Deck 41: Immunology: Animal Defense Systems

Question 1

Cruise ship passengers find themselves with flu-like symptoms for the first 4-5 days of their trip, but eventually recover and enjoy their trip.Which defense listed is last to be involved in their recovery?

A) Antibodies
B) Lysozymes
C) Mucus
D) Their skin, as an example of an innate defense
E) Phagocytosis

Answer 1

A

Question 2

A college student taking a 24-hour bus trip to her summer internship is surrounded by people sniffling and sneezing.She cannot escape the pathogen involved, but she does not share the others' symptoms during her trip.Which of the following is not involved in her resistance to the illness?

A) Mucus
B) Lysozymes
C) T cells
D) Skin
E) Phagocytosis

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which blood components are generally restricted to the vessels and heart in a closed circulatory system?

A) Platelets
B) White blood cells
C) Red blood cells
D) Neutrophils
E) Macrophages

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which are white blood cells that release histamine?

A) Dendritic cells
B) T cells
C) Basophils
D) Macrophages
E) Eosinophils

Question 5

Which substance is most likely responsible for fever during inflammation?

A) Fibrinogen
B) Complement proteins
C) Cytokines
D) Class I MHC proteins
E) Class II MHC proteins

Question 6

Which cell is a leukocyte?

A) Platelet
B) Red blood cell
C) Dendritic cell
D) Neuron
E) Bone cell

Question 7

The American lobster is susceptible to a bacterial infection that eats holes in its shell.It is likely that an environmental factor, such as warmer ocean temperatures, is compromising the animal's immune response.Which immune defense is most likely to be the first that is compromised, allowing the pathogenic bacteria to get a foothold?

A) Innate: pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
B) Innate: phagocytes in the blood
C) Innate: physical barrier
D) Adaptive: B lymphocytes
E) Adaptive: T-helper cells

Question 8

Which statement about innate and adaptive defenses is true?

A) Defense systems involve recognition of self from nonself.
B) Innate defenses typically act more slowly than adaptive defenses.
C) Adaptive defense mechanisms are typically the body's first line of defense.
D) Antibody proteins are an example of an innate defense.
E) Innate defenses are called specific defenses.

Question 9

Which reaction is involved in an immune adaptive response after exposure to a pathogen?

A) An increase in lysozyme production
B) Inflammation at the site of exposure
C) Increased flow of mucus
D) Recognition of infected cells by T cells
E) Phagocytosis of the pathogen is observed

Question 10

Which is a key trait of the adaptive immunity response?

A) The ability to respond in a nonspecific way to a wide diversity of foreign molecules and organisms
B) Typically a more rapid response time than an innate immunity response
C) Relies on physical barriers such as skin
D) Immunological memory that often is long-lasting
E) Secretes defensins against pathogenic bacteria and viruses

Question 11

Which consists primarily of lymphoid tissue?

A) Pancreas
B) Thymus
C) Lung
D) Liver
E) Red blood cells

Question 12

Binding of a molecule from a pathogen to a receptor initiates a signal transduction pathway.Which represents the correct order of events in this pathway?

A) Change in shape of NF-κB $\rightarrow$ binding of NF-κB to the promoter $\rightarrow$ activation of toll-like receptor $\rightarrow$ transcription of defense genes
B) Binding of NF-κB to the promoter $\rightarrow$ change in shape of NF-κB $\rightarrow$ activation of toll-like receptor $\rightarrow$ transcription of defense genes
C) Activation of toll-like receptor $\rightarrow$ change in shape of NF-κB $\rightarrow$ binding of NF-κB to the promoter $\rightarrow$ ranscription of defense genes
D) Activation of toll-like receptor $\rightarrow$ binding of NF-κB to the promoter $\rightarrow$ change in shape of NF-κB $\rightarrow$ transcription of defense genes
E) Binding of NF-κB to the promoter $\rightarrow$ activation of toll-like receptor $\rightarrow$ transcription of defense genes $\rightarrow$ change in shape of NF-κB

Question 13

Which statement is true?

A) MHC proteins can act as nonself antigens in tissue transplants between one individual and another.
B) MHC proteins are displayed only on specialized antigen-presenting cells such as macrophages.
C) Developing T cells that recognize the body's own MHC proteins undergo apoptosis in a normally functioning body.
D) In transplants of tissues from one individual to another, the material is usually recognized as self and is not rejected.
E) Rejection of transplanted tissue can be avoided if the patient is treated with a drug that suppresses the humoral immune response.

Question 14

Many bacteria and fungi typically live and reproduce on the skin without causing disease.Therefore, they can be considered

A) microcytes.
B) ectocytes.
C) pathogens.
D) normal flora.
E) normal fauna.

Question 15

Which is found in blood but not in lymph?

A) Macrophage
B) T lymphocyte
C) Basophil
D) Neutrophil
E) Red blood cell

Question 16

For every white blood cell in a given volume of human blood, there are about _______ red blood cells.

A) 2
B) 10
C) 50
D) 100
E) 1,000

Question 17

B cells mature from undifferentiated stem cells in

A) the thymus.
B) lymph nodes.
C) bone marrow.
D) the spleen.
E) circulating blood.

Question 18

Which statement about the toll-like receptors is true?

A) They are found in vertebrates, but have yet to been found in invertebrates.
B) They are part of an innate defense response against pathogens.
C) They bind to antibodies.
D) Binding initiates a cytoplasmic response without a nuclear response.
E) The signal transduction pathway triggered by binding changes the shape of NF-κB, preventing it from entering the nucleus.

Question 19

Which statement about lymph is true?

A) It is filtered in the lymph nodes.
B) It contains fluid derived from blood, but no blood cells.
C) It is retained within lymph vessels without traveling in arteries or veins.
D) It contains red blood cells.
E) It travels primarily in arterioles and venuoles.

Question 20

Many passengers on a cruise ship at sea are exposed to a norovirus, which causes flu-like symptoms.Among the first components that a passenger's immune system produces in fighting the virus, is/are

A) antibodies.
B) mucus.
C) natural killer cells.
D) T lymphocytes.
E) B lymphocytes.

Question 21

Compared to the secondary immune response of the adaptive immune system, the primary immune response is _______ powerful and lasts _______ amount of time.

A) more; a longer
B) more; a shorter
C) more; the same
D) less; a shorter
E) less; a longer

Question 22

T cells mature in

A) the thymus.
B) lymph nodes.
C) bone marrow.
D) the spleen.
E) the thoracic duct.

Question 23

Which reaction supports the hypothesis that a person is undergoing an innate immune response after exposure to a pathogen?

A) A decrease in defensin production
B) An increase in lysozyme production
C) Decreased flow of mucus
D) Increased antibody production
E) Dry skin

Question 24

Refer to the figure showing an immune response to an antigen. The cell labeled "A" is a _______ cell involved in a(n) _______ immune response.

A) mast; innate
B) B lymphocyte; humoral
C) T lymphocyte; cellular
D) T-helper; adaptive
E) plasma; humoral

Question 25

Which statement about natural killer cells is true?

A) They are a class of phagocytes.
B) They can distinguish between normal cells and cells that have been infected by viruses.
C) They release antibodies.
D) They inject defensins into targeted cells.
E) They are unable to recognize cells that form tumors.

Question 26

Defensins, which are toxic to a wide range of pathogens, are produced by

A) lymph nodes.
B) mast cells.
C) bone marrow.
D) mucous membranes.
E) the thymus.

Question 27

If you get a splinter in your hand, your body responds with a number of inflammation and wound-healing responses.Which is one of those responses?

A) Histamines cause capillaries to constrict.
B) Lymphocytes engulf bacteria and other dead cells.
C) Complement proteins dissolve the clot that forms.
D) Some complement proteins elevate body temperature.
E) Growth factors from white blood cells and platelets stimulate cell division in the skin.

Question 28

Which defense is most likely to be provided by complement proteins?

A) Lysing of invading cells
B) Deactivation of the inflammation response
C) Insertion of nitric oxide into microbes
D) Production of interferons
E) Promotion of genetic recombination

Question 29

Which statement about interferons is true?

A) They signal neighboring cells to secrete antibodies.
B) They increase resistance of neighboring cells to infection.
C) They are a cyclic compound similar to cyclic AMP.
D) They are produced by bacteria during bacterial infections.
E) They are not considered part of an immune response.

Question 30

If you come down with a streptococcal bacterial infection that results in your getting strep throat, you are likely to suffer from a fever, sore throat, headache, nausea, and even vomiting.At least one of these symptoms may be useful to your recovery because

A) the high temperature of a fever is an adaptive immune response that can bring phagocytes to the area.
B) the high temperature of a fever is an innate immune response that can inhibit bacterial growth.
C) the pain of the sore throat causes prostaglandins to be secreted as part of the innate immune response, decreasing the sensitivity to pain.
D) the pain of the sore throat causes prostaglandins to be secreted as part of the adaptive immune response, mobilizing phagocytes to the area.
E) vomiting is part of an adaptive immune response, reducing the bacterial load of your stomach and upper digestive tract.

Question 31

The _______ acid in gastric juice is lethal to many pathogens.

A) sulfuric
B) carbolic
C) formic
D) hydrochloric
E) protease

Question 32

Which cells release histamines when tissues are damaged?

A) Macrophages
B) B lymphocytes
C) Mast cells
D) Monocytes
E) Phagocytes

Question 33

Inflammation occurs when _______ release _______.

A) mast cells; histamine
B) neutrophils; toxins
C) B cells; histamine
D) mast cells; toxins
E) neutrophils; antihistamine

Question 34

Which statement about the complement system is true?

A) It consists of fewer than 10 different proteins.
B) It is found in all organisms with an immune system.
C) It lyses invading cells.
D) It consists of highly folded membranes that capture pathogens.
E) It functions within blood vessels rather than tissues to attract phagocytes.

Question 35

Refer to the figure showing an immune response to an antigen. The cell labeled "B" is a(n) _______ cell, which _______.

A) plasma cell; contributes to a primary immune response
B) T-helper cell; binds to antigen‒MHC complexes in a primary immune response
C) B lymphocyte; binds to antigen‒MHC complexes presented by macrophages
D) effector B cell; provides cells in a secondary immune response
E) memory cell; secretes antibodies in a primary immune response

Question 36

Lymphocytes specific for certain antigens proliferate by a process known as

A) effector selection.
B) clonal anergy.
C) class switching.
D) clonal selection.
E) monoclonal formation.

Question 37

Refer to the figure. The figure is most likely illustrating

A) a normal cell (A) and an attached class I MHC protein (B).
B) part of an adaptive immune response in which a B lymphocyte (A) is presenting a portion of a virus (B) on its cell surface.
C) part of an adaptive immune system in which a cytotoxic T cell (A) is shown with an attached CD8 protein (B).
D) part of an innate immune response in which a macrophage (A) is presenting an antigen to a T-helper cell (B).
E) part of an innate immune response in which a phagocyte (A) is phagocytosing a foreign cell such as a bacterial or yeast cell (B).

Question 38

Epitopes are

A) molecules produced by mast cells.
B) produced by clonal selection.
C) specific sites on antigens that are recognized by the immune system.
D) responsible for immunological tolerance.
E) antibodies that were first discovered by Jenner.

Question 39

Each B cell can produce _______ specific antibody(ies) with a particular amino acid sequence.

A) 1
B) 2 to 4
C) an average of 6
D) 20-100
E) over a million

Question 40

If you come down with the flu, your body will launch an adaptive immune attack against the flu virus.During the recognition phase,

A) an antigen of the virus will be presented to T cells by an antigen-presenting cell.
B) a T-helper cell will recognize the viral antigen and stimulate B cells and cytotoxic T cells to divide.
C) cytotoxic T cells will recognize the virus-infected cells and kill them.
D) B cells will recognize the viral particles and produce antibodies against them.
E) antibodies will recognize the viral antigens, bind to them, and attract phagocytes.

Question 41

Which antibody class is most likely to trigger a large release of histamines?

A) IgE
B) IgG
C) IgM
D) IgL
E) Monoclonal

Question 42

In human blood, the most abundant antibody class is

A) IgE.
B) IgM.
C) IgG.
D) cytokine.
E) monoclonal.

Question 43

Antigens can bind to an antibody at _______ site(s); binding occurs at the _______ regions of the antibody.

A) one; constant
B) one; variable
C) one; specific
D) two; variable
E) two; constant

Question 44

The extraordinary diversity of antibodies results in part from

A) the action of monoclonal antibodies.
B) the splicing of protein molecules.
C) the action of cytotoxic T cells.
D) the rearrangement of genes.
E) their remarkable nonspecificity.

Question 45

The removal of immature B and T cells is called clonal

A) anergy.
B) deletion.
C) selection.
D) attenuation.
E) inactivation.

Question 46

Which statement about memory cells is true?

A) Division produces memory cells but not effector cells.
B) They live for shorter periods of time than effector cells.
C) They are responsible for the rapidity and efficiency of secondary immune responses.
D) They are produced during clonal deletion.
E) They divide at a rapid rate when not responding to an immunological challenge.

Question 47

Which event must take place for a B cell to become an antibody-secreting plasma cell?

A) Monoclonal antibody production of two distinct epitopes per antibody
B) Binding to an antigen by the B cell and a T-helper cell with the same specificity as the B cell
C) The production of IgE, followed by production of IgG
D) The production of IgG, followed by production of IgE
E) The activation of class I MHC proteins

Question 48

Which immunoglobulin is involved with the inflammatory response and is found bound to mast cells?

A) IgA
B) IgD
C) IgE
D) IgG
E) IgM

Question 49

If the vaccination rate for hepatitis B virus in a given country is at 60 percent of the population, it is reasonable to conclude that

A) "herd immunity" is in place.
B) another 10‒20 percent of the population would have to be immunized before the disease is controlled or eradicated.
C) transmission to infants will cease.
D) older people are extremely unlikely to contract the disease.
E) further immunizations will not be cost effective.

Question 50

Smallpox last occurred as a human pathogen

A) in 432 BCE.
B) during the U.S. Civil War.
C) during the French Revolution.
D) in 1938.
E) in 1978.

Question 51

A body's tolerance to its own molecules involves

A) suppression of the cellular immune response.
B) the presence of class II MHC molecules on all cells.
C) the presence of CD4 on most cells.
D) apoptosis of all cells with class I MHC self antigens.
E) the removal of immature B or T cells that show the potential to mount a response against self antigens.

Question 52

Which is not considered one of the mechanisms that generates diversity in the human immune response?

A) DNA rearrangements within B cells during their differentiation
B) Insertion of RNA sequences into the DNA coding for antibody production
C) Combinations of different alleles at each of several loci within immunoglobulin supergenes
D) Spontaneous mutations in immunoglobulin genes
E) DNA recombination events during B cell development

Question 53

If you were vaccinated against measles as a child, you still have immunity to the disease decades later because

A) plasma cells secrete cytokines.
B) effector T cells secrete antibodies.
C) vaccinations initiate a secondary immune response.
D) memory B cells can persist in the body for several decades.
E) antigenic determinants from the measles virus remain in your system for decades.

Question 54

Which statement about the humoral immune response is true?

A) It is directed against antigens that have become established within a cell.
B) It is carried out by T cells.
C) It involves soluble antibodies.
D) It uses defensins to defend against pathogenic bacteria
E) It is part of the innate immune system

Question 55

Which reaction is the most likely to be a delayed hypersensitivity reaction to an allergen?

A) Sneezing from ragweed exposure
B) Production of IgE by mast cells
C) Rash after exposure to poison oak
D) Production of IgG by T-helper cells
E) Difficulty breathing after being stung by a bee

Question 56

When an individual is first exposed to an infective virus, several days pass before significant numbers of specific antibody molecules and T cells are produced.However, a second exposure to the virus causes a large and rapid production of antibodies and T cells.This response is an example of

A) antigenic determinants.
B) phytoalexins.
C) phagocytosis.
D) interferon production.
E) immunological memory.

Question 57

According to the clonal selection theory,

A) an antibody changes its shape to match the antigen it meets.
B) an individual vertebrate contains only one type of B cell.
C) an individual vertebrate contains many types of B cells, each producing one kind of antibody.
D) each B cell produces many types of antibodies.
E) many clones of nonself lymphocytes appear in the bloodstream.

Question 58

The desensitization treatment for allergies involves injections of small amounts of the allergen: enough to trigger the production of _______, but not enough to trigger the production of _______.

A) IgE; IgG
B) histamines; IgM
C) histamines; IgG
D) IgG; IgE
E) IgG; IgM

Question 59

An immunoglobulin has _______ polypeptide chain(s).

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four
E) eight

Question 60

Among different immunoglobulin G molecules, the amino acid sequences of the _______ regions are similar, and the amino acid sequences of the _______ regions are different.

A) constant; specific
B) constant; variable
C) specific; constant
D) specific; variable
E) variable; constant

Question 61

One V gene, one D gene, and one J gene encode for the _______ region of the _______ chain of a specific antibody.

A) constant; light
B) constant; heavy
C) specific; light
D) specific; heavy
E) variable; heavy

Question 62

When a patient is given a heart transplant, the patient may be treated with cyclosporine A, which suppresses T-helper cells.What do you predict the effects of this drug might be?

A) The drug will cause an autoimmune reaction, allowing the patient's immune system to accept the transplanted heart, but will make the patient more susceptible to an autoimmune disease.
B) The drug will prevent T-helper cells from secreting interleukins, allowing a more successful acceptance of the foreign heart, but could result in an overproduction of B cells that ultimately phagocytize the transplanted heart.
C) The drug will cause the transplanted heart to be recognized as self by altering the class I MHC molecules on the heart cells, but this could ultimately result in an autoimmune disease.
D) The drug will suppress the rejection of the heart transplant, and the patient will be more susceptible to infections and cancer.
E) The drug will reduce the effectiveness of the humoral immune response but not the cellular immune response, making the patient less likely to reject the transplanted heart.

Question 63

Class I MHC proteins

A) are found primarily on immune system cells.
B) protect a developing fetus from its mother's immune system.
C) are found only on cells derived from bone marrow.
D) are important self-identifying labels.
E) are identical among individuals of the same species.

Question 64

Refer to the figure showing a receptor on a cell. What type of cell is shown in the diagram?

A) B lymphocyte
B) T lymphocyte
C) Plasma cell
D) Mast cell
E) Macrophage

Question 65

Which statement about the adaptive immune system is true?

A) In mammals every nucleated cell contains thousands of antibody genes.
B) B cells have genomes identical to every other cell in the body.
C) The random pairing of heavy and light chains helps reduce antibody diversity.
D) Each mature B cell can produce several specific antibodies targeted to a several epitopes.
E) B cells can change the class of immunoglobulin that they synthesize.

Question 66

Class switching occurs as a result of

A) genetic deletions in the immunoglobulin genes.
B) clonal anergy.
C) clonal deletion.
D) imprecise recombination between the immunoglobulin genes.
E) changes in the variable region.

Question 67

Which component play(s) a role in the activation phase of the cellular immune response that is analogous to the role played by class II MHC proteins in the activation phase of the humoral immune response?

A) Cytotoxic T cells
B) T-helper cells
C) CD28
D) Memory cells
E) Class I MHC protein

Question 68

A B cell produces IgM molecules that recognize an antigenic determinant on an influenza virus.After several days, the cell begins to produce IgG molecules that recognize the same antigenic determinant.This process is called

A) activation.
B) RNA splicing.
C) gene mutation.
D) class switching.
E) autoimmunity.

Question 69

Which statement is true?

A) There is little polymorphism at MHC loci in humans.
B) Cytotoxic T cell receptors recognize antigenic fragments only when they are bound to class II MHC molecule.
C) T-helper cells have a surface protein that binds to antigen‒class I MHC complexes.
D) Cytotoxic T cells use a protein called CD8 to ensure binding to an MHC-antigen complex.
E) T-helper cells bind to pathogens that display cell surface antigens.

Question 70

Refer to the figure showing a receptor on a cell. Which binds to the region of the receptor indicated by the letter "A"?

A) Antigen only
B) MHC protein only
C) Antigen‒MHC complex
D) Allergen
E) Antibody

Question 71

The mechanisms of joining and random deletion account for only a part of antibody diversity.Vast numbers of unique immunoglobulins are also produced by

A) mutations.
B) translocations.
C) cell fusion.
D) cell surface proteins.
E) clonal selection.

Question 72

Which statement is true?

A) The T cell receptor is an immunoglobulin.
B) The receptors on T lymphocytes are different from those on B lymphocytes.
C) T cell receptors bind to intact antigens.
D) T cell activation is part of the innate immune response.
E) Activated T cells release antibodies.

Question 73

Refer to the figure showing two different types of hammer. If you compare the hammers to T cell receptors, the handles of the hammers are most analogous to the

A) variable regions.
B) constant regions.
C) α chains.
D) γ chains.
E) antigen‒MHC binding region.

Question 74

Doctors trying to identify the nature of the immune response to a newly identified pathogen note that every time they isolate the antigen that the immune system is responding to, it is bound to the surface of a cell.This means that the component(s) of the immune system involved could be

A) T cell receptors, only.
B) T cell receptors and antibodies, only.
C) T cell receptors and immunoglobulins, only.
D) antibodies and MHC proteins, only.
E) T cell receptors, immunoglobulins, and MHC proteins.

Question 75

If there were only two versions each for the V, D, and J variable region antibody genes, how many different unique VDJ combinations could be made?

A) 2
B) 3
C) 6
D) 8
E) 16

Question 76

T cells are stimulated by the binding of antigen‒MHC complex to the T cells' receptors.The outcome of this interaction (i.e., whether it leads to formation of antibodies or to the death of the cell with the antigen‒MHC complex) depends on

A) which class of MHC protein is involved, only.
B) which type of T cell is involved, only.
C) whether perforin is produced, only.
D) which class of MHC protein and type of T cell are involved, only.
E) which class of MHC protein and type of T cell are involved, and whether perforin is produced.

Question 77

Which statement about MHC molecules is true?

A) MHC proteins are cell membrane lipoproteins.
B) The major role of MHC proteins is to present antigens to B cell receptors.
C) Class I MHC proteins are found on the surface of every nucleated cell.
D) Class II MHC molecules are found on the surface of T cells.
E) Macrophages use MHC proteins complexed with CD4 or CD8 proteins to display antigens.

Question 78

When a T cell is activated by an antigen, it will most likely

A) secrete antibodies.
B) proliferate.
C) die.
D) display the antigen on its cell surface using its class II MHC molecules.
E) become a plasma cell.

Question 79

Refer to the figure showing different types of hammer. If you compare the hammers to T cell receptors, the heads of the hammers are most analogous to the

A) variable regions.
B) constant regions.
C) α chains.
D) γ chains.
E) hydrophobic region.

Question 80

When would a B cell present an antigen on an MHC I protein?

A) After the B cell is infected with a virus
B) As part of the effector phase of any immune response
C) After activation by a T_H cell
D) After ingesting a pathogen in a phagosome
E) After stimulation by cytokines