Deck 23: Pregnancy, Growth, and Development

Question 1

In the fetal circulation, blood from the ________ flows directly into the descending aorta.

A)foramen ovale
B)ductus arteriosus
C)ligamentum arteriosum
D)ductus venosus

Answer 1

B

Question 2

A researcher engineers a deletion in the genome of sperm cell DNA that inhibits production of an enzyme in the sperm cell membrane. The researcher then adds the sperm to a culture dish with a secondary oocyte, along with chemicals to guide the sperm to the oocyte. Upon observation, it is found that the sperm fails to penetrate the corona radiata of the oocyte. What enzyme has been deleted from the sperm membrane?

A)Hyaluronidase
B)Juno
C)Catalase
D)Acetylcholinesterase

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Considering the roles of estrogen and progesterone in the female reproductive cycle, how would fertility be affected if a woman had a hormonal disorder involving a constant high secretion of progesterone?

A)The woman could become pregnant very easily after sexual intercourse if ovulation occurs because progesterone makes the cervical mucus waterier and easily penetrable by sperm.
B)The woman would have an easier time becoming pregnant because progesterone stimulates and controls ovulation, so the chances of fertilization at any point would be higher.
C)Pregnancy would not be easily achieved because progesterone makes uterine and cervical secretions too harsh for sperm survival and movement.
D)Fertility would be lower for the woman because progesterone directly inhibits sperm tail function.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Upon examination of a zygote, a developmental biologist discovers that it possesses 69 chromosomes. What does this indicate?

A)The zygote resulted from polyspermy (multiple fertilizations of the same oocyte)by two sperm cells
B)The zygote is a normal, healthy diploid zygote
C)Either the sperm or the egg received an extra chromosome as the result of a meiotic error
D)Either the sperm or the egg received an extra sex chromosome as the result of a meiotic error

Question 5

Compared to adult hemoglobin, fetal hemoglobin

A)binds iron more strongly.
B)has more hemoglobin subunits.
C)binds oxygen more readily.
D)has more heme units.

Question 6

Which of the following layers is considered loosely organized connective tissue?

A)Mesoderm
B)Endoderm
C)Ectoderm
D)Epidermis

Question 7

A fetus develops in such a way that the type II cells of the lungs never develop, resulting in no production of surfactant in the alveoli. The fetus continues development and survives to birth. What will happen when the newborn tries to take its first breath?

A)It won't be able to take its first breath because its lungs will remain collapsed from high surface tension.
B)It will breathe and then begin coughing as the alveoli will have little to no surface tension.
C)It won't be able to take its first breath because the lungs need to be filled with fluids after birth to allow them to expand. Without being completely filled with surfactant, air cannot enter.
D)The lungs will start to be digested, as surfactant blocks proteases and other fluids from reaching alveolar tissues.

Question 8

A relatively new theory has arisen regarding the development of twins at fertilization. In addition to the phenomena of identical and fraternal twins, the theory suggests that semi-identical twins called polar body twins can occur if fertilization occurs in the second polar body immediately after fertilization of the oocyte (different sperm fertilizing each). If this is true, what should be true about the zygotes?

A)One twin will be physically smaller than the other after birth and later in life.
B)At least one of the twins will have a genetic abnormality due to the nature of the division that produces the secondary oocyte and polar body.
C)The twins will possess exactly the same genetic material.
D)The twins will have the exact same maternal genes, but their paternal genes will vary.

Question 9

At the blastocyst stage, the cells are considered

A)totipotent.
B)extraembryonic.
C)pluripotent.
D)endodermal.

Question 10

A lack of oxytocin secretion from the posterior pituitary gland during birth

A)will result in no fetal muscular movements.
B)will reduce uterine wall contractions.
C)causes an increase in progesterone secretion from the placenta.
D)causes an increase in estrogen secretion from the placenta.

Question 11

Sperm movement through the uterus and uterine tubes is aided by muscle contractions of the uterine walls and ________ in the semen.

A)estrogen
B)progestins
C)prostaglandins
D)epinephrine

Question 12

Labor is regulated by

A)negative feedback control.
B)positive feedback control.
C)prolactin.
D)estrogen.

Question 13

Upon examination of a zygote, a developmental biologist discovers that it possesses 47 chromosomes. What does this indicate?

A)The zygote resulted from polyspermy (multiple fertilizations of the same oocyte)by two sperm cells
B)The zygote is a normal, healthy diploid zygote
C)Either the sperm or the egg received an extra chromosome as the result of a meiotic error
D)Either the sperm or the egg had one less chromosome than normal as the result of a meiotic error

Question 14

Fertilization usually occurs in the

A)ovary.
B)uterine tube.
C)uterus.
D)vagina.

Question 15

Human prenatal development takes ________ weeks.

A)28
B)32
C)38
D)44

Question 16

Prior to the joining (fusion)of the nuclei of the sperm and egg to form a zygote, each nucleus is referred to as a

A)prenucelus.
B)mononucleus.
C)pronucleus.
D)gametocyte.

Question 17

The postnatal period extends from

A)the fertilized egg until the end of life.
B)fertilization to birth.
C)birth to death.
D)the beginning of the fetal period until the beginning of childhood.

Question 18

The fetus is protected from certain infections, to which the mother is immune, by

A)antibodies from the mother's immune system.
B)antibodies from its own immune system.
C)its own innate defenses.
D)the extraembryonic membranes.

Question 19

Embryonic stem cells are derived from the

A)outer cell mass of the morula.
B)inner cell mass of the blastocyst.
C)middle layer of the zygote.
D)trophoblast.

Question 20

The hormones that maintain the uterine wall during the last 5 to 6 months of pregnancy are

A)FSH and LH.
B)human chorionic gonadotropin and synthetic estrogen.
C)placental lactogen and relaxin.
D)placental estrogen and progesterone.

Question 21

A pregnant woman wants to know the approximate day her child was conceived. She knows the date of the start of her last menstrual period was March 4th. What does she need to do to calculate the date of conception from this point?

A)Add 38 weeks to that date
B)Add 14 days to that date
C)Add 7 days to that date
D)She can't calculate the conception date with that information, only the expected due date

Question 22

The external genitalia of the fetus can be distinguished as male or female by about ________ weeks after fertilization.

A)3
B)6
C)12
D)24

Question 23

The cells of a blastocyst that help form the chorion constitute the

A)blastomere.
B)inner cell mass.
C)trophoblast.
D)zona pellucida.

Question 24

As a result of the foramen ovale, blood is allowed to bypass the

A)aorta.
B)liver.
C)lungs.
D)kidneys.

Question 25

The pharmaceutical drug RU-486, typically used to treat Cushing's disease, is also sometimes used for medical abortions. RU-486 blocks progesterone production and its binding to receptors in the reproductive tract. Why would this affect pregnancy and embryonic growth?

A)Progesterone stops the corpus luteum from degrading. Without the corpus luteum, hCG (responsible for uterine growth and development)cannot be produced.
B)Progesterone stimulates release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex. Without aldosterone, fluid is lost through the kidneys and causes high blood pressure in the uterus, which is fatal to the fetus.
C)Progesterone maintains the endometrium and prevents it from breaking down and shedding in a normal menstrual period. It also assists in stopping uterine contractions until birth.
D)Progesterone stimulates the ovaries to produce LH, which then causes hCG production. Production of hCG is needed to inhibit pituitary FSH secretion, which induces menstrual periods.

Question 26

Which of the following is NOT true about the fetal stage of development?

A)It begins 8 weeks after fertilization.
B)The organ systems are mostly formed, although immature.
C)The head is disproportionately large compared to the rest of the body at the beginning of the stage.
D)It includes the blastocyst and morula stages.

Question 27

Dizygotic twins result from

A)one egg cell and one sperm cell.
B)one egg cell and two sperm cells.
C)two egg cells and one sperm cell.
D)two egg cells and two sperm cells.

Question 28

The ductus arteriosus allows fetal blood to move from the

A)right atrium into the left atrium.
B)left atrium into the right atrium.
C)aorta into the pulmonary trunk.
D)pulmonary trunk into the aorta.

Question 29

Which of the following adult structures is not derived from the same primary germ layer as the others?

A)Nerves
B)Blood vessels
C)Muscles
D)Bones

Question 30

A major difference between fetal blood flow and adult blood flow is that in the fetus the

A)inferior vena cava contains blood high in oxygen.
B)pulmonary artery delivers blood to the lungs.
C)femoral vein contains blood low in oxygen.
D)internal iliac arteries are known as umbilical arteries.

Question 31

The foramen ovale is an opening that allows fetal blood to pass from the

A)right atrium to the left atrium.
B)left atrium to right atrium.
C)right ventricle to the left ventricle.
D)left ventricle to the right ventricle.

Question 32

Monica takes the drug Accutane throughout her pregnancy, and her child has birth defects, due to the exposure. Accutane is a(n)

A)estrogen.
B)mutagen.
C)teratogen.
D)carcinogen.

Question 33

The placenta is composed of tissues from the

A)mother only.
B)embryo only.
C)mother and embryo.
D)chorion only.

Question 34

The fetal blood that passes through the ductus venosus is relatively

A)low in oxygen and nutrients.
B)high in oxygen and nutrients.
C)low in oxygen but high in nutrients.
D)high in oxygen but low in nutrients.

Question 35

The placental membrane is composed of

A)the embryonic disc.
B)a single layer of epithelial cells.
C)a double layer of epithelial cells.
D)the amnion and chorion.

Question 36

A pregnant woman wants to know the approximate day her child was conceived. She knows that the date of the start of her last menstrual period was March 4th. Which of the following choices should be the approximate conception date?

A)March 10th.
B)March 18th.
C)March 7th.
D)December 19th.

Question 37

Some reproductive tumors produce hormones. One sign of the presence of a reproductive cancer is a positive result from a basic pregnancy test when pregnancy is not possible/very unlikely. These cancers produce a positive test result because they are secreting

A)estrogen.
B)progesterone.
C)hCG.
D)ADH.

Question 38

The ductus venosus is a fetal vessel that transports blood from the umbilical vein to the

A)umbilical artery.
B)aorta.
C)inferior vena cava.
D)superior vena cava.

Question 39

A blastomere is a ________ and a blastocyst is ________.

A)hollow ball of cells; a cell resulting from cleavage
B)fetal organ produced by cleavage; an embryonic organ produced by cleavage
C)fetal membrane; an embryonic membrane
D)cell produced by cleavage; a hollow ball of cells

Question 40

Teratogens are substances that

A)stimulate embryonic growth.
B)cause congenital malformations.
C)protect against infections.
D)cause genetic disease.

Question 41

The period of preactive dying takes

A)up to six months.
B)up to three months.
C)about a month.
D)two weeks for cancer, two months for heart disease.

Question 42

Repair enzymes correct

A)the degeneration of collagen and elastin.
B)mutations that occur when DNA replicates.
C)free radical build-up.
D)lipofuscin build-up.

Question 43

Which of the following provides the main source of energy for a newborn during its first few days?

A)Glucose
B)Glycogen
C)Fat
D)Protein

Question 44

Fetal hemoglobin becomes largely replaced with adult hemoglobin

A)after the first trimester.
B)at birth.
C)from 4 months after birth.
D)when a child starts school.

Question 45

The term newborn refers to the period from birth through ________, whereas the term infant refers to the period from ________.

A)3 months; 3 months to 6 months
B)the first four weeks; the first month to 1 year
C)one week; the second week through the second year
D)the first year; the first year to the second year

Question 46

During the embryonic stage, the primary germ layers develop from the

A)placenta.
B)blastocyst.
C)embryonic disc.
D)morula.

Question 47

The major body parts derived from mesoderm are the

A)nervous system and sense organs.
B)muscle tissue, bone tissue, and bone marrow.
C)epidermis, hair, nails, and glands of skin.
D)respiratory tract, urinary bladder, and urethra.

Question 48

The chorion ________ and the amnion ________.

A)is the outer protective membrane around the embryo; is the site where an embryo is implanted into the uterus
B)projects into the endometrium and helps form the placenta; is a membrane that encircles a developing embryo
C)is the site from which primary germ layers develop; is the site from which secondary germ layers develop
D)is the part of the blastocyst that is not the inner cell mass; is the inner cell mass

Question 49

A major body part derived from endoderm is 

A)the epithelial lining of the digestive tract.
B)the muscles.
C)the epidermis of the skin.
D)nervous tissue.

Question 50

Which of the following is not a characteristic of childhood?

A)Secondary teeth replacing primary teeth
B)Becoming reproductively functional
C)Establishing bowel control
D)Developing a high degree of voluntary muscular control

Question 51

The placenta allows

A)oxygen and nutrients to diffuse from maternal blood to the embryo.
B)carbon dioxide and other wastes to diffuse from the maternal blood to the embryonic blood.
C)maternal blood to mix with fetal blood.
D)the fetus to enlarge without rupturing the mother's abdomen.

Question 52

The major body part(s)derived from ectoderm is/are

A)nervous system and skin.
B)muscle tissue.
C)bone tissue.
D)liver and pancreas.

Question 53

The implantation of the blastocyst results from

A)enzymes digesting the endometrium around the blastocyst.
B)hyaluronic acid breaking down the myometrium around the blastocyst.
C)hCG stimulating the growth of trophoblast blood vessels.
D)the cessation of the reproductive cycle.

Question 54

The yolk sac

A)forms blood cells in early development.
B)provides nutrients to the fetus when the umbilical cord is disconnected.
C)stores metabolic wastes until the fetus is born.
D)gives rise to the primary germ layers.

Question 55

Amniotic fluid

A)stores nutrients for the fetus.
B)absorbs wastes the fetus excretes.
C)protects the embryo against being jarred by movements.
D)provides nutrients to the fetus from the maternal part of the placenta.

Question 56

Following birth, the infant's metabolic rate

A)increases and its oxygen consumption increases.
B)increases and its oxygen consumption decreases.
C)decreases and its oxygen consumption increases.
D)decreases and its oxygen consumption decreases.

Question 57

The inner cell mass

A)becomes part of the placental membrane.
B)forms the amnion.
C)becomes part of the chorion.
D)gives rise to the embryo.

Question 58

Changes that occur as death approaches include

A)limbs become cool and numb.
B)sudden high-grade fevers.
C)prolonged high blood pressure.
D)flushing of the skin.

Question 59

Which of the following is a function of hCG?

A)It breaks down the corpus luteum.
B)It helps protect the blastocyst against being rejected.
C)It prevents the developing placenta from secreting hormones.
D)It stimulates the release of enzymes that enable the blastocyst to implant into the endometrium.

Question 60

After birth, the foramen ovale is closed as a result of

A)increasing pressure in the right atrium.
B)increasing pressure in the left atrium.
C)increased resistance in the pulmonary circuit.
D)decreased blood volume in the pulmonary veins.

Question 61

The umbilical cord contains two umbilical veins.

Question 62

Apoptosis occurs

A)only in the aged.
B)only in adults.
C)from the embryo onward.
D)only when someone has a disease.

Question 63

Factors that can cause congenital malformations by affecting an embryo during its periods of rapid growth and development are called teratogens.

Question 64

Jeremy cannot ejaculate because of an injury he sustained in a car accident. An assisted reproductive technology that might help him to become a biological father is

A)intrauterine insemination using donor sperm.
B)gamete interfallopian transfer.
C)intracytoplasmic sperm injection using his sperm into his partner's secondary oocyte.
D)a surrogate mother.

Question 65

Passive aging is

A)a result of a person being much less active in later years.
B)decay of tissues.
C)a breakdown of structures and slowing of functions.
D)a buildup of structures and speeding of functions.

Question 66

Proteolytic enzymes from the trophoblast aid implantation of an embryo.

Question 67

Human life span is ________ years.

A)80
B)90
C)100
D)120

Question 68

The fetal stage of development begins at the end of the eighth week.

Question 69

Most large hospitals have a neonatal ward. Knowing what the neonatal period is, how old would you expect the patients in a neonatal ward to be? 

A)8 weeks old prebirth up to the time of labor
B)Just born to four weeks old
C)Just born to one year old
D)Four weeks to one year old

Question 70

Progesterone in semen stimulates the movement of sperm cells.

Question 71

Thalidomide is a drug used to treat leprosy. If given to a pregnant woman, it also can cause

A)fetal alcohol syndrome.
B)fetal limb defects.
C)mental retardation.
D)bacterial infection.

Question 72

Centenarians are

A)people who live past 90.
B)people in the military.
C)people who live past 100 years.
D)people who die just before their 100ᵗʰ birthdays.

Question 73

Compared to cow milk, human milk has

A)1/3 the protein.
B)1/2 the protein.
C)2 times the protein.
D)3 times the protein.

Question 74

Genetically, aging can be affected by genes that regulate

A)glucose and lipid metabolism.
B)maintenance of the retinas.
C)gametogenesis.
D)melanin production.

Question 75

Development is a continuous process and includes growth.

Question 76

The ductus arteriosus allows fetal blood to bypass the lungs.

Question 77

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis works because

A)the donor and recipient are siblings and therefore they share most of their genetic material.
B)each cell in a human at any stage can give rise to a separate individual.
C)the missing genes are injected into cell nuclei of the recipient.
D)a cell can be removed from an 8-celled human embryo and the remaining 7 cells can continue developing.

Question 78

The three leading causes of death in the United States are

A)infection, kidney disease, and influenza.
B)heart disease, cancer, and stroke.
C)diabetes, heart disease, and cancer.
D)COPD, diabetes, and Alzheimer disease.

Question 79

Some women prolong breastfeeding or lactation in general as a form of birth control. How would extension of lactation be effective in preventing pregnancy?

A)Lactation stimulates production of placental lactinogen, which is a pregnancy hormone and prevents the corpus luteum from degrading and advancing the reproductive cycle.
B)Prolactin is the hormone that corresponds with lactation. It also inhibits ovulation at the pituitary gland level, so as long as lactation is actively occurring, ovulation is prevented.
C)Breastfeeding stimulates production of oxytocin, which causes the endometrium to slough off and exit the body in a menstrual period, preventing implantation of a zygote.
D)The physical stimulation of breastfeeding causes high levels of progesterone to be produced, which cause secretions in the reproductive tract that are hostile to sperm.

Question 80

Hydrogen peroxide is a natural byproduct of cellular metabolism in the human body. It sometimes reacts with certain ions in the body to produce a very reactive, electron-grabbing form of hydroxide (OH-)that has been observed to kill healthy cells in vitro. This product can be considered a

A)free radical.
B)mutation.
C)teratogen.
D)catalyst.