Deck 8: Gender Development, Gender Roles, and Gender Identity

Question 1

What is masculinity? 

A) the ideal cluster of traits that society attributes to male 
B) the cluster of traits naturally exhibited by most males 
C) the cluster of traits associated with male reproduction 
D) a single trait that is biologically determined

Answer 1

  B

Question 2

Which statement exemplifies Margaret Mead's famous discussion about the Tchambuli tribe of New Guinea? 

A) Human culture can transcend biology. 
B) Some traits are innate among males and females and not likely to change. 
C) Male traits are more likely to be biologically based. 
D) Female traits are more likely to be biologically based.

Answer 2

  A

Question 3

A researcher is studying gender-specific behaviour around the world.What is the researcher likely to find? 

A) All gender-specific behaviours are the same in all cultures. 
B) Few gender-specific behaviours are the same across cultures. 
C) The majority of gender-specific behaviours are the same across cultures. 
D) No gender-specific behaviours are the same across cultures.

Answer 3

  B

Question 4

In a college or university context,what does the term "gender-neutral housing" refer to? 

A) allowing transgendered students to have equal access for housing options 
B) allowing male floors and female floors within the same residence hall 
C) allowing male and female students to share rooms in a residence hall 
D) allowing homosexual and bisexual students to have special room requests

Question 5

A child is told by his mother that if he gets lost in the mall he should seek out an older lady and ask for help.According to Zaslow,what concept do these instructions reflect? 

A) fear of men 
B) gender norms 
C) gender traits 
D) heteronormativity

Question 6

Which term refers to a gender-specific behaviour that is largely determined by biology? 

A) gender constant 
B) gender role 
C) gender stereotype 
D) gender trait

Question 7

Which term refers to a gender-specific behaviour that is largely determined by culture? 

A) gender constant 
B) gender role 
C) gender stereotype 
D) gender trait

Question 8

How did Bruce Reimer respond to being raised as Brenda Reimer? 

A) She easily adjusted to the gender reassignment during childhood. 
B) She found it difficult in childhood but adjusted by the time she was an adolescent. 
C) She found it difficult until adulthood when she finally felt like a woman. 
D) She could not adjust and began living as a male again when she was 15.

Question 9

Which pair of concepts is related in the same way that sex is related to gender? 

A) unfixed is related to fixed 
B) biology is related to psychology 
C) old is related to new 
D) complex is related to simple

Question 10

What sort of person would meet Bem's definition of androgynous? 

A) someone who scores low on both feminine and masculine traits 
B) someone who scores high on both feminine and masculine traits 
C) someone who does not feel comfortable with the gender associated with their biological sex 
D) someone who does not feel comfortable with their biological sex

Question 11

Tony and Rita just had a baby,but the baby's sexual anatomy is ambiguous.Tony and Rita asked their doctors if they could perform surgery to make their child's genital appear more typical of one sex or the other.What would their doctors have most likely responded? 

A) Yes, it is best to do sex assignment during infancy. 
B) No, it is best to wait to do sex assignment until the child can give consent. 
C) No, it is best to wait to do sex assignment after puberty. 
D) No, you should never consider surgery on ambiguous genitals.

Question 12

What is one difference between the brains of males and females? 

A) Male brains are more asymmetrical. 
B) Male brains are more symmetrical. 
C) Male brains are larger proportional to the rest of the body. 
D) Male brains are smaller proportional to the rest of the body.

Question 13

How are the concepts of masculine and feminine typically viewed in in Canada? 

A) as mutually exclusive 
B) as completely overlapping 
C) as partially overlapping 
D) as interchangeable

Question 14

According to the text,where are current researchers focusing most attention? 

A) on biological differences between males and females 
B) on socialized differences between males and females 
C) on children's gender development 
D) on gender similarities

Question 15

What has been found in studies assessing gender differences in academic abilities? 

A) Boys are innately better at math than girls. 
B) Girls are innately better at using language than boys. 
C) Boys are innately better at spatial tasks than girls. 
D) Gender differences in academics are likely due to socialization.

Question 16

Who is most likely to have sex reassignment surgery even though they are not transsexual? 

A) a straight man living in Iran 
B) a gay man living in Iran 
C) a straight man living in the United States 
D) a gay man living in the United States

Question 17

Alisha hits her younger brother and her mother scolds her by saying: "Girls don't hit!" What is Alisha's mother suggesting that Alisha is not following? 

A) gender role 
B) gender trait 
C) gender-related behaviour 
D) gender constant

Question 18

What is a biological phenomenon linked to sex? 

A) Males are more neurologically advanced and mature faster. 
B) More male fetuses miscarry. 
C) Females die at younger ages than males. 
D) Female brains are more asymmetrical than males.

Question 19

In which month of pregnancy does sexual differentiation of the brain begin? 

A) fourth 
B) fifth 
C) sixth 
D) seventh

Question 20

Which term refers to the process in which an infant is taught the basic skills for functioning in society? 

A) assimilation 
B) differentiation 
C) socialization 
D) acculturation

Question 21

In most cultures,what are men less likely than women to experience? 

A) stress-related illnesses 
B) motor vehicle accidents 
C) cirrhosis of the liver 
D) suicide attempts

Question 22

Generally speaking,how is a transsexual individual with an "XX" sex chromosome pair likely to feel? 

A) trapped in a woman's body 
B) trapped in a man's body 
C) physically attracted to men 
D) physically attracted to females

Question 23

What did Williams and Best find in their cross cultural research related to gender? 

A) People largely agreed on gender role stereotypes. 
B) Gender role stereotypes differed greatly from country to country. 
C) People generally agreed on feminine stereotypes but not masculine traits. 
D) People generally agreed on masculine stereotypes but not feminine traits.

Question 24

What term is used to describe a transgender individual who is experiencing confusion or discomfort about their biological sex and gender identity? 

A) genderqueer 
B) gender dysphoria 
C) gender fluidity 
D) gender binary

Question 25

Which theory suggests that we learn gender roles from the same system of rewards and punishments that we learn other social roles? 

A) social learning 
B) cognitive 
C) gender schema 
D) evolutionary

Question 26

Children see that on Saturdays their mom spends the day inside cleaning and doing the laundry while their dad does outside work such as mowing the yard and changing the oil.What theory suggests that children learn gender roles through this type of modelling? 

A) social learning 
B) cognitive 
C) feminist 
D) evolutionary

Question 27

Generally speaking,how is a transsexual individual with an "XY" sex chromosome pair likely to feel? 

A) trapped in a woman's body 
B) trapped in a man's body 
C) physically attracted to men 
D) physically attracted to females

Question 28

What surgical procedure is the most common option used for female-to-male transitions? 

A) vaginoplasty 
B) phalloplasty 
C) metoidioplasty 
D) scrotoplasty

Question 29

Which statement best describes sex reassignment surgery (SRS)? 

A) It is a relatively simple procedure. 
B) It destroys orgasmic capacity. 
C) The results are best for female-to-male transitions. 
D) It sometimes doesn't relieve psychological suffering.

Question 30

What term refers to a person whose gender identity or gender expression lies outside of socially accepted gender norms? 

A) gender neutral 
B) transsexual 
C) gender diverse 
D) transvestite

Question 31

Which statement best explains the situation faced by transsexual people who take cross-sex hormones? 

A) If they choose to stop taking hormones, changes up to that point are permanent. 
B) If they choose to stop taking hormones, some changes will be reversible and some will be permanent. 
C) If they decide to stop taking hormones, they will experience serious side effects because their hormones will no longer be in balance. 
D) If they decide to stop taking hormones, all of the changes will be reversed.

Question 32

Using the measure of androgyny developed by Bem in the 1970s,what did current research find related to perceptions of gender traits? 

A) While most of the feminine traits were still accurate, less than half of the masculine traits were still accurate. 
B) While most of the masculine traits were still accurate, less than half of the feminine traits were still accurate. 
C) Both male and female traits have remained constant over the past 30 years. 
D) Both male and female traits have changed significantly over the past 30 years.

Question 33

Which theory would most likely have the motto "nature not nurture"? 

A) social learning 
B) cognitive 
C) gender schema 
D) evolutionary

Question 34

What statement best describes Sheila Rothman's belief about the context of womanhood? 

A) What it means to be a woman has remained very constant from one time period to the next. 
B) What it means to be a woman is mostly defined by determinants of masculinity during any given time period. 
C) What is means to be a woman is understood within the context of motherhood. 
D) What it means to be a woman has shifted from one time period to the next.

Question 35

Alice is living in Canada in 1910.What gender role will she be pressured to conform to? 

A) educated motherhood 
B) wife-companion 
C) woman as person 
D) seen but not heard

Question 36

Which theory is Bem most closely associated with? 

A) social learning 
B) evolutionary 
C) gender schema 
D) feminist

Question 37

Anna scores high on a scale of masculine traits and high on a score of feminine traits.How would Anna's gender identity most likely be classified? 

A) as asexual 
B) as masculine 
C) as feminine 
D) as androgynous 

Question 38

When we say to a little boy "Look how strong you are," and we say to a little girl "Your dress is so pretty," we are interacting based on categories we have deeply engrained related to masculinity and femininity.What theory attributes much of our gender role development to these ways of thinking? 

A) social learning theory 
B) evolutionary theory 
C) gender schema theory 
D) feminist theory

Question 39

According to David Gilmore's research related to the evolutionary purpose of masculine and feminine socialization,which statement would best describe societies with plenty of food and the absence of enemies and predators? 

A) Women would adopt more masculine roles. 
B) Men would adopt more feminine roles 
C) Differences between men and women would not be emphasized. 
D) Differences between men and women would be exaggerated.

Question 40

According to cognitive development theory,why do gender attitudes change predictably as children get older? 

A) Children pass through stages of development related to their ability to process information. 
B) Changes in attitude over time are based on hereditary and hormonal influences. 
C) They are exposed to consistent gender role models. 
D) Their gender schemas are culturally determined.

Question 41

Who is likely to hold a more negative attitude about aging? 

A) Michelle, a White lesbian woman 
B) Courtney, a White heterosexual woman 
C) Jesse, a Latino gay man 
D) Robert, a Black heterosexual man

Question 42

Men' and women's brains appear identical.

Question 43

A metoidioplasty is a surgical procedure is often performed on MTF transsexuals.

Question 44

Some people who have sex reassignment surgery are not transsexual.

Question 45

According to Epstein,what aspect of human behaviour perpetuates gender inequalities? 

A) cross cultural differences 
B) gender role stereotyping 
C) sexual attraction 
D) dichotomous thinking

Question 46

Heteronormativity rejects the notion of gender binaries.

Question 47

Society in the United States and Canada fosters a fear of men.

Question 48

In the First Nations culture,this person was often biologically female,initiated into puberty as a man,married a woman,and was highly respected in the society.What is the term used to describe this person? 

A) a hijra 
B) a two-spirit 
C) a Khanith 
D) a kathoey

Question 49

What is heteronormativity? 

A) a disorder in which a person is uncomfortable with his or her own biological sex or gender role 
B) a term used to describe a person who is thought to possess both feminine and masculine spirits 
C) a continuum of possibilities of biological gender, gender identity and gender expression 
D) a tendency to divide phenomena into two, non-overlapping, categories

Question 50

In Canada and the United States,masculine and feminine traits are viewed as mutually exclusive.

Question 51

Sexual differentiation of the genitals begins earlier in pregnancy than sexual differentiation of the brain.

Question 52

Social learning theories of gender reflect Piaget's stage of development.

Question 53

Gender roles are fundamentally innate.

Question 54

Which statement best describes the ageing double standard? 

A) men are viewed as distinguished, women as just "old" 
B) women are viewed as wise, men are viewed as just "old" 
C) men lose value at retirement, women do not lose value at retirement 
D) men do not lose value at retirement, women lose value at retirement

Question 55

What country has one of the highest rates of sexual reassignment surgeries in the world? 

A) Japan 
B) India 
C) Iran 
D) Brazil

Question 56

A gender trait is biologically determined.

Question 57

Which statement best describes homosocial play? 

A) It is an early indication of homosexual orientation. 
B) It is universal. 
C) It usually begins when children are about eight years old. 
D) It causes children to be rejected by their peers.

Question 58

What does research demonstrate about boys and girls in the typical elementary school classroom in Canada? 

A) Boys and girls get about the same amount of attention. 
B) Girls who ask questions are seen as curious and boys who ask questions are seen as aggressive. 
C) Boys get both more praise and more criticism than girls. 
D) Girls get more praise and boys get more criticism.

Question 59

What do the hijra,kathoey,and Khanith have in common? 

A) They are biological males. 
B) They are allowed sexual access to women and men. 
C) They partake in both male and female work. 
D) They are asexual.

Question 60

Which statement best describes gender roles in adolescence? 

A) Consequences for deviating from gender role behaviours are more severe for girls than boys. 
B) Girls have more latitude with their behaviour. 
C) Girls are allowed more deviation from gender stereotypes of sexuality. 
D) Consequences for deviating from stereotypes in sexuality are more severe for boys than girls.

Question 61

Differentiate among transgenderism,transsexualism,gender dysphoria,and asexuality.

Question 62

Describe the gender roles of the Tchambuli tribe of New Guinea.

Question 63

What is meant by the "fear of men" and what does Zaslow argue is a possible negative impact of this concept?

Question 64

Explain how a person's development of a "gender schema" influences his or her view of gender.Give two examples to support your answer.

Question 65

Transgender people born in Canada have yet to earn the right to change the sex on their birth certificate.

Question 66

Define androgyny and give two examples of androgynous behaviour.

Question 67

Research shows that parents allow boys more flexibility in toy choices than girls.

Question 68

Iran has one of the highest rates of sexual reassignment surgery in the world.

Question 69

Using terms referred to in the text,discuss how sex and gender influence people's interactions and relationships with each other.

Question 70

Describe what is meant by the term "third gender." Include descriptions of two examples.

Question 71

Describe the differences in the way boys and girls are often treated differently in classrooms by their teachers.

Question 72

The gender binary refers to the traditional division of people into two groups as male or female.

Question 73

How do gender roles affect satisfaction with life in the senior years?

Question 74

In the famous Brenda/Bruce story,it was shown how a transgendered person could find psychological well-being through sex reassignment surgery.

Question 75

According to Bem,what are the four possible gender categories and what are the signature characteristic of people in each category?

Question 76

An androgynous individual has ambiguous genitals.