Deck 27: Plants Without Seeds: From Water to Land

Question 1

Refer to the figure. Which of the taxa listed below fit the criteria of "vascular plants" in the diagram? Be sure to include all possible taxa in your answer. A.Angiosperms
B)Horsetails
C)Bryophytes
D)Gymnosperms
E)Hornworts
F)Lycophytes
G)Monilophytes
H)Stoneworts

A) A, B, D, F, G
B) B, C, E, H
C) A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H
D) F, G, H
E) A, B, C, D, E, F, G

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which clade is not considered a member of the "green plants"?

A) Embryophytes
B) Stoneworts
C) Chlorophytes
D) Glaucophytes
E) Coleochaetophytes

Answer 2

D

Question 3

While scuba diving, you recover several samples of a red alga that appear almost crimson in color.When you return to your lab and attempt to grow the alga in your saltwater fish tank, new growth of the alga appears bright green.What best explains this phenomenon?

A) The intensity of light has changed, affecting pigment composition.
B) The composition of the salt water has changed, affecting pigment composition.
C) The alga has engulfed a new cyanobacterial endosymbiont.
D) The alga is missing vital nutrients that allow for the accumulation of phycoerythrin.
E) The alga is stressed and is slowly dying.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

In which plant group did stomata first appear?

A) Hornworts
B) Mosses
C) Liverworts
D) Club mosses
E) Angiosperms

Question 5

Molecular and morphological evidence indicates that _______ are a sister group of land plants.

A) mosses
B) liverworts
C) red algae
D) stoneworts
E) chlorophytes

Question 6

Which group represents the most ancient surviving land plant lineage?

A) Liverworts
B) Hornworts
C) Mosses
D) Ferns
E) Stoneworts

Question 7

All of the following are evolutionary adaptations shared by all land plants except

A) waxy protective coverings.
B) support against gravity.
C) a means of taking up water from the soil.
D) protective structures for the young sporophyte.
E) water transport by xylem.

Question 8

Horsetails share with club mosses all of the following characteristics except

A) large, independent sporophytes.
B) specialized vascular tissue.
C) apical growth.
D) true roots.
E) leaflike microphylls.

Question 9

Hornworts form the sister clade of the

A) vascular plants.
B) mosses.
C) liverworts.
D) horsetails and ferns.
E) nonvascular plants.

Question 10

The plants classified as embryophytes include which of the following groups?

A) Red algae
B) Chlorophytes
C) Glaucophytes
D) Land plants
E) Coleochaetophytes

Question 11

Suppose you find a new eukaryotic organism with the life cycle shown in the figure. The observation that chloroplasts of this organism have phycoerythrin would lead to the hypothesis that it is related to the

A) coleochaetophytes.
B) red algae.
C) glaucophytes.
D) bryophytes.
E) cyanobacteria.

Question 12

Which synapomorphy of the plant clade is shared by coleochaetophytes (a group of green algae) and glaucophytes (the group most similar to the unicellular ancestor of Plantae)?

A) Chlorophyll b
B) Chloroplasts
C) Multicellular sporophyte
D) Retention of the egg in the parental organism
E) Branched apical growth

Question 13

Refer to the figure. What are the shared derived characteristics indicated on the phylogeny?

A) 1: tracheids; 2: chloroplasts and protected embryos; 3: seeds
B) 1: chloroplasts; 2: spores and protected embryos; 3: tracheids
C) 1: tracheids; 2: chloroplasts and protected embryos; 3: spores
D) 1: eukaryotic cells; 2: chloroplasts and protected embryos; 3: tracheids
E) 1: eukaryotic cells; 2: chloroplasts and protected embryos; 3: spores

Question 14

Refer to the figure. Which of the taxa listed below fit the criteria of "land plants" in the diagram? Be sure to include all possible taxa in your answer.

A.Angiosperms
B.Horsetails
C.Bryophytes
D.Gymnosperms
E.Hornworts
F.Lycophytes
G.Monilophytes
H.Stoneworts

A) A, B, D, F, G
B) B, C, E, H
C) A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H
D) F, G, H
E) A, B, C, D, E, F, G

Question 15

Which characteristic represents an evolutionary link between the "green algae" and the land plants?

A) Use of chlorophylls a and b
B) Active stomata
C) Protected embryos
D) Tracheids for water transport
E) Branched apical growth

Question 16

These multicellular green algae retain their eggs in the parental organism, and their growth pattern is both branching and apical.

A) Liverworts
B) Hornworts
C) Mosses
D) Stoneworts
E) Coleochaetophytes

Question 17

Which of the following is not a characteristic that is present in all groups of land plants?

A) Development from embryos protected by tissues of the parent plant
B) Cuticle
C) Chloroplasts containing chlorophylls a and b
D) Starch as the storage carbohydrate
E) The accessory pigment phycoerythrin

Question 18

These multicellular green algae grow in the form of an unbranched thallus and retain their eggs in the parental organism.

A) Liverworts
B) Hornworts
C) Mosses
D) Stoneworts
E) Coleochaetophytes

Question 19

Which of the following is a synapomorphy specific to stoneworts and land plants?

A) Chloroplasts
B) Chlorophyll b
C) Multicellular sporophyte
D) Retention of the egg in the parental organism
E) Branched apical growth

Question 20

Which trait shared by coleochaetophytes, stoneworts, and land plants is most likely to have aided with successful colonization on land?

A) The ability to retain eggs in the parental organism
B) Cytoplasmic connections for cell-cell communication
C) Specialized vascular cells
D) A dominant sporophyte generation
E) Presence of stomata

Question 21

During the Carboniferous period, forests of large plants dominated the landscape.Which of the following were not among them?

A) Club mosses
B) Horsetails
C) Ferns
D) Lycophytes
E) Mosses

Question 22

How does the alternation of generations of plants differ from the typical animal life cycle?

A) In plants, the diploid and haploid stages of the life cycle both include multicellular individuals, and gametes are produced by mitosis rather than meiosis.
B) In plants, the diploid and haploid stages of the life cycle both include multicellular individuals, and gametes are produced by meiosis rather than mitosis.
C) In plants, only the diploid stage of the life cycle includes multicellular individuals, and gametes are produced by meiosis rather than mitosis.
D) In animals, the diploid and haploid stages of the life cycle both include multicellular individuals, and gametes are produced by mitosis rather than meiosis.
E) In animals, the diploid and haploid stages of the life cycle both include multicellular individuals, and gametes are produced by meiosis rather than mitosis.

Question 23

The nonvascular plants have a number of structures or characteristics that allow them to obtain water and minerals in the absence of a vascular system.These include all of the following except

A) growth in dense masses through which water can move by capillary action.
B) leaflike structures that catch and hold water.
C) small size, which allows minerals to be distributed evenly by diffusion.
D) an extensive root system to take up water from soil.
E) mycorrhizae, a mutualistic association with a fungus.

Question 24

Within vascular plants, the prominent generation is the _______; in nonvascular plants, it is the _______.

A) gametophyte; sporophyte
B) sporophyte; gametophyte
C) gametophyte; gametophyte
D) sporophyte; sporophyte
E) sporangium; gametophyte

Question 25

Suppose you find a new eukaryotic organism with the life cycle shown in the figure. What evidence would lead to the conclusion that it does not belong in the plant clade?

A) It lacks a multicellular diploid generation.
B) It has both gametes and spores.
C) Both the male and female gametes are haploid.
D) It has a multicellular haploid generation.
E) It is homosporous.

Question 26

Refer to the figure, which shows alternation of generations in the life cycle of a land plant. At which step in the diagram are gametes being formed?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 27

Refer to the figure, which shows alternation of generations in plants. In a plant with this type of alternation of generations, the zygote develops on a

A) microgametophyte.
B) megagametophyte.
C) microphyll.
D) megaphyll.
E) microsporangium.

Question 28

In order to thrive on land and colonize drier habitats, plants had to develop

A) photosynthetic pigments and mechanisms for transporting water and minerals to aerial parts.
B) starch for carbohydrate storage and mechanisms for transporting water and minerals to aerial parts.
C) physical support structures and mechanisms for gamete dispersal.
D) photosynthetic pigments that are not dependent on an aqueous environment, and starch for carbohydrate storage.
E) alternation of generations and physical support structures.

Question 29

All land plants produce _______ by mitosis and _______ by meiosis.

A) spores; gametes
B) gametes; gametes
C) gametes; spores
D) spores; spores
E) spores; gametes and spores

Question 30

Refer to the figure, which shows alternation of generations in the life cycle of a land plant. In the life cycle of a plant, the spores are _______, the gametes are _______, and the zygote is _______.

A) haploid; diploid; haploid
B) haploid; haploid; diploid
C) diploid; haploid; diploid
D) haploid; diploid; diploid
E) diploid; diploid; haploid

Question 31

How can nonvascular plants survive on land without true leaves, stems, and roots?

A) They are small enough to allow minerals to diffuse throughout their bodies.
B) They live in dry habitats.
C) They have a thick cuticle to prevent water loss.
D) Their spores are dispersed by wind.
E) Their sporophytes are nutritionally independent and provide carbohydrates to the rest of the plant.

Question 32

Refer to the figure, which shows alternation of generations in the life cycle of a land plant. In a nonvascular land plant, the structure being formed at step E in the diagram would be

A) inconspicuous and lack chloroplasts.
B) conspicuous and lack chloroplasts.
C) conspicuous and nutritionally independent.
D) conspicuous and nutritionally dependent on the sporophyte.
E) inconspicuous and might or might not be nutritionally independent.

Question 33

Refer to the figure, which shows alternation of generations in the life cycle of a land plant. At which step in the diagram are spores being produced?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 34

Several important adaptations evolved in the common ancestor of land plants that allowed for successful emergence on land.Which of the following is one of those changes?

A) Evolution of a waxy cuticle
B) Evolution of a carbohydrate energy-storage molecule
C) Evolution of a diploid form that produces haploid gametes
D) Evolution of a mechanism for structural support
E) Evolution of channels for transporting water

Question 35

The sporophyte of a vascular plant is nutritionally _______; the sporophyte of a nonvascular plant is nutritionally _______.

A) dependent; independent
B) independent; independent
C) haploid; diploid
D) dependent; dependent
E) independent; dependent

Question 36

Which innovation in land plants addressed the challenges of reproduction rather than mere survival?

A) The cuticle
B) Stomata
C) Gametangia
D) Association with mycorrhizae
E) Protection from UV radiation

Question 37

Earth is estimated to be 4.65 billion years old.Although life first appeared about 3.7 billion years ago, land plants did not appear until _______ years ago.

A) 400,000-500,000
B) 3-4 million
C) 40-50 million
D) 400-500 million
E) 3-4 billion

Question 38

The first ferns appeared during the _______ period.

A) Permian
B) Carboniferous
C) Silurian
D) Devonian
E) Triassic

Question 39

Haploid unicellular spores are produced in the sporangia via

A) mitosis.
B) fertilization.
C) conjugation.
D) budding.
E) meiosis.

Question 40

Which feature is universal in the life cycles of land plants?

A) Morphologically identical gametophyte and sporophyte stages
B) Genetically identical gametophyte and sporophyte stages
C) Alteration of generations between haploid gametophytes and diploid sporophytes
D) Multicellular haploid and diploid gametes
E) A unicellular gametophyte generation

Question 41

The branched filamentous structure of the moss gametophyte that develops after spore germination is the

A) antheridium.
B) capsule.
C) protonema.
D) hydroid.
E) microphyll.

Question 42

Mosses are dependent on external water for sexual reproduction because

A) sperm diffuse to eggs through water.
B) gametogenesis occurs only when the plants are moist.
C) eggs and sperm are released into water and then unite.
D) sperm must swim through water to reach and fertilize eggs.
E) spores are released only after the outer coat of the sporangium dissolves in water.

Question 43

The evolutionary importance of plant tissue composed of tracheids is that it provides

A) a plant vascular system and structural support.
B) structural support and increased growth.
C) enhanced photosynthesis and anchoring.
D) enhanced photosynthesis and a plant vascular system.
E) enhanced water conservation and anchoring.

Question 44

Refer to the figure, which shows hornworts. In which part of this hornwort would you find an egg cell?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) The relevant structure is not shown.
E) Hornworts do not reproduce sexually.

Question 45

This group's gametophyte starts as a branched filamentous structure called a protonema, and many types contain hydroid cells.

A) Liverworts
B) Hornworts
C) Mosses
D) Stoneworts
E) Coleochaetophytes

Question 46

Refer to the figure, which shows hornworts. From which part of this hornwort would spores be released?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) The relevant structure is not shown.
E) Hornworts do not form spores.

Question 47

Hornwort sporophytes have a basal region of cell division rather than an apical region.What effect does this have on sporophyte function in hornworts, as compared with mosses?

A) It provides a place for symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria to live, while in mosses the apical cell division creates structures for mycorrhizal fungi.
B) It allows spores to be continually made and released as long as the sporophyte lives, while in mosses only one set of spores is made per sporophyte.
C) It limits division of sporophytes to the base so hornworts do not get as tall as mosses.
D) It keeps making green tissue to support growth of the gametophyte, while in mosses the gametophyte supports the sporophyte.
E) It helps raise the spores so they can be more easily dispersed by symbiotic fungi, while in mosses the spores are dispersed by wind.

Question 48

This group's sporophyte exhibits indeterminate growth and develops no stalk, and there is a single large chloroplast in each cell.

A) Liverworts
B) Hornworts
C) Mosses
D) Stoneworts
E) Coleochaetophytes

Question 49

One important benefit of the evolution of xylem was the development of a mechanism for

A) sugar transport.
B) sperm transport.
C) water retention.
D) rigid structural support.
E) increased gas exchange.

Question 50

Refer to the figure, which shows a nonvascular plant. The underside of the starlike structure of the plant body is the location of the _______ generation.

A) gametophyte
B) sporophyte
C) meiotic
D) zygotic
E) alternate

Question 51

Refer to the figure, which shows hornworts. In which order did this hornwort plant develop, from oldest to newest growth?

A) B $\rightarrow$ A $\rightarrow$ C
B) A $\rightarrow$ B $\rightarrow$ C
C) A $\rightarrow$ C $\rightarrow$ B
D) C $\rightarrow$ A $\rightarrow$ B
E) C $\rightarrow$ B $\rightarrow$ A

Question 52

If lignin-containing cell walls had not evolved in land plants, we might now have

A) fields of tall plants that have rhizoids but lack stomata.
B) forests of tall animals instead of tall plants.
C) plants that grow underground instead of upward.
D) the same plant communities that we have now, because they would still have cellulose walls.
E) land areas of the planet covered with mats of low-lying plants and no trees.

Question 53

Approximately _______ species of moss (Bryophyta) have been described.

A) 15
B) 100
C) 1,200
D) 9,000
E) 15,000

Question 54

Which statement about the hornworts is true?

A) They form the sister group of seed plants.
B) Their cells contain multiple chloroplasts.
C) Their sporophytes exhibit determinate growth.
D) They have tracheids.
E) They possess stomata.

Question 55

The cyanobacteria found in the internal mucilage-filled cavities of hornworts serve to

A) provide structural support for the plant.
B) obtain mineral nutrients for the plant.
C) convert atmospheric nitrogen gas into a form usable by the plant.
D) convert atmospheric sulfur dioxide gas into a form usable by the plant.
E) provide carbohydrates to the plant.

Question 56

Refer to the figure, which shows a nonvascular plant. The nonvascular plant shown is a

A) liverwort (Hepatophyta).
B) hornwort (Anthocerophyta).
C) moss (Bryophyta).
D) stonewort (green algae).
E) club moss (Lycophyta).

Question 57

Vascular plants are thought to be the result of a single evolutionary event: the evolution of a wholly new cell type, the tracheid.This cell type

A) provides a mechanism for the storage of a new type of carbohydrate, starch.
B) is the first cell type to contain chloroplasts.
C) permits fertilization in the absence of water, thus permitting plants to invade dry habitats.
D) forms the sporangium.
E) is the principal water-conducting element of the xylem in all early vascular plants.

Question 58

You find a mat of short green plants growing on your neighbor's front lawn.You look at them through a microscope and see that they lack vascular tissue and are dispersing lots of spores from small brown stalks.The plants are most likely a colony of

A) liverworts.
B) hornworts.
C) mosses.
D) horsetails.
E) ferns.

Question 59

The nonvascular plant clades (including moss) require liquid water for fertilization during sexual reproduction because

A) they have no vascular system for transporting water to the developing sporophyte.
B) eggs are fertilized by a flagellated sperm that swims to the egg.
C) the neck of the archegonium has to degrade to allow the sperm to enter.
D) spores must swim to the egg for fertilization.
E) embryos develop in a water-filled sac.

Question 60

The most likely reason that nonvascular land plants have never evolved to the size of vascular plants is that they lack

A) a photosynthetic mechanism.
B) an efficient mode of respiration.
C) an efficient system for conducting water and minerals long distances against gravity.
D) nutrient and water absorption mechanisms.
E) effective spore dispersal mechanisms.

Question 61

Match the description below with the correct group of seedless vascular plants from the list that follows.
They are sometimes called the scouring rushes because the silica deposits in their cell walls make them useful for cleaning; their reduced true leaves form distinct whorls around the stem.

A) Club mosses
B) Horsetails
C) Ferns
D) Monilophytes
E) Rhyniophytes

Question 62

Which plant tissue would not be affected by treatment with a chemical that disrupts chromosome pairing for crossing over?

A) Hornwort antheridium
B) Moss sporangium
C) Fern sorus
D) Club moss strobilus
E) Horsetail sporangium

Question 63

Match the description with the correct group of seedless vascular plants from the list that follows.
They bear simple leaves arranged spirally on a stem and exhibit apical growth; the sporangia are contained within conelike structures called strobili.

A) Club mosses
B) Horsetails
C) Ferns
D) Monilophytes
E) Rhyniophytes

Question 64

Refer to the figure, which shows alternation of generations in the life cycle of a land plant. In a fern, the structure being formed at step C in the diagram would be

A) smaller than the gametophyte and lack chloroplasts.
B) larger than the gametophyte and lack chloroplasts.
C) larger than the gametophyte and nutritionally independent.
D) smaller than the gametophyte and might or might not be nutritionally independent.
E) larger than and nutritionally dependent on the gametophyte.

Question 65

Match the description below with the correct group of seedless vascular plants from the list that follows.
This ancient group lacked roots and leaves but had a central column of xylem running through its stems.It had dichotomously branching aerial stems that were occasionally topped by sporangia.

A) Club mosses
B) Horsetails
C) Ferns
D) Monilophytes
E) Rhyniophytes

Question 66

Which group is unlikely to have contributed significantly to the world's current energy supply?

A) Marine algae
B) Sphagnum moss
C) Club mosses
D) Tree ferns
E) Liverworts

Question 67

An abundant type of coal is formed almost entirely from plant material buried during the Carboniferous period.Which plant group was most likely a major contributor to these coal deposits?

A) Hornworts
B) Mosses
C) Liverworts
D) Chlorophytes
E) Club mosses

Question 68

Match the description below with the correct group of seedless vascular plants from the list that follows.
They typically have large leaves with branching vascular strands, some can reach heights of up to 20 m, and the sporangia are usually clustered in groups called sori.

A) Club mosses
B) Horsetails
C) Ferns
D) Monilophytes
E) Rhyniophytes

Question 69

Which structures characteristic of vascular plants developed first in the lycophytes?

A) A thick, waxy cuticle to prevent desiccation and pores called stomata to allow for gas exchange
B) Megaphylls and a specialized arrangement of vascular tissue to allow differentiation of water and sugar transport
C) An independent sporophyte and true roots that branch dichotomously
D) A protected embryo and pores called stomata to allow for gas exchange
E) True roots that branch dichotomously and a persistently green sporophyte

Question 70

A field biologist has brought you a plant fossil to analyze.To determine whether it is a vascular plant, you would look for the presence of fossilized

A) tracheids.
B) antheridia.
C) archegonia.
D) protonema.
E) roots.

Question 71

Match the description below with the correct group of seedless vascular plants from the list that follows.
Their vascular tissue includes xylem and phloem, they have megaphylls, and there is a differentiation between the main stem and side branches rather than dichotomous branching.

A) Club mosses
B) Horsetails
C) Ferns
D) Monilophytes
E) Rhyniophytes

Question 72

The horsetails and ferns are members of a single clade, the

A) lycophytes.
B) streptophytes.
C) euphyllophytes.
D) monilophytes.
E) bryophytes.

Question 73

In the phylogeny of the living vascular plant groups, which clade made the earliest split from the common ancestor of vascular plants?

A) Rhyniophytes
B) Monilophytes
C) Lycophytes
D) Gymnosperms
E) Angiosperms

Question 74

Which statement describing how tracheids aided early plants in their terrestrial environment is false?

A) Tracheids provided a path for water to travel from a source of supply to regions of need in the plant body.
B) The cell walls of tracheids are reinforced with lignin, providing rigid structural support that allowed plants to grow upward toward the sun and against gravity.
C) Tracheids provided a path for sugars to travel from a source of supply to regions of need in the plant body.
D) The increase in plant height due to the presence of tracheids improved spore dispersal, allowing progeny to spread farther.
E) Tracheids provided a path for minerals to travel from a source of supply to regions of need in the plant body.

Question 75

A club moss sporophyte with a single terminal strobilus produces 12,000 spores.How many spores would the sporophyte have produced if it had dichotomously branched twice before the strobili developed?

A) 12,000
B) 24,000
C) 36,000
D) 48,000
E) 120,000

Question 76

Fossilized remains of a rhyniophyte show that these extinct plants lacked

A) roots.
B) xylem.
C) sporangia.
D) dichotomous branching.
E) stomata.

Question 77

There are approximately _______ living species of horsetails (a monilophyte).

A) 15
B) 100
C) 1,200
D) 9,000
E) 15,000

Question 78

Which land plant group possesses leaflike microphylls?

A) Mosses
B) Horsetails
C) Club mosses
D) Ferns
E) Liverworts

Question 79

The first vascular plants were probably

A) rhyniophytes.
B) lycophytes.
C) mosses.
D) monilophytes.
E) liverworts.

Question 80

Lycophyte-fern forests arose in the Devonian period and persisted for _______ years.

A) 100,000
B) 2 million
C) 200 million
D) 600 million
E) 2 billion