Deck 17: Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine

Question 1

__________ refers to people's beliefs about their ability to exercise control over events that affect their lives.

A) Self-efficacy
B) Self-esteem
C) Grandiosity
D) Optimism

Answer 1

Self-efficacy

Question 2

Which of the following is true about stressful life events?

A) They impact psychological health, but not physical health.
B) Only negative events are perceived as stressful.
C) Relatively common, minor stressors are referred to as "daily hassles."
D) They are the primary cause of illness and disease.

Answer 2

Relatively common, minor stressors are referred to as "daily hassles."

Question 3

Most health problems in the United States are related to

A) chronic diseases.
B) personality disorders.
C) malnutrition.
D) accidents.

Answer 3

chronic diseases.

Question 4

Protection Motivation Theory posits that behavior is a function of

A) cultural values and gender norms.
B) threat appraisal and coping appraisal.
C) one's level of motivation.
D) one's security drive.

Question 5

Bethany believes that nothing she does will have any impact on her life.We might say that Bethany demonstrates

A) dysthymia.
B) low self-efficacy.
C) delusions of persecution.
D) dependent personality disorder.

Question 6

Stress increases the production of

A) epinephrine and norepinephrine.
B) ACTH.
C) cortisol.
D) all of the above

Question 7

Most contemporary health psychologists view stress as

A) a quality of an external stimulus.
B) an individual's response to a stimulus.
C) the result of an interaction between an external stimulus and the individual's response.
D) the result of an interaction between two or more stimuli.

Question 8

The most recent definitions of health psychology include psychology's contributions to the

A) enhancement of health.
B) improvement of the health care system.
C) shaping of public opinion with regard to health.
D) all of the above

Question 9

The physiological effects of stress typically include ALL BUT WHICH of the following?

A) increased respiration
B) increased heart rate
C) increased blood flow
D) decreased muscle strength

Question 10

The costs of medical care in the United States are approximately __________% of the Gross Domestic Product.

A) 4
B) 8
C) 16
D) 24

Question 11

ALL BUT WHICH of the following is a criticism of the traditional biomedical approach to medicine?

A) The mind-body dualism perspective is outdated.
B) Too often, psychosocial factors are emphasized to the neglect of somatic factors.
C) The approach is reductionistic and ultimately sheds no light on what causes disease.
D) All of the above are criticisms of the biomedical approach.

Question 12

According to the text,the development of the field of health psychology beginning in the 1970s was fueled by

A) a rise in the rate of infectious diseases.
B) rising health care costs.
C) increased barriers to entering private practice and academia.
D) more than one of the above

Question 13

By about __________,researchers in the field of psychosomatic medicine began to identify some diseases,including __________,as caused by psychological factors.

A) the 1980s; hypertension
B) the 1940s; peptic ulcer disease
C) the 1920s; heart disease
D) the 1960s; lung cancer

Question 14

Dr.Stanley,who is treating a patient with hypertension,believes that nutritional deficiencies,behavior patterns,and family interactions all contribute to the disease.Dr.Stanley appears to endorse the __________ model of health and illness.

A) biopsychosocial
B) psychosocial
C) biomedical
D) psychosomatic

Question 15

The biopsychosocial model acknowledges that __________ may influence illness and health.

A) cognitions
B) genetic predispositions
C) life events
D) all of the above

Question 16

Prolonged stress can have adverse effects on

A) the ability of the immune system to destroy viruses.
B) bodily organs.
C) mental functions.
D) all of the above

Question 17

__________ is a hormone that increases energy level and decreases inflammation during times of stress.

A) Epinephrine
B) Cortisol
C) Capsaicin
D) Endorphin

Question 18

Ian has been described by friends and family as driven to succeed,competitive,and occasionally hostile towards others.In health psychology terms,Ian would be said to have a __________ personality.

A) borderline
B) Type A
C) overachieving
D) psychasthenic

Question 19

According to Protection Motivation Theory,a young man who is deciding whether or not to engage in drinking behavior will ask himself,

A) "How dangerous is alcohol, and how vulnerable am I?"
B) "How capable am I to refrain from drinking alcohol, or to deal with the situations that come up as a result of drinking?"
C) both of the above
D) neither of the above

Question 20

How is behavioral medicine distinguished from health psychology?

A) There is no difference; the terms may be used interchangeably.
B) Behavioral medicine is a medical specialty, whereas health psychology is a psychology specialty.
C) Behavioral medicine focuses on disease prevention, whereas health psychology focuses on health promotion.
D) Behavioral medicine is an interdisciplinary field, whereas health psychology is a specialty within psychology.

Question 21

Which of the following is true regarding cigarette smoking?

A) Despite widely known health risks, the number of habitual cigarette smokers is currently on the rise.
B) Rebelliousness contributes to the initiation of smoking, but not to maintenance of the habit.
C) Relapse rates for smoking cessation treatment are approximately 30%.
D) Most people who manage to quit smoking do so on their own.

Question 22

In what ways can personality characteristics influence physical health and illness?

A) Personality characteristics can result from disease processes.
B) Personality characteristics can lead to unhealthy behaviors.
C) A third variable may relate to both personality characteristics and unhealthy behaviors/disease.
D) all of the above

Question 23

ALL BUT WHICH of the following has been a common criticism of biofeedback?

A) Biofeedback may not be more effective than other, less expensive, techniques.
B) Studies on biofeedback have not always been able to separate the effects of biofeedback from the effects of other treatments included in the same treatment package.
C) Biofeedback may be harmful, depending on the nature of the health condition.
D) Rightly or wrongly, biofeedback has a reputation for being faddish or cultish.

Question 24

Which of the following best illustrates the application of operant conditioning principles in health psychology?

A) A person with peptic ulcers undergoes relaxation training.
B) A person with a fear of the dentist undergoes systematic desensitization.
C) Family members of a chronic pain patient are instructed to ignore the patient's complaints and reinforce the patient's attempts to become more physically active.
D) A person with hypertension is taught to imagine, during highly stressful times, a calming scenario that he/she has created with his/her health psychology professional.

Question 25

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding ethnicity and cancer?

A) The incidence of common forms of cancer varies across ethnic groups.
B) The mortality rates from common forms of cancer vary across ethnic groups.
C) both of the above
D) neither of the above

Question 26

Dr.McAndrew has decided to use systematic desensitization to treat his client's tension headaches.Which of the following treatment components MUST be present in order for Dr.McAndrews's intervention to be considered systematic desensitization?

A) an extensive explanation (verbal and/or written) of the relationship between lifestyle and conditions like headache
B) a record on which the client is asked to record headache data, including the factors that precede it, how he or she responds to it, and the consequences that follow from it
C) extensive training in/use of relaxation techniques
D) a thorough psychophysiological assessment using self-ratings, observer ratings, and/or recording equipment

Question 27

In __________,an aspect of the patient's physiological functioning is monitored and fed back to the patient in the form of a signal,which he/she then attempts to modify.

A) biofeedback
B) self-monitoring
C) a virtual reality paradigm
D) obesity treatment

Question 28

Dr.Baker is a health psychologist,and he is developing a program for the local elementary schools to deter children from taking up smoking.Based on the available research,which of the following interventions is likely to be LEAST effective for this purpose?

A) Focusing on dire health consequences, such as cancer or emphysema, that may occur after years of smoking.
B) Teaching smoking refusal skills through peer modeling and role plays.
C) Offering video recorded presentations that focus on the peer/social influences on smoking.
D) Conducting discussion groups to monitor children's attitudes toward and knowledge about smoking.

Question 29

In explaining the relationship between hostility and health,Dr.Billings asserts that more hostile individuals have poorer health habits,and it's these habits that increase their susceptibility to coronary heart disease.Evidently,Dr.Billings is an adherent of the __________.

A) transactional model of stress.
B) psychophysiological reactivity model.
C) psychosocial vulnerability model.
D) health behavior model.

Question 30

Cognitive-behavioral methods have been demonstrated as effective for the treatment of

A) chronic pain.
B) bulimia.
C) smoking cessation.
D) all of the above

Question 31

According to research on demographic characteristics of cigarette smokers,which person below is most likely to be a smoker?

A) Martina, a 25-year-old Hispanic female with a college degree
B) Jared, a 40-year-old Caucasian male with a family income of $30,000 per year
C) Sandra, a 60-year-old Asian-American female with a family income of $75,000 per year
D) Russell, a 50-year-old African-American male with a high school education

Question 32

__________ is an example of a respondent technique used by health psychologists,and __________ is an example of an operant technique used by health psychologists.

A) Biofeedback; contingency contracting
B) Selective reinforcement; exposure
C) Thought stopping; biofeedback
D) Systematic desensitization; contingency contracting

Question 33

Individuals with Type A personality tend to

A) become aggressive and hostile when frustrated.
B) work near maximum capacity when a deadline approaches, and below maximum capacity when no deadline is approaching.
C) report significant fatigue and physical complaints.
D) none of the above

Question 34

The best predictor of coronary heart disease is

A) the anger-hostility component of Type A personality.
B) the time-pressure component of Type A personality.
C) a combination of the anger-hostility and time-pressure components.
D) none of the above

Question 35

Which of the following best illustrates extinction?

A) A person with a fear of doctors' offices overcomes this fear by repeatedly visiting a doctor's office for pleasant interactions with personnel and other, non-anxious, patients.
B) A person with a fear of dentists visits a psychoanalyst who helps to uncover the unconscious symbolism of dental procedures.
C) A person who is not anxious about acquiring HIV watches an educational video on the topic and develops mild anxiety about acquiring HIV.
D) A person never experiences anxiety about contracting sexually transmitted diseases because he/she has never developed such a disease despite frequent high-risk behaviors.

Question 36

Carmen,a chronic pain patient,completes a self-monitoring record,and the health psychology professional helps her to challenge and correct her maladaptive beliefs.The treatment Carmen is receiving is best labeled

A) biofeedback.
B) primary prevention.
C) cognitive-behavioral.
D) behavioral.

Question 37

Dr.Perez,a health psychologist,would like to evaluate the social support available to her new client,Camden.In other words,she will assess

A) the number of Camden's social relationships.
B) the quality of Camden's social relationships.
C) both of the above
D) neither of the above

Question 38

According to the psychosocial vulnerability model of the relationship between hostility and health,

A) increased heart rate, blood pressure, and stress-related hormones increase risk for coronary artery disease.
B) hostile individuals create a stressful environment by mistrusting others and scanning their environments for potential mistreatment.
C) hostile individuals have small social support networks, and, as a result, take worse care of themselves/their bodies.
D) none of the above

Question 39

Because Delilah experiences severe headaches,she undergoes treatment that involves the placement of electrodes on her forehead.Delilah is most likely receiving

A) cognitive-behavioral treatment.
B) electroconvulsive therapy.
C) placebo treatment.
D) biofeedback.

Question 40

Which of the following is true regarding the relationship between health and social support?

A) Several studies suggest that social support acts as a "buffer" against adverse health outcomes.
B) The effect of social support on health disappears after controlling for demographic variables and medical risk factors.
C) The relationship between social support and health goes in one direction only; although social support affects health outcomes, health status has no effect on social support networks.
D) all of the above

Question 41

According to recent meta-analyses,ALL BUT WHICH of the following are effective components of obesity prevention programs for children and youth?

A) reducing television viewing
B) limiting food access at home and providing good models for appropriate eating
C) modifying home and school environments/policies to encourage physical activity
D) All of the above appear to be effective program components.

Question 42

Define biofeedback,and describe generally how it might proceed for the problem of hypertension.What are two common criticisms of biofeedback?

Question 43

Research on compliance with medical regimens suggests that

A) educational and instructional interventions are more effective than behavioral interventions.
B) behavioral interventions are more effective than educational and instructional interventions.
C) neither educational and instructional interventions nor behavioral interventions are effective.
D) educational and instructional interventions are more effective in the short term, and behavioral interventions are more effective in the long term.

Question 44

Briefly describe the steps involved in systematic desensitization,using a health psychology example.

Question 45

Identify at least one disease characteristic and one patient characteristic associated with higher levels of compliance to medical regimens.Also,identify two general strategies for improving patient compliance.

Question 46

Most current health psychologists have

A) a doctoral degree from a clinical health psychology graduate program.
B) a doctoral degree from a clinical, social, or experimental psychology graduate program.
C) a doctoral degree from a graduate program in public health.
D) a master's degree from a graduate program in public health.

Question 47

Briefly describe the "Type A" personality.What does more recent research suggest regarding the relationship between Type A behavior and coronary heart disease?

Question 48

Research on health psychology applications with stressful medical procedures suggests that the most effective method of reducing negative affect,pain reports,and other distress involves descriptions of

A) what will occur.
B) the sensations that will be encountered.
C) both what will occur and the sensations that will be encountered.
D) neither what will occur nor the sensations that will be encountered.

Question 49

According to Friedman et al.(1995),why haven't health psychology interventions been integrated to a greater extent into our health care system?

A) Biological origins of diseases have been emphasized over psychosocial explanations.
B) Physicians are unaware of the data supporting health psychology interventions.
C) both of the above
D) neither of the above

Question 50

Describe at least three professional challenges faced by health psychologists.What is one way health psychologists can establish their identity and presence in settings traditionally dominated by physicians?

Question 51

Dr.Arden is a health psychologist who works with pediatric leukemia patients,several of whom are apprehensive about the same medical procedure.If Dr.Arden develops a film of a coping model to show to these patients,ALL BUT WHICH would maximize the film's effectiveness?

A) The patient in the film anticipates the same procedure as Dr. Arden's patients.
B) The patient in the film appears confident as he/she anticipates the procedure.
C) The patient in the film copes successfully with the demands of the procedure.
D) All of the above would maximize the film's effectiveness.

Question 52

How effective are school-based programs (through health classes or media campaigns)for preventing problem drinking?

A) The effectiveness of these programs varies tremendously.
B) The effectiveness of these programs is consistently superior to the standard school curriculum on alcohol-related issues.
C) The effectiveness of these programs is consistently superior to the standard school curriculum on alcohol-related issues, but only in the short term.
D) The effectiveness of these programs appears to be inferior to the standard school curriculum on alcohol-related issues.

Question 53

Describe generally how cognitive-behavioral treatment might proceed for the problem of chronic pain.In your response,be sure to identify at least a couple specific components of the treatment.

Question 54

Research on smoking,alcohol abuse and dependence,and obesity all suggests that

A) the best approach to these problems is early prevention.
B) aversion techniques appear to be most effective for dealing with these issues.
C) because these problems have strong genetic components, medical treatment ultimately will be more helpful than psychological treatment.
D) none of the above

Question 55

Define self-efficacy,and explain the importance of this concept for health psychology.

Question 56

Identify at least three distinct health risks posed by obesity.Also,identify at least three components of obesity prevention programs for children and youth that have shown promise in recent meta-analyses.

Question 57

Explain at least three distinct ways personality may impact health/illness (or personality and health/illness may relate).

Question 58

Which of the following is true regarding alcohol abuse and dependence?

A) The majority of clients treated for alcohol problems have a relapse episode soon after treatment is terminated.
B) Research suggests that "controlled drinking" is a viable treatment option for some alcoholics.
C) both of the above
D) neither of the above

Question 59

Compare and contrast the biopsychosocial model of illness and health with the models that preceded it.

Question 60

ALL BUT WHICH of the following patient/illness factors appear to be associated with increased adherence to medical regimens?

A) low income
B) higher levels of self-efficacy
C) greater severity of illness
D) living with others