Deck 2: The Chemical Level of Organization

Question 1

Electrons whirl around the center of the atom at high speed, forming a(n)

A) spiral.
B) figure 8.
C) cylinder.
D) electron cloud.
E) helix.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The innermost electron shell in an atom holds up to ________ electrons.

A) 1
B) 2
C) 4
D) 6
E) 8

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The smallest stable units of matter are

A) atoms.
B) molecules.
C) protons.
D) neutrons.
E) electrons.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

If an isotope of oxygen has 8 protons, 10 neutrons, and 8 electrons, its mass number is
A) 26.

A) 8.
B) 16.
C) 18.
E) 12.

Question 5

Isotopes of an element differ in the number of

A) protons in the nucleus.
B) electrons in the nucleus.
C) neutrons in the nucleus.
D) electron clouds.
E) electrons in energy shells.

Question 6

Radioisotopes have unstable

A) ions.
B) nuclei.
C) isotopes.
D) electron clouds.
E) protons.

Question 7

By weight, which element is the second most abundant in the human body?

A) oxygen
B) carbon
C) hydrogen
D) nitrogen
E) calcium

Question 8

By weight, which element is the most plentiful in the human body?

A) sulfur
B) sodium
C) oxygen
D) potassium
E) carbon

Question 9

Given the following approximate values, calculate the molecular weight for NaCl. Atomic number for Na: 11, Atomic weight for Na: 23 g/mol, Atomic number for Cl: 17,Atomic weight for Cl: 35 g/mol, Boiling point for Cl: -34 °C

A) 11 g/mol
B) 28 g/mol
C) 34 g/mol
D) 40 g/mol
E) 58 g/mol

Question 10

The "atomic weight" of an atom reflects the average number of

A) protons.
B) neutrons.
C) electrons.
D) protons + neutrons.
E) protons + neutrons + electrons.

Question 11

One mole of any element has the same

A) mass.
B) weight.
C) number of atoms.
D) number of electrons.
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 12

In any given molecule, the sum of the atomic weights of its component atoms is called

A) molecular mass.
B) molecular weight.
C) atomic mass.
D) atomic weight.
E) chemical mass.

Question 13

Which of these lists contains only trace elements?

A) sulfur, chlorine, oxygen
B) selenium, hydrogen, calcium
C) boron, oxygen, carbon
D) silicon, fluorine, tin
E) cobalt, calcium, sodium

Question 14

The nucleus of an atom consists of

A) electrons.
B) protons.
C) neutrons.
D) protons + neutrons.
E) protons + electrons.

Question 15

Which element commonly has only a proton as its nucleus?

A) helium
B) neon
C) argon
D) hydrogen
E) carbon

Question 16

________ is a pure substance composed of atoms of only one kind.

A) element
B) macromolecule
C) ion
D) isotope
E) compound

Question 17

The center of an atom is called the

A) core.
B) hub.
C) middle point.
D) nucleus.
E) focus.

Question 18

The "atomic number" of an atom is determined by the number of ________ it has.

A) electrons
B) protons
C) neutrons
D) protons + neutrons
E) protons + electrons

Question 19

If an element is composed of atoms with an atomic number of 6 and a mass number of 14, then a non-isotopicatom of this element contains

A) 6 protons.
B) 8 electrons.
C) 8 neutrons.
D) 6 protons and 8 electrons.
E) 6 protons and 8 neurons.

Question 20

Helium (HE) has an atomic number of 2. It is chemically stable because it

A) is neutral in electrical charge.
B) readily ionizes to react with other atoms.
C) has a full outer electron shell.
D) will form a covalent bond with another He atom.
E) lacks electrons, thus the He atom is stable.

Question 21

The molecule CO2 is known as

A) carbonized oxygen.
B) carbonated oxygen.
C) carbon monoxide.
D) carbon oxide.
E) carbon dioxide.

Question 22

The molecule O2 is known as

A) oxide.
B) oxygen.
C) organic.
D) oxate.
E) a salt.

Question 23

Atoms of the same element whose nuclei contain the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons, are called

A) isotonics.
B) heterotopes.
C) isotopes.
D) homotopes.
E) heterotonics.

Question 24

Ions with a + charge are called

A) cations.
B) anions.
C) radicals.
D) positrons.
E) isotopes.

Question 25

H2O is an example of a(n)

A) ionic formula.
B) glucose molecule.
C) compound.
D) ion.
E) covalent formula.

Question 26

The chemical behavior of an atom is determined by the

A) number of protons.
B) number of neutrons.
C) outermost electron shell.
D) size of the atom.
E) mass of the nucleus.

Question 27

A dust particle floating on a water surface illustrates

A) surface tension.
B) chemical tension.
C) static electricity.
D) heat capacity.
E) hydrophilic attraction.

Question 28

Electrons in an atom occupy an orderly series of electron shells or

A) energy levels.
B) electron clouds.
C) energy circles.
D) electron lanes.
E) energy fields.

Question 29

The molecule H2 is known as

A) hydrohydrogen.
B) hydrogen.
C) hydroxide.
D) helium.
E) semi-water.

Question 30

Which of the following is not a cation?

A) Na+
B) Cl-
C) K+
D) Ca2+
E) Mg2+

Question 31

When atoms complete their outer electron shell by sharing electrons, they form

A) ionic bonds.
B) covalent bonds.
C) hydrogen bonds.
D) anions.
E) cations.

Question 32

Magnesium atoms have two electrons in the outermost shell. As a result, you would expect magnesium to formions with a charge of

A) +1.
B) +2.
B) either +2 or -2.
C) -1.
D) -2.

Question 33

The ________ of a radioactive substance is the time required for 50 percent of a given amount of radioisotope to decay.

A) decay-point
B) mid-life
C) deterioration point
D) half-life
E) entropy

Question 34

When electrons are transferred from one atom to another, and the two atoms unite as a result of the opposite charges, a(n) ________ is formed.

A) ion
B) molecule
C) hydrogen bond
D) ionic bond
E) covalent bond

Question 35

In an aqueous solution, cations are attracted toward

A) sodium.
B) salt.
C) buffers.
D) anions.
E) hydrogen ions.

Question 36

The actual mass of an atom is known as its

A) chemical weight.
B) atomic weight.
C) atomic mass.
D) chemical mass.
E) chemical force.

Question 37

Ionic bonds are formed when

A) atoms share electrons.
B) an electron or electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another.
C) a pair of electrons is shared unequally by two atoms.
D) hydrogen forms bonds with negatively charged atoms.
E) two or more atoms lose electrons at the same time.

Question 38

Which of the following statements about hydrogen bonds is false?

A) Hydrogen bonds are strong attractive forces between hydrogen atoms and negatively charged atoms.
B) Hydrogen bonds can occur within a single molecule.
C) Hydrogen bonds can form between neighboring molecules.
D) Hydrogen bonds are important for holding large molecules together.
E) Hydrogen bonds are responsible for many of the properties of water.

Question 39

In an aqueous solution, sodium ions would move toward

A) a negative terminal.
B) a positive terminal.
C) a pH terminal.
D) an organic terminal.
E) the bottom.

Question 40

The molecule NO is known as

A) nitric oxide.
B) noxious oxide.
C) noxious oxygen.
D) nitric oxygen.
E) nitrous oxide.

Question 41

The three familiar states of matter are solids, liquids, and

A) globules.
B) fibroids.
C) gases.
D) crystals.
E) vapors.

Question 42

Cumulative damage from reactive ________ is thought to be a major factor in aging.

A) nitrogen
B) double bonds
C) isotopes
D) free radicals
E) helium

Question 43

The reaction A + B + energy ? AB is an example of a(n) ________ reaction.

A) exergonic
B) endergonic
C) equilibrium
D) decomposition
E) exchange

Question 44

Sodium (NA) has an atomic number of 11. How many electrons are in the outer electron shell of a neutralsodium atom?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 8

Question 45

In dehydration synthesis reactions, compounds

A) lose water molecules.
B) gain water molecules.
C) convert water molecules to hydrogen and oxygen.
D) convert hydrogen and oxygen to water.
E) gain electrons.

Question 46

In a molecule of nitrogen, three pairs of electrons are shared by two nitrogen atoms. The type of bond thatis formed is an example of a ________ bond.

A) single trivalent
B) double divalent
C) triple covalent
D) polar covalent
E) hydrogen

Question 47

In chemical notation, the symbol Ca2+ means

A) two calcium atoms.
B) a calcium ion that has lost two electrons.
C) a calcium ion that has gained two protons.
D) a calcium ion that has gained two electrons.
E) a calcium ion that has lost two protons.

Question 48

Oxygen, which forms naturally as two atoms, are bonded together with what type of bond?

A) nonpolar covalent bond
B) single covalent bond
C) polar covalent bond
D) ionic bond
E) hydrogen bond

Question 49

A molecule that has unpaired electrons is a(n)

A) isotope.
B) free radical.
C) ion.
D) triple bonded molecule.
E) compound.

Question 50

Elements that have atoms with full outer shells of electrons

A) will form many compounds.
B) will normally form anions.
C) will normally form cations.
D) frequently form hydrogen bonds.
E) are inert gases.

Question 51

If a pair of electrons is unequally shared between two atoms, a(n) ________ bond occurs.

A) single covalent
B) double covalent
C) triple covalent
D) polar covalent
E) hydrogen

Question 52

Magnesium atoms have two electrons in the outermost shell and chlorine atoms have seven. The compound magnesium chloride would contain

A) 1 magnesium and 1 chlorine.
B) 1 magnesium and 2 chlorine.
C) 2 magnesium and 1 chlorine.
D) 2 magnesium and 7 chlorine.
E) impossible to tell without more information

Question 53

In hydrolysis reactions, compounds react with

A) hydrogen, causing decomposition.
B) glucose, causing decomposition.
C) water, causing decomposition.
D) carbon, causing decomposition.
E) water, causing synthesis.

Question 54

Oxygen (atomic number 8) requires how many additional electrons to fill its outer electron shell?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 4
D) 6
E) 8

Question 55

In an ionic bond, the electron donor is the ________, whereas the electron acceptor is the ________.

A) acid; base
B) salt; ion
C) anion; cation
D) base; acid
E) cation; anion

Question 56

Ions in an ionic molecule are held together due to

A) the sharing of electrons.
B) the attraction of opposite electrical charges.
C) each electron orbiting all of the ions in the molecule.
D) the presence of water molecules.
E) the attraction of similar charges of the ions' protons.

Question 57

The electrostatic attraction between the slight positive charge of a hydrogen of one molecule and the slight negative charge of an oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine of another molecule is called a(n)

A) nonpolar covalent bond.
B) single covalent bond.
C) polar covalent bond.
D) ionic bond.
E) hydrogen bond.

Question 58

The formula for methane gas is CH4. What does the formula 4CH4 represent?

A) a molecule with 4 carbon atoms
B) a molecule with 4 carbon atoms and 16 hydrogen atoms
C) 4 molecules, each containing a carbon and a hydrogen atom
D) 4 molecules, each containing a carbon atom and 4 hydrogen atoms
E) an inorganic compound with ionic bonds

Question 59

AB ? A + B is to decomposition as A + B ? AB is to

A) exchange.
B) synthesis.
C) combustion.
D) replacement.
E) metabolism.

Question 60

Ions with a negative charge are called

A) cations.
B) anions.
C) radicals.
D) positrons.
E) isotopes.

Question 61

Which of the following descriptors is false regarding enzymes?

A) They are proteins.
B) They function as biological catalysts.
C) They lower the activation energy required for a reaction.
D) They affect only the rate of a chemical reaction.
E) They are consumed during the reaction.

Question 62

During ionization, water molecules disrupt the ionic bonds of a salt to produce a mixture of ions. Theseions can carry a current and so are called

A) cations.
B) anions.
C) acids.
D) electrolytes.
E) counterions.

Question 63

Nonpolar organic molecules are good examples of

A) electrolytes.
B) molecules that will dissociate when placed into water.
C) hydrophobic compounds.
D) hydrophilic compounds.
E) solutes.

Question 64

The reaction HCl + NaOH ? H2O + NaCl is what type of reaction?

A) decomposition
B) exchange
C) hydrolysis
D) synthesis
E) reversible

Question 65

Activation energy is

A) the energy of motion.
B) stored energy.
C) the same as heat energy.
D) the energy in chemical bonds.
E) the energy needed to start a reaction.

Question 66

Which of the following is both an anion and a compound?

A) Na+
B) Cl-
C) K+
D) HCO3-
E) NaCl

Question 67

Chemical reactions that occur in the body are accelerated by

A) vitamins.
B) cofactors.
C) hormones.
D) electrons.
E) enzymes.

Question 68

Compounds that contain carbon as the primary structural atom are called ________ molecules.

A) carbonic
B) organic
C) inorganic
D) catabolic
E) anabolic

Question 69

Collectively, reactions that break down molecules are known as

A) anabolism.
B) metabolism.
C) synthesis reactions.
D) exchange reactions.
E) catabolism.

Question 70

The reaction HCl ? H+ + Cl- is what type of reaction?

A) decomposition
B) exchange
C) hydrolysis
D) synthesis
E) reversible

Question 71

The reaction H2CO3 ? H+ + HCO3 is what type of reaction?

A) decomposition
B) exchange
C) hydrolysis
D) synthesis
E) reversible

Question 72

Each of the following is an inorganic compound except

A) water.
B) acids.
C) bases.
D) salts.
E) carbohydrates.

Question 73

Collectively, reactions that build new molecules are known as

A) anabolic.
B) metabolic.
C) synthetic reactions.
D) exchange reactions.
E) catabolic.

Question 74

Kinetic energy is stored as ________ energy when a spring is stretched or compressed.

A) potential
B) possible
C) plausible
D) probable
E) positive

Question 75

Compounds that do not usually contain carbon and hydrogen atoms as the primary structural ingredients are called ________ molecules.

A) non-carbonic
B) organic
C) hydro-carbonic
D) metabolic
E) inorganic

Question 76

Stored energy that has the ability to do work is called

A) kinetic energy.
B) heat energy.
C) light energy.
D) potential energy.
E) dark energy.

Question 77

In living cells, complex metabolic reactions proceed in a series of steps called

A) maneuvers.
B) degrees.
C) pathways.
D) increments.
E) cascades.

Question 78

Chemical reactions that absorb energy are called

A) exergonic.
B) endergonic.
C) equilibrial.
D) decomposition.
E) exchange.

Question 79

The energy of motion is

A) kinetic energy.
B) heat energy.
C) light energy.
D) potential energy.
E) dark energy.

Question 80

Chemical reactions that yield energy, such as heat, are said to be

A) endergonic.
B) activated.
C) exergonic.
D) neutral.
E) thermonuclear.