Deck 16: The Evolution of Plants and Fungi

Question 1

Why is the symbiotic relationship of truffle mushrooms and tree roots considered to be crucial to the colonization of land?

A)This relationship is found in some of the oldest plant fossils.
B)Truffles have the terrestrial adaptation of seeds.
C)Tree roots can be found only in terrestrial environments.
D)Truffles provide trees with sugars.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Much of the coal we use today came from ________ that lived during the Carboniferous.

A)gymnosperms
B)mosses
C)angiosperms
D)ferns

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Gametophytes reproduce ________.

A)by producing sperm and eggs
B)by fission
C)by meiosis of special cells in the gametophyte
D)by budding

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Would you expect desert plants to have a thin or thick cuticle?

A)thin because desert plants do not have stomata
B)thin because desert plants have a short root system
C)thick because desert plants have an extensive shoot system
D)thick because desert plants need to retain water in this dry environment

Question 5

Gametophytes are ________; sporophytes are ________.

A)male...female
B)an adaptation to an aquatic existence...an adaptation to a terrestrial existence
C)haploid...diploid
D)the dominant stage of the conifer life cycle...the less obvious stage of the conifer life cycle

Question 6

Mutualistic associations of plant roots and fungi are called ________.

A)mycorrhizae
B)mycelia
C)shoots
D)hyphae

Question 7

Which of the following is the lineage of green algae believed to most resemble early plant ancestors?

A)charophytes
B)ulva
C)volvox
D)dinoflagellates

Question 8

Some companies that produce paper will also produce a by-product that is sold as a binder (something that binds,or holds,things together).From which part of trees does this by-product come?

A)leaves
B)mycorrhizae
C)lignin
D)stomata

Question 9

________ are seedless vascular plants.

A)Ferns
B)Angiosperms
C)Bryophytes
D)Gymnosperms

Question 10

Why are ferns considered incompletely adapted to the terrestrial environment,when compared with other plants?

A)They lack vascular tissue.
B)Their sperm are flagellated.
C)The gametophyte generation is dominant.
D)They lack cuticle.

Question 11

________,a chemical that hardens cell walls and supports terrestrial plants,is found in all plants EXCEPT ________.

A)Lignin...bryophytes
B)Cellulose...bryophytes
C)Cellulose...ferns
D)Lignin...ferns and bryophytes

Question 12

Which aspect of truffle mushrooms drives their commercial importance?

A)size
B)smell
C)taste
D)texture

Question 13

Plants first moved onto land at least ________ years ago.

A)65 million
B)475 million
C)1)2 billion
D)3)5 billion

Question 14

In ________ the gametophyte is more obvious than the sporophyte.

A)conifers
B)mosses
C)grasses
D)ferns

Question 15

Why are bryophytes considered incompletely liberated from their ancestral aquatic habitat?

A)They lack lignin.
B)Their sperm are flagellated.
C)The gametophyte generation is dominant.
D)They lack a cuticle.

Question 16

If you wanted to propagate (grow)ferns,what do you need to collect from existing ferns?

A)diploid zygote cells
B)haploid spores
C)fossil fuels
D)seeds

Question 17

Of the following,which is the earliest step in the formation of fossil fuels?

A)subjecting organic matter to extreme pressure
B)flooding swamps with seawater
C)incomplete decomposition of organic matter
D)subjecting organic matter to extreme heat

Question 18

Which of the following correctly illustrates the sequence of the origin of modern groups of plants?

A)gymnosperms,ferns,bryophytes,angiosperms
B)bryophytes,ferns,gymnosperms,angiosperms
C)bryophytes,ferns,angiosperms,gymnosperms
D)ferns,gymnosperms,angiosperms,bryophytes

Question 19

The ________ help(s)plants retain water.

A)hypha
B)cuticle
C)mycorrhiza
D)lignin

Question 20

Which of the following lack vascular tissue?

A)cone-bearing plants
B)grasses
C)ferns
D)mosses

Question 21

Exploring in the tropics,you discover a nonvascular plant that produces pollen.What type of plant have you discovered?

A)an angiosperm
B)a fern
C)a bryophyte
D)an entirely new type that you will get to name

Question 22

Why are gymnosperms considered to be "naked seed" plants?

A)Their seeds have a thin layer of endosperm.
B)They do not produce seeds; they produce only spores.
C)Their seeds are not enclosed within ovaries.
D)Their seeds develop on the surface of sporophytes.

Question 23

From the point of view of an angiosperm,what is the function of fruit?

A)It is where the male gametophyte develops.
B)It is a mechanism for the dispersal of seeds.
C)It provides nutrients to germinating seeds.
D)It attracts pollinators.

Question 24

The edible portion of a(n)________ is a ripened ovary.

A)cucumber
B)broccoli stalk
C)radish
D)onion

Question 25

Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A)Rainforests regenerate slowly and cannot sustain slash-and-burn clearing.
B)Humans depend on plants for food,wood,and medicines.
C)Only a fraction of plant species have been tested as potential medicine sources.
D)Local knowledge of rainforest plant communities has no impact on the production of new medicines.

Question 26

Which of the following is a component of the female structure of a flowering plant?

A)petal
B)filament
C)anther
D)stigma

Question 27

In angiosperms,the male gametophyte develops within ________.

A)male cones
B)filaments
C)anthers
D)stigma

Question 28

Which of these adaptations to a terrestrial existence evolved most recently?

A)vascular tissue
B)seeds
C)lignin
D)cuticle

Question 29

Which of the following statements about pollination and fertilization is CORRECT?

A)Pollination is identical to fertilization.
B)Pollination is not the same as fertilization,but pollination guarantees fertilization will occur.
C)Pollination and fertilization are unrelated.
D)Pollination is not the same as fertilization,and pollination does not guarantee fertilization will occur.

Question 30

Gymnosperms and angiosperms share multiple similarities.Which of the following is NOT a shared feature of angiosperms and gymnosperms?

A)Both produce flowers.
B)Both have pollen grains that are male gametophytes.
C)Both have a dominant sporophyte generation.
D)Both have seeds.

Question 31

________ were the first plants that did not require water for transferring sperm to eggs.

A)Bryophytes
B)Gymnosperms
C)Ferns
D)Angiosperms

Question 32

In angiosperms,the ________ is a nutrient-storing tissue that nourishes a developing embryo.

A)fruit
B)seed
C)carpels
D)endosperm

Question 33

A pollen grain is a(n)________.

A)female gametophyte
B)sporophyte
C)male gametophyte
D)integument

Question 34

In angiosperms,what structures house female gametophytes?

A)stigmas
B)petals
C)ovules
D)sepals

Question 35

Seeds develop from ________.

A)carpels
B)anthers
C)ovules
D)ovaries

Question 36

What global climatic change gave gymnosperms an advantage over ferns?

A)the climate becoming hotter and wetter
B)increased fluctuations in global climate temperatures
C)the climate becoming cooler and drier
D)the climate becoming hotter and drier

Question 37

Nutritionally,all fungi are ________.

A)heterotrophs that acquire their nutrients by absorption
B)autotrophs that acquire their nutrients from solar energy
C)autotrophs that acquire their nutrients from chemicals
D)parasites that acquire their nutrients from other organisms

Question 38

Nearly all food plants are ________.

A)bryophytes
B)gymnosperms
C)ferns
D)angiosperms

Question 39

What is an evolutionary reason why individual ferns may produce millions of spores?

A)Having many spores increases the chances that they will produce fossil fuels.
B)Having many spores increases the chances that they can produce seeds.
C)Spores can germinate only in the right environmental conditions,so producing many spores increases the chances that at least one will end up in an area of those conditions.
D)Spores can disperse only short distances,so producing many spores increases the chances that at least one will travel far enough to germinate.

Question 40

Which structure of a flower traps pollen?

A)style
B)stigma
C)ovary
D)filament

Question 41

Which of the following statements concerning the jatropha tree is TRUE?

A)Jatropha trees are found all over the world.
B)Everyone believes planting jatropha trees will be beneficial.
C)Humans use over half of the known species of plants for everyday uses.
D)Currently,the most valuable part of the jatropha tree is the seed.

Question 42

The function of a mushroom is to ________.

A)produce seeds
B)store nutrients
C)produce spores
D)photosynthesize

Question 43

Suppose that,while on a forest hike,you notice a blue fungus and a pink plant growing along the hiking trail.As you continue walking,you observe that if a blue fungus and a pink plant are growing side by side,they are both much larger than if the fungus and the plant are farther apart.What can you hypothesize about the relationship between the fungus and the plant?

A)The fungus and the plant have a symbiotic relationship that allows them to have more significant growth when they are near each other than when farther apart.
B)The fungus and the plant have a parasitic relationship that allows them to have more significant growth when they are near each other than when farther apart.
C)The roots of the plant are choking off nutrient flow to the fungal hyphae.
D)The plant is helping the fungus decompose leaf litter on the forest floor.

Question 44

What are hyphae?

A)symbiotic associations between plant roots and fungi
B)threadlike filaments that make up fungal bodies
C)fungal digestive enzymes
D)fungal spores

Question 45

Biocontrol,short for biological control,is a means to control pest populations (e.g.,insects,plants)by intentionally introducing natural enemies of those pests.Biocontrol methods have benefits of typically being less expensive and less environmentally damaging than chemical pesticides.Which of the following should NOT be considered an example of biocontrol?

A)the spores of the Chinese caterpillar fungus that are sprayed on crop pests to parasitize and kill them
B)the application of herbicides that kill weeds harboring pest populations
C)the introduction of mites that prey upon citrus rust mites that infest and destroy citrus crops
D)the introduction of insect herbivores that eat weeds but do not feed on native plant species

Question 46

The photo below shows ________.

A)a cluster of fern spore capsules
B)a fairy ring
C)an algal cell with extensive thread-like cilia
D)a lichen,a mutually beneficial symbiosis

Question 47

What is this organism?

A)fern
B)fungus
C)bryophyte
D)gymnosperm

Question 48

This diagram shows what process?

A)origin of plants from green algae
B)alternation of generations
C)angiosperm life cycle
D)gymnosperm life cycle

Question 49

Corn smut is a fungus that grows in the ears of corn and changes corn kernels into black,powdery balls of fungus tissue.What would you hypothesize is the significance of the relationship between corn smut and corn?

A)Corn smut has a parasitic relationship with corn so that it can use the corn as a way to spread spores.
B)Corn smut has a symbiotic relationship with corn so that it can use the corn as a way to spread spores.
C)Corn smut helps to decompose corn more quickly and therefore replenishes nutrients in the soil at a faster rate.
D)Corn smut slows decomposition of corn and therefore reduces the rate at which nutrients are returned to the soil.

Question 50

Like plants,fungi have ________; however,in plants they are composed of ________,whereas in fungi they are composed of ________.

A)cell walls...cellulose...chitin
B)cell walls...cellulose...peptidoglycan
C)cell membranes...phospholipids...chitin
D)cell walls...phospholipids...cellulose

Question 51

What important role do fungi play in many ecosystems?

A)They decompose organic material.
B)They pollinate plants.
C)They disperse the fruits of angiosperms.
D)They perform photosynthesis.

Question 52

What would NOT be an advantage of using oil from jatropha seeds?

A)The oil is considered a renewable resource.
B)The oil can be used for generating electricity.
C)The oil can be used as a biofuel.
D)Growing jatropha tress to produce oil may lower food production.

Question 53

If seed production had never evolved,which organisms would be missing in today's landscape?

A)bryophytes and ferns
B)ferns and gymnosperms
C)gymnosperms and angiosperms
D)angiosperms and bryophytes