering the citric acid cycle?

A) Citric acid
B) An acetyl group
C) Coenzyme A (CoA)
D) Pyruvic acid

Question 67

What process has pyruvic acid and two gained ATPs as end products?

A) Krebs cycle
B) Anaerobic pathway
C) Glycolysis
D) Electron transport chain

Question 68

Which of the following is a factor that reduces appetite?

A) An increase in blood temperature reaching the hypothalamus
B) A decrease in blood temperature reaching the hypothalamus
C) A decrease in blood glucose
D) None of the above factors has an effect on appetite.

Question 69

Which of the following carbohydrates cannot be absorbed directly into the cells?

A) Cellulose
B) Polysaccharides
C) Disaccharides
D) None of the above carbohydrates can be absorbed directly into the cells.

Question 70

Metabolism requires the use of enzymes to catalyze chemical reactions.

Question 71

What process uses high-energy electrons and hydrogen carriers to release energy?

A) Krebs cycle
B) Anaerobic pathway
C) Glycolysis
D) Electron transport chain

Question 72

A term for substances such as iron, iodine, zinc, and manganese is:

A) bulk nutrient.
B) trace element.
C) macromineral.
D) both A and C.

Question 73

Which statement best compares the processes of anabolism and catabolism?

A) Both catabolism and anabolism take place outside of the cells in the GI tract.
B) Catabolism breaks food molecules down into smaller molecular compounds and, in so doing, releases energy from them. Anabolism does the opposite.
C) Anabolism breaks food molecules down into smaller molecular compounds and, in so doing, releases energy from them. Catabolism does the opposite.
D) Anabolism occurs when nutrient molecules enter cells, undergo many chemical changes, and release ATP for energy; catabolism doesn't release ATP.

Question 74

Which process produces lactic acid? (The Cori cycle helps repay the oxygen debt incurred by this process.)

A) Krebs cycle
B) Anaerobic pathway
C) Glycolysis
D) Electron transport chain

Question 75

All cells have basically the same metabolic rate.

Question 76

"Occurs when nutrient molecules enter the cell and undergo many chemical changes" is the textbook definition of:

A) metabolism.
B) anabolism.
C) assimilation.
D) catabolism.

Question 77

Which of the following is a characteristic of a saturated fat?

A) It is a solid at room temperature.
B) It contains all the hydrogen it can hold.
C) It has at least one double bond.
D) Both A and B are characteristics of a saturated fat.

Question 78

If a person's total metabolic rate (TMR) were 2400 calories, would his or her basal metabolic rate (BMR) be more or less than 2400 calories?

A) Less because BMR is about 55% to 60% of the TMR.
B) More because BMR is about 55% to 60% more than the TMR.
C) Neither because BMR is equal to the TMR.
D) Not enough information is given to determine the answer.

Question 79

Which of the following is a characteristic of an unsaturated fat?

A) It is a solid at room temperature.
B) It contains all the hydrogen it can hold.
C) It has at least one double bond.
D) None of the above are characteristics of an unsaturated fat.

Question 80

Which statement explains how a diet that is low in carbohydrates would reduce the amount of fat in the body?

A) Carbohydrates act as a fat sparer; therefore, fat goes through anabolism to reduce body fat.
B) Certain carbohydrates called peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors metabolize fat.
C) Fewer carbohydrates would result in fats moving out of adipose tissue and being catabolized.
D) Fat catabolism is inversely related to the rate of carbohydrate anabolism.