Deck 16: Community Psychology

Question 1

ALL BUT WHICH of the following is true regarding the field of community psychology?

A) The relationships among the political activists, clinicians, and scientists who work in the field have been characterized by a high degree of harmony.
B) The field does not emphasize either individual disease or individual treatment.
C) The field emphasizes the empowerment of individuals and communities.
D) All of the above statements are true.

Answer 1

The relationships among the political activists, clinicians, and scientists who work in the field have been characterized by a high degree of harmony.

Question 2

U.S.presidents __________ were instrumental in providing the political leadership to get the community psychology movement underway.

A) Nixon and Ford
B) Carter and Reagan
C) Kennedy and Johnson
D) none of the above

Answer 2

Kennedy and Johnson

Question 3

Tracey is a high school student.Both her school and her church would be categorized at which level of the ecological levels of analysis?

A) organization
B) macrosystem
C) locality
D) microsystem

Answer 3

organization

Question 4

According to the concept of community mental health,particularly in the 1960s,the role of the therapist was replaced by that of the

A) researcher.
B) teacher.
C) social-change agent.
D) scientist.

Question 5

Community psychologists tend to see psychological problems as primarily due to

A) poor fit between people and environments.
B) people's inadequate coping styles.
C) cognitive distortions in people at large.
D) inadequate environments.

Question 6

Community psychologists tend to believe that

A) interventions should emphasize deficits over competencies.
B) diversity among individuals and communities is desirable.
C) both of the above
D) neither of the above

Question 7

When community psychologists define problems,they place particular emphasis on

A) individuals.
B) economic institutions.
C) organizations and neighborhoods.
D) none of the above

Question 8

Which of the following is true regarding community mental health centers?

A) The community mental health movement began to fall apart secondary to funding cuts during the Reagan Presidency.
B) The number of community mental health centers is currently on the rise.
C) both of the above
D) neither of the above

Question 9

Above all,community psychologists strive to __________ psychological disorders.

A) prevent
B) cure
C) determine the etiology of
D) redefine

Question 10

According to researchers who have studied community psychology via ecological levels of analysis,the level with the broadest scope is the

A) macrosystem.
B) organization.
C) locality.
D) microsystem.

Question 11

The movement toward community psychology was fueled by

A) questions about the efficacy of psychotherapy.
B) the availability of psychotherapy for the poor and disadvantaged.
C) a shortage of clinical psychologists and psychiatrists.
D) all of the above

Question 12

In order to qualify for federal funds in 1963,a mental health center had to provide ALL BUT WHICH of the following?

A) inpatient care
B) outpatient care
C) research and practicum opportunities for students in mental health fields
D) All of the above were required.

Question 13

The movement toward community psychology was fueled by ALL BUT WHICH of the following?

A) discontent with use of the medical model for psychological problems
B) the general sociopolitical climate and activism of the 1960s
C) less emphasis on environmental influences on people's behavior
D) greater emphasis on social influences on people's behavior

Question 14

ALL BUT WHICH of the following factors played a role in reducing the population of mental hospitals after the mid-1950s?

A) a more liberal discharge philosophy
B) the advent of psychotropic drugs, including antipsychotic medications
C) a lack of trained therapists within the hospitals
D) the widespread acceptance/use of the DSM

Question 15

In the context of community psychology,the principle of prevention asserts that

A) the identification of biological predispositions toward psychological disorders is the key to overcoming such disorders.
B) prompt individual treatment of psychological disorders is crucial for preventing the development of additional, related disorders.
C) timely treatment of the individual will help prevent larger problems within that person's social group.
D) none of the above

Question 16

Which of the following is true of the ecological levels of analysis identified by community psychologists?

A) There are four such levels.
B) Each level is independent of the others.
C) The ecosystem as a whole is dynamic, rather than static.
D) none of the above

Question 17

Which of the following is true?

A) Community psychology is typically practiced in clinical settings.
B) The focus of community psychology is on individuals who have already developed psychological problems.
C) Community psychology supports "giving psychology away" through activities like consultation.
D) Only recently have clinicians accepted the idea that all behavior is a joint product of situational and personal factors.

Question 18

Lawrence is a college student.Both his family and his peer group would be categorized at which level of the ecological levels of analysis?

A) organization
B) macrosystem
C) locality
D) microsystem

Question 19

The 1963 "Kennedy Bill" funded mental health centers for the purpose of

A) promoting the early detection of mental health problems.
B) preventing the "warehousing" of chronic patients in mental hospitals.
C) both of the above
D) neither of the above

Question 20

In __________,the U.S.Congress passed legislation creating the Joint Commission on Mental Health and Illness,whose report encouraged the development of a community mental health concept.

A) 1905
B) 1929
C) 1955
D) 1973

Question 21

Race was once viewed as __________,and now is viewed as __________.

A) the most important dimension of diversity; the least important dimension of diversity
B) a biological variable; a social variable based on physical criteria
C) having moderate influence on mental health risk; having great influence on mental health risk
D) none of the above

Question 22

Through __________,a mental health professional can multiply the number of clients he/she serves indirectly.

A) hospitalization
B) rehabilitation
C) crisis intervention
D) consultation

Question 23

Dr.Blalock is helping a colleague with a diagnostic problem regarding a specific client.According to the widely accepted classification scheme detailed in Caplan (1970),Dr.Blalock is offering __________ consultation.

A) client-centered case
B) consultee-centered case
C) program-centered administrative
D) consultee-centered administrative

Question 24

Which of the following was NOT identified by Dalton et al.(2001)as a dimension of human diversity important to the work of community psychologists?

A) ability/disability status
B) socioeconomic status
C) religion/spirituality
D) political affiliation

Question 25

The goal of __________ is to reduce the duration and the negative effects of mental disorders after their occurrence.

A) primary prevention
B) secondary prevention
C) tertiary prevention
D) none of the above

Question 26

Dr.Pullman is involved in mental disorder prevention research,and he has just completed an extensive review of the literature on the risk and protective factors for a particular disorder,as well as the relevant prevention programs conducted to date.If he follows the research model recommended in the text,what should he do next?

A) He should plan a prevention program and conduct large-scale trials of its effectiveness.
B) He should plan a prevention program and conduct pilot studies of its effectiveness.
C) He should plan a prevention program, implement it on a large scale, and evaluate its effectiveness.
D) He should thoroughly review the extent of the disorder, as well as its costs to society.

Question 27

The early detection and treatment of individuals with potentially damaging drinking problems exemplifies

A) primary prevention.
B) secondary prevention.
C) tertiary prevention.
D) none of the above

Question 28

Dr.Wertheimer is working with a teacher to develop strategies to use with future students who exhibit behavior problems.According to the widely accepted classification scheme detailed in Caplan (1970),Dr.Wertheimer is offering __________ consultation.

A) consultee-centered case
B) client-centered case
C) consultee-centered administrative
D) program-centered administrative

Question 29

Programs such as Head Start and Meals on Wheels are __________ programs.

A) primary prevention
B) secondary prevention
C) tertiary prevention
D) none of the above

Question 30

__________ involves programs that promote the early identification of mental health problems and prompt treatment of problems at an early stage so that mental disorders do not develop.

A) Primary prevention
B) Secondary prevention
C) Tertiary prevention
D) none of the above

Question 31

Research on the JOBS program has concluded ALL BUT WHICH of the following?

A) JOBS participants were re-employed no sooner than nonparticipants.
B) JOBS participants secured better and more stable jobs than nonparticipants.
C) JOBS participants demonstrated higher levels of self-confidence/lower levels of depression than nonparticipants.
D) The JOBS program appeared to be cost-effective.

Question 32

According to Caplan and Nelson (1973),why are some individuals prone to placing responsibility on individuals who are disadvantaged rather than on society or the environment?

A) Such explanations free the government and cultural institutions from blame.
B) Such explanations remove the burden for solving the problem from government and cultural institutions.
C) Such explanations legitimize the traditional clinical practice of treating individuals.
D) all of the above

Question 33

According to the Institute of Medicine's 1994 report "Reducing Risks for Mental Disorders," __________ preventive intervention is targeted toward "high risk" individuals.

A) universal
B) selective
C) intermediate
D) indicated

Question 34

__________ places an emphasis on counteracting harmful circumstances before they have had a chance to produce illness.

A) Primary prevention
B) Secondary prevention
C) Tertiary prevention
D) Traditional psychological treatment

Question 35

Each October,thousands of sites across the country recognize National Depression Screening Day by offering free depression screenings to interested individuals.This kind of program would fall under which of the following categories?

A) primary prevention
B) secondary prevention
C) tertiary prevention
D) none of the above

Question 36

Which of the following correctly illustrates "blaming the victim?"

A) Society views the person addicted to drugs as a product of a bad social environment.
B) Society views the high school dropout as making an incorrect decision regarding his/her future.
C) Society views the long-term unemployed adult as the victim of poor schooling and inadequate social programs.
D) none of the above

Question 37

A meta-analysis of primary prevention programs for children and adolescents (Durlak & Wells,1997)concluded that

A) such programs actually had unintended, negative effects on the majority of participants.
B) the average participant in such programs demonstrated a better outcome than at least 50% of those in control groups.
C) the positive effects of such programs were limited to the specific problem behaviors targeted.
D) the positive effects of such programs did not endure over time.

Question 38

__________ are considered viable alternatives to the chronic hospitalization of mentally ill patients.

A) Community lodges
B) Day hospitals
C) both of the above
D) neither of the above

Question 39

In the field of community psychology,empowerment

A) as a goal is incompatible with the prevention of mental disorders.
B) as a goal is incompatible with an appreciation of diversity.
C) is closely related to the concept of locus of control.
D) all of the above

Question 40

Which of the following is an example of the kind of consultation that might be provided by a community psychologist?

A) Dr. Roeber is working with management at the auto parts factory to reduce employee absenteeism.
B) Dr. Fiske is working with middle school teachers in the local school district to adopt more effective classroom management/discipline strategies.
C) Dr. Kowalski is working with the local sheriff's department to help them recognize and refer for treatment individuals with mood and psychotic disorders.
D) all of the above

Question 41

What is community psychology? Identify four respects in which it differs fundamentally from traditional clinical psychology.

Question 42

Compare and contrast universal,selective,and indicated preventive interventions.

Question 43

Explain how the concept of empowerment is important to the field of community psychology.

Question 44

What do community psychologists mean by "blaming the victim"? Why does it happen,and what can be done to minimize it?

Question 45

Identify three ways in which the prevention field has been its own worst enemy and aroused the skepticism of people outside the field.

Question 46

Studies of the effectiveness of Head Start programs suggest that the program

A) increases high school graduation rates.
B) decreases contact with the criminal justice system.
C) decreases out-of-wedlock births.
D) all of the above

Question 47

Briefly differentiate sex from gender,and race from ethnicity.Also,identify at least four dimensions of human diversity (aside from gender,race,and ethnicity)outlined by Dalton et al.(2001).

Question 48

Identify at least four primary functions of self-help groups.How may professionals best contribute to the success of these groups?

Question 49

Terrell is the grown child of an alcoholic who is interested in establishing an Al-Anon group in his part of town.Based on the available research,what role should Terrell assign to professionals in order to maximize the group's success?

A) He should bring in professionals to oversee/manage the group.
B) He should arrange for professionals to provide periodic consultation to group leaders.
C) He shouldn't involve professionals at all.
D) It doesn't matter; the role played by professionals has almost no impact on the success of self-help groups.

Question 50

Compare and contrast primary,secondary,and tertiary prevention.How does tertiary prevention differ from interventions based on a deficit philosophy?

Question 51

ALL BUT WHICH of the following is true of self-help groups like Parents Without Partners?

A) The success of such groups does not appear to be enhanced by governing rules.
B) Such groups may prevent/reduce the need for professional intervention.
C) Such groups serve several important functions for members.
D) All of the above are true.

Question 52

ALL BUT WHICH is true regarding training in the area of community psychology?

A) Very few new prevention experts are produced by training programs each year.
B) At least a master's degree is required to do work in the field of community psychology.
C) The multidisciplinary nature of community psychology makes it difficult to design appropriate training programs.
D) It is critical that community psychologists receive training regarding issues of diversity.

Question 53

Most of the relevant empirical evidence suggests that,regarding the provision of mental health services,

A) paraprofessionals are much less effective than professionals.
B) paraprofressionals are somewhat less effective than professionals.
C) paraprofessionals are at least as effective as professionals.
D) The methodological flaws of the studies conducted on this topic do not allow for firm conclusions.

Question 54

Identify and provide examples of at least three of the levels of analysis referred to in community psychology.What are some characteristics of this ecosystem?

Question 55

What is consultation,and what role does it play in community psychology?

Question 56

Recent reports evaluating the effectiveness of a wide range of prevention programs suggest that we should feel __________ about the effectiveness of community psychology.

A) disappointed
B) cautiously optimistic
C) extremely confident
D) discouraged, particularly in comparison to the effectiveness of early prevention programs

Question 57

According to a series of studies on paraprofessional mental health services (Cowen,1982),__________ of the customers of hairdressers and bartenders raised moderate to serious personal problems with them.

A) almost none
B) a small but significant proportion
C) greater than 50%
D) almost all

Question 58

According to the 1994 Institute of Medicine report,__________ have more stringent requirements,including training in the design and evaluation of interventions,than do __________.

A) prevention field specialists; prevention research specialists
B) clinical psychologists; community psychologists
C) community psychologists; consultants
D) none of the above

Question 59

The Head Start program was designed primarily to

A) train high school dropouts for employment.
B) prepare disadvantaged preschool children for elementary school.
C) educate disadvantaged parents about proper nutrition.
D) help disadvantaged high school students navigate the college application process.

Question 60

According to recent meta-analyses,effective prevention programs have been developed for

A) substance abuse.
B) depression and anxiety.
C) conduct disorder and antisocial personality disorder.
D) all of the above