Deck 4: The Tissue Level of Organization

Question 1

The tissue that always has an apical and a basal surface is ________ tissue.

A) epithelial
B) connective
C) muscle
D) basal
E) apical

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Dead skin cells are shed in thin sheets because they are held together by "spots" of proteoglycan reinforced by intermediate filaments. Such strong intercellular connections are called

A) gap junctions.
B) intermediate junctions.
C) tight junctions.
D) desmosomes.
E) junctional complexes.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which statement about tissues is correct?

A) Tissues are always in the form of sheets of cells.
B) All the organs of an organ system are composed of a single tissue type.
C) A tissue is composed of a single type of cell.
D) An organ combines several different tissues.
E) Tissues are microscopic, and invisible to the naked eye.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

An epithelial cell can be divided into two functional regions. They are the ________ and the basal surface.

A) apical
B) pinnacle
C) topical
D) crest
E) apogeal

Question 5

Germinative cells

A) start in the superficial layers of epithelial tissue.
B) cannot divide in the deep layers of epithelial tissue.
C) make up most of the epithelial type of tissue.
D) divide continually to produce new epithelial cells.
E) cannot function in the repair of epithelial tissue.

Question 6

Epithelial cells that line the small intestine transport nutrients into the body. Directional transportisassociated with the epithelial tissue property of

A) avascularity.
B) regeneration.
C) cellularity.
D) polarity.
E) attachment.

Question 7

In stratified epithelia adapted to resist mechanical forces, which of the following types of cell-to-cell junctions are especially abundant?

A) tight junctions
B) basolateral junctions
C) gap junctions
D) hemidesmosomes
E) desmosomes

Question 8

Close examination of a healthy organ reveals a lining of several layers of cells. The layers do not containany blood vessels and one surface of the cells lines the cavity of the organ. This tissue is a type of

A) epithelium.
B) muscle tissue.
C) connective tissue.
D) neural tissue.
E) fat tissue.

Question 9

Where is the tissue level of organization?

A) between cells and organs
B) between organelles and cells
C) between organs and organ systems
D) between atoms and molecules
E) between molecules and organelles

Question 10

The study of tissues is called

A) cytology.
B) toxicology.
C) microbiology.
D) histology.
E) mycology.

Question 11

The junction type that lets neighboring cells exchange small molecules is the

A) desmosome.
B) hemidesmosome.
C) gap junction.
D) tight junction.
E) zonula adherens.

Question 12

Epithelial cells that are adapted for absorption usually have ________ at their free surface.

A) mitochondria
B) cilia
C) microvilli
D) junctional complexes
E) Golgi complexes

Question 13

Epithelium is connected to underlying connective tissue by

A) keratin.
B) interfacial canals.
C) a basement membrane.
D) a reticular lamina.
E) proteoglycan.

Question 14

________ are proteins that connect adjacent cells at a gap junction.

A) Bindins
B) Adhesions
C) Connexins
D) Attachons
E) Tieons

Question 15

A type of intercellular junction that stops materials from crossing an epithelium between cells is called a(n)

A) tight junction.
B) gap junction.
C) intermediate junction.
D) desmosome.
E) hemidesmosome.

Question 16

Which one of the following is not one of the four main tissue categories?

A) muscle tissue
B) neural tissue
C) osseous tissue
D) connective tissue
E) epithelial tissue

Question 17

Neural tissue

A) carries information from one part of the body to another.
B) can contract.
C) fills spaces in the body.
D) stores energy.
E) forms glands.

Question 18

Which of the four basic tissue types form coverings or linings of organs?

A) muscle tissue
B) epithelial tissue
C) protective tissue
D) neural tissue
E) connective tissue

Question 19

Characteristics of epithelia include all of the following except

A) attachment.
B) avascularity.
C) regeneration.
D) polarity.
E) extracellular matrix.

Question 20

Any substance that enters or leaves your body must cross

A) muscle tissue.
B) connective tissue.
C) secretory tissue.
D) neural tissue.
E) epithelial tissue.

Question 21

Unicellular exocrine glands secrete

A) milk.
B) sweat.
C) mucus.
D) sebum.
E) insulin.

Question 22

Epithelial tissue is always attached to which other major tissue type?

A) neural tissue
B) membrane tissue
C) fascial tissue
D) muscle tissue
E) connective tissue

Question 23

Glands that secrete hormones into the interstitial fluid are ________ glands.

A) endocrine
B) interstitial
C) exocrine
D) merocrine
E) holocrine

Question 24

The process of lactation (milk production) depends on both merocrine and ________ secretion by mammary gland epithelial cells.

A) epicrine
B) eccrine
C) holocrine
D) apocrine
E) endocrine

Question 25

The epithelia that line body cavities and blood vessels are classified as

A) simple squamous.
B) stratified squamous.
C) simple cuboidal.
D) stratified cuboidal.
E) transitional.

Question 26

The epithelium that lines the body cavities is known as

A) perithelium.
B) myothelium.
C) intrathelium.
D) endothelium.
E) mesothelium.

Question 27

Cells that are flat and thin are classified as

A) columnar.
B) squamous.
C) blasts.
D) transitional.
E) cuboidal.

Question 28

An example of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium would be

A) exposed skin.
B) air sacs of the lungs.
C) the lining of the anus.
D) the outer covering of the intestines.
E) the lining of the oral cavity.

Question 29

The function of simple cuboidal epithelium is

A) support and structure.
B) protection and transport.
C) phagocytosis and immunity.
D) absorption and secretion.
E) storage and retrieval.

Question 30

Gland cells produce

A) mesenchyme.
B) antibodies.
C) secretions.
D) phagocytes.
E) fibers.

Question 31

Which tissue lines the small intestine and the stomach?

A) simple squamous epithelium
B) simple cuboidal epithelium
C) simple columnar epithelium
D) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
E) stratified squamous epithelium

Question 32

Transitional epithelium is found

A) lining the urinary bladder.
B) lining the ducts that drain sweat glands.
C) lining kidney tubules.
D) lining the stomach.
E) at the surface of the skin.

Question 33

You would find pseudostratified columnar epithelium lining the

A) trachea.
B) urinary bladder.
C) secretory portions of the pancreas.
D) surface of the skin.
E) stomach.

Question 34

The two major types of cell layering in epithelia are

A) simple and proper.
B) stratified and pseudostratified.
C) squamous and simple.
D) simple and stratified.
E) cuboidal and columnar.

Question 35

The Pap test for cervical cancer utilizes

A) histology.
B) physiology.
C) anatomy.
D) embryology.
E) exfoliative cytology.

Question 36

The pancreas produces ________ secretions that include digestive enzymes and hormones, respectively.

A) serous and sebaceous
B) mucous and acid
C) merocrine and holocrine
D) exocrine and endocrine
E) secretory and absorptive

Question 37

Glands whose secretions contain mucins are classified as

A) serous glands.
B) compound glands.
C) mucous glands.
D) mixed glands.
E) endocrine glands.

Question 38

Which of the following glands have a compound rather than a simple structure?

A) salivary glands
B) sebaceous glands
C) mucous glands
D) sweat glands
E) gastric glands

Question 39

Glands that secrete their product by the bursting of cells are ________ glands.

A) apocrine
B) sudoriferous
C) holocrine
D) endocrine
E) merocrine

Question 40

A gland formed by cells arranged in a one blind pocket with a single unbranched duct would be called

A) simple tubular.
B) simple branched tubular.
C) compound tubular.
D) compound alveolar.
E) tubuloalveolar.

Question 41

Cells that store fat are called

A) fibrocytes.
B) macrocytes.
C) adipocytes.
D) podocytes.
E) melanocytes.

Question 42

Blood is which type of tissue?

A) mesenchyme
B) nerve
C) epithelial
D) muscle
E) connective

Question 43

Which of the following tissues are classified as "connective tissue proper"?
1) areolar connective tissue
2) adipose tissue
3) fibrocartilage
4) dense irregular connective tissue

A) 3 and 4
B) 1, 2, and 3
C) 1 and 2
D) 1, 2, and 4
E) 1 and 3

Question 44

Cells that engulf bacteria or cell debris within loose connective tissue are

A) fibroblasts.
B) macrophages.
C) adipocytes.
D) mast cells.
E) melanocytes.

Question 45

Which of the following connective tissue cells produces collagen?

A) adipocytes
B) fibroblasts
C) macrophages
D) mast cells
E) lymphocytes

Question 46

Loose connective tissue functions in all of the following ways except

A) providing strong connections between muscles and bones.
B) supporting epithelia.
C) anchoring blood vessels and nerves.
D) cushioning and stabilizing.
E) filling spaces between organs.

Question 47

In areolar connective tissue, ________ cells release histamine to stimulate inflammation.

A) plasma
B) mast
C) mesenchymal
D) gland
E) goblet

Question 48

The three types of protein fibers in connective tissue are

A) tendons, ligaments, and elastic ligaments.
B) loose, dense, and irregular.
C) cartilage, bone, and collagen.
D) collagen, reticular, and elastic.
E) polar, cellular, and permeable.

Question 49

A tissue that provides strength and support for areas subjected to stresses from many directions is

A) any connective tissue proper.
B) elastic or hyaline cartilage.
C) dense irregular connective tissue.
D) reticular connective tissue.
E) dense regular connective tissue.

Question 50

The combination of fibers and ground substance in supporting connective tissues is known as

A) collagen.
B) cartilage.
C) chondroitin.
D) matrix.
E) scaffold.

Question 51

If an obese person loses weight, a factor that increases the risk of regaining the weight is

A) weight loss causes the metabolic rate to slow.
B) during weight loss, calories are only temporarily displaced from fat to other tissues.
C) brown fat can become white fat if dietary intake increases again.
D) the adipose cells do not die but merely shrink, so they can easily store lipid again.
E) the body feels unfamiliar after weight loss.

Question 52

The viscous component of connective tissue matrix is called

A) basal layer.
B) ground substance.
C) collagen.
D) lymph.
E) plasma.

Question 53

The internal framework or stroma of organs such as the spleen, liver, and lymph nodes is made up of ________ tissue.

A) loose connective
B) regular dense connective
C) irregular dense connective
D) reticular tissue
E) adipose

Question 54

Which tissue is correctly paired with its category of connective tissue?

A) bone-connective tissue proper
B) fat-supporting connective tissue
C) lymph-fluid connective tissue
D) cartilage-fluid connective tissue
E) tendon-supporting connective tissue

Question 55

Antibodies are produced by

A) macrophages.
B) microphages.
C) plasma cells.
D) mast cells.
E) fibroblasts.

Question 56

Wharton's jelly is a form of

A) Marfan's syndrome.
B) mucous connective tissue.
C) ground substance.
D) collagen fiber.
E) embryonic epithelium.

Question 57

The color distinction between white fat and brown fat exists because brown fat

A) includes active melanocytes.
B) is more superficial.
C) traps pollutants.
D) is highly vascular.
E) is more mature.

Question 58

Two types of microphages include

A) mesenchymal cells and melanocytes.
B) mast cells and basophils.
C) fixed macrophages and free macrophages.
D) neutrophils and eosinophils.
E) microphages and adipocytes.

Question 59

The three categories of connective tissues are

A) connective tissue proper, fluid connective tissue, and supporting connective tissue.
B) epithelial connective tissue, muscle connective tissue, and neural connective tissue.
C) glandular connective tissue, exocrine connective tissue, and endocrine connective tissue.
D) connective tissue proper, cartilage connective tissue, and bone connective tissue.
E) areolar connective tissue, adipose connective tissue, and dense connective tissue.

Question 60

Cells that respond to injury by dividing to assist in connective tissue repair are

A) mast cells.
B) fibroblasts.
C) plasmocytes.
D) mesenchymal cells.
E) lymphocytes.

Question 61

What type of cell makes up almost half the volume of blood?

A) erythrocyte
B) leukocyte
C) platelet
D) monocyte
E) phagocyte

Question 62

Chondroitin sulfate is abundant in the matrix of

A) epithelial tissue.
B) cartilage.
C) areolar tissue.
D) elastic connective tissue.
E) adipose tissue.

Question 63

Which of the following refers to the dense connective tissue that surrounds a muscle and blends with thetendon?

A) superficial fascia
B) hypodermis
C) deep fascia
D) subserous fascia
E) subcutaneous layer

Question 64

The dominant type of extracellular protein fiber in dense connective tissue is

A) collagen.
B) elastin.
C) actin.
D) myosin.
E) connectin.

Question 65

Defense cells in blood are called white blood cells or

A) leukocytes.
B) lymphocytes.
C) erythrocytes.
D) thrombocytes.
E) immunocytes.

Question 66

The three kinds of formed elements in blood are erythrocytes, leukocytes, and

A) lymphocytes.
B) platelets.
C) phagocytes.
D) plasma cells.
E) mast cells.

Question 67

Antiangiogenesis factor is a chemical produced by ________ that blocks the growth of blood vessels.

A) leukocytes
B) lymphocytes
C) chondrocytes
D) erythrocytes
E) mesenchymal cells

Question 68

How can cartilage maintain its function even though it is avascular?

A) Cartilage is only the thickness of a few cell layers.
B) Nutrients and waste products diffuse through the cartilage's matrix.
C) Cartilage has extensive blood vessels.
D) Cartilage does not contain living cells.
E) The perichondrium prevents any exchange of nutrients and waste products.

Question 69

Microscopic examination of a tissue reveals a loose framework of fibers embedded in a large volume of fluidground substance, with a wide variety of cell types. This tissue would most likely have come from the

A) inner wall of a blood vessel.
B) lungs.
C) spleen.
D) superficial fascia between skin and muscle.
E) bony socket of the eye.

Question 70

Each of the following is an example of dense connective tissue except

A) tendons.
B) ligaments.
C) aponeuroses.
D) areolar tissue.
E) elastic tissue.

Question 71

The framework of connective tissue between the skin and underlying muscles is called the

A) dermis.
B) superficial fascia.
C) deep fascia.
D) cutaneous layer.
E) subserous fascia.

Question 72

The three major subdivisions of extracellular fluid found in the body are plasma, interstitial fluid, and

A) synovial fluid.
B) urine.
C) sweat.
D) lymph.
E) serous fluid.

Question 73

Interstitial fluid that enters a lymphatic vessel is called

A) plasma.
B) lymph.
C) blood.
D) humoral fluid.
E) plasmin fluid.

Question 74

A tissue with a firm gel matrix and cells inside lacunae is

A) areolar connective tissue.
B) cartilage.
C) bone.
D) epithelium.
E) dense regular connective tissue.

Question 75

The watery fluid component of blood is called

A) hemosol.
B) liquid elements.
C) formed elements.
D) hemoplasm.
E) plasma.

Question 76

Cartilage is separated from surrounding tissues by a fibrous

A) perichondrium.
B) ground substance.
C) periosteum.
D) chondroplasm.
E) matrix.

Question 77

Which blood vessels have porous walls that allow water and small solutes to seep through?

A) veins
B) arterioles
C) venules
D) arteries
E) capillaries

Question 78

Which kind of connective tissue has collagen fibers aligned parallel to each other?

A) adipose tissue
B) areolar tissue
C) superficial fascia
D) dense regular connective tissue
E) dense irregular connective tissue

Question 79

The most common type of cartilage is ________ cartilage.

A) ligamentous
B) hyaline
C) elastic
D) fibrous
E) osseous

Question 80

Lymphocytes can develop into cells that secrete defense proteins against disease. These cells are termed________, while these proteins are called antibodies.

A) T cells
B) B cells
C) plasma cells
D) immunocytes
E) phagocytes