Deck 6: Bones and Bone Structure

Question 1

The carpal bones are examples of ________ bones.

A) long
B) short
C) flat
D) irregular
E) sesamoid

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The humerus is an example of a(n) ________ bone.

A) long
B) short
C) flat
D) irregular
E) sesamoid

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The proximal and distal ends of a long bone are called the

A) epiphyses.
B) diaphyses.
C) epiphyseal plates.
D) metaphyses.
E) periphyses.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

A________ is a smooth, grooved bone process shaped like a pulley.

A) tubercle
B) trochanter
C) trochlea
D) tuberosity
E) trabeculae

Question 5

Which of the following bones is classified as "irregular" in shape?

A) patella
B) frontal
C) vertebra
D) metatarsal
E) ulna

Question 6

The patella is an example of a(n) ________ bone.

A) irregular
B) sesamoid
C) sutural
D) sagittal
E) flat

Question 7

________ bones develop inside tendons, commonly near the knees, hands, and feet.

A) Irregular
B) Sesamoid
C) Short
D) Long
E) Flat

Question 8

The adult skeleton contains ________ major bones.

A) 88
B) 115
C) 174
D) 206
E) 251

Question 9

Achamber within a bone normally filled with air is a

A) foramen.
B) sinus.
C) fossa.
D) canal.
E) meatus.

Question 10

A rib is an example of a ________ bone.

A) long
B) short
C) flat
D) sutural
E) sesamoid

Question 11

The shaft of long bones is called the

A) epiphysis.
B) metaphysis.
C) diaphysis.
D) paraphysis.
E) endophysis.

Question 12

Small bones that fill gaps between bones of the skull are called ________ bones.

A) irregular
B) sesamoid
C) sutural
D) sagittal
E) tendon

Question 13

Which of following is a function of the skeletal system?

A) body support
B) calcium homeostasis
C) protection of internal organs
D) blood cell production
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 14

The expanded articular end of an epiphysis that is separated from the shaft by a narrower neck is calleda

A) head.
B) crown.
C) capitulum.
D) corona.
E) bulb.

Question 15

Asmall rough bump on bone where a tendon attaches is called a

A) tubercle.
B) trochanter.
C) trochlea.
D) tuberosity.
E) trabecula.

Question 16

Which of the following are not components of the skeletal system?

A) tendons
B) bones
C) ligaments
D) cartilage
E) other tissues that connect bones

Question 17

A ________ is a large rough proximal projection on a bone.

A) ramus
B) trochanter
C) tuberosity
D) tubercle
E) condyle

Question 18

A________ is a rounded passageway for passage of blood vessels and/or nerves.

A) sinus
B) fossa
C) meatus
D) foramen
E) cavernosa

Question 19

A rounded passage or hole through a bone is called a

A) ramus.
B) foramen.
C) linea.
D) tubercle.
E) facet.

Question 20

The smooth, rounded articular process of a bone is termed a

A) crest.
B) ridge.
C) head.
D) condyle.
E) trochlea.

Question 21

Canaliculi are

A) also known as Volkmann's channels.
B) the same as Haversian canals.
C) narrow passageways in the matrix connecting lacunae to blood supply.
D) layers of bony matrix laid down in rings.
E) have both a fibrous outer layer and a cellular inner layer.

Question 22

Which of following is/are produced from the monocyte stem cells?

A) osteoblasts
B) osteoclasts
C) osteocytes
D) osteoprogenitor cells
E) osteogenic cells

Question 23

Bones that are boxy with approximately equal dimensions are

A) long bones.
B) flat bones.
C) sesamoid bones.
D) short bones.
E) irregular bones.

Question 24

The region of a long bone between the end and the shaft is known as the

A) diaphysis.
B) epiphysis.
C) osseophysis.
D) metaphysis.
E) medullary cavity.

Question 25

Which of the following is not true of osteocytes?

A) Osteocytes maintain protein and mineral content of matrix.
B) Osteocytes take part in repair of damaged bone.
C) Osteocytes form cytoplasmic extensions within canaliculi.
D) Osteocytes are located within lacunae.
E) Osteocytes have 50 or more nuclei.

Question 26

Which of the following is true of osteoclasts?

A) Osteoclasts maintain protein and mineral content of matrix.
B) Osteoclasts are responsible for laying down osteoid.
C) Osteoclasts form cytoplasmic extensions within canaliculi.
D) Osteoclasts are located within lacunae.
E) Osteoclasts secretes protein digesting enzymes and acids that dissolve matrix.

Question 27

Through the action of osteoclasts,

A) new bone is formed.
B) an organic framework is formed.
C) bony matrix is dissolved.
D) osteoid is calcified.
E) fractured bones regenerate.

Question 28

A shallow depression on a bone is termed a

A) fossa.
B) sulcus.
C) facet.
D) fissure.
E) line.

Question 29

Bones that have complex shapes are

A) long bones.
B) flat bones.
C) sesamoid bones.
D) short bones.
E) irregular bones.

Question 30

________ cells are located in the inner cellular layer of the periosteum.

A) Osteocyte
B) Osteoclast
C) Osteoid
D) Osteogenic
E) Osteolytic

Question 31

Bone is composed of ________ percent cells.

A) 25
B) 10
C) 2
D) 15
E) 50

Question 32

Which of the following chemicals is not present in bone?

A) calcium phosphate
B) collagen fibers
C) calcium carbonate
D) chondroitin sulfate
E) hydroxyapatite

Question 33

________ account(s) for almost two-thirds of the weight of bone.

A) Water
B) Calcium carbonate
C) Collagen fibers
D) Fluoride
E) Calcium phosphate

Question 34

Bones that have thin parallel surfaces are

A) long bones.
B) flat bones.
C) sesamoid bones.
D) short bones.
E) irregular bones.

Question 35

Cells that secrete the organic components of the bone matrix are called

A) osteocytes.
B) osteoprogenitor cells.
C) osteoblasts.
D) osteoclasts.
E) osteoid cells.

Question 36

Which of the following labels best matches osteocyte?

A) stem cell
B) dissolves matrix
C) mature bone cell
D) secretes organic matrix
E) immature bone cell

Question 37

The space occupied by an osteocyte is called

A) Volkmann's canal.
B) a lacuna.
C) a trabecula.
D) a Haversian canal.
E) a canaliculus.

Question 38

Bones that are small, round and tend to develop in tendons are

A) long bones.
B) flat bones.
C) sesamoid bones.
D) short bones.
E) irregular bones.

Question 39

________ are stem cells that develop into osteoblasts.

A) Osteoclasts
B) Osteocytes
C) Osteomedullary cells
D) Osteogenic cells
E) Osteoid cells

Question 40

Bones that are relatively long and slender, consisting of a shaft with two ends are

A) long bones.
B) flat bones.
C) sesamoid bones.
D) short bones.
E) irregular bones.

Question 41

Cells that free calcium from bone to maintain blood calcium levels are called

A) osteolytics.
B) osteoclasts.
C) osteoblasts.
D) osteogenics.
E) osteocytes.

Question 42

The central canal of an osteon contains

A) bone marrow.
B) osteocytes.
C) concentric lamellae.
D) blood vessels.
E) lacunae.

Question 43

The organic component of the matrix in developing or repairing bone is called

A) osteon.
B) osteoid.
C) hydroxyapatite.
D) mesenchymal tissue.
E) calcium phosphate.

Question 44

The layer of bone that is interwoven with tendons is the

A) circumferential lamellae.
B) periosteum.
C) endosteum.
D) concentric lamellae.
E) perichondrium.

Question 45

In bone, the calcium phosphate forms crystals of

A) osteoid matrix.
B) calcium carbonate.
C) hydroxyapatite.
D) calcitriol.
E) proteolytic enzymes.

Question 46

________ prevents damaging bone-to-bone contact within movable joints.

A) A synovial membrane
B) Elastic cartilage
C) A serous membrane
D) Articular cartilage
E) Serous fluid

Question 47

How would removing hydroxyapatite from bone matrix affect the physical properties of a bone?

A) The bone would be less flexible.
B) The bone would be stronger.
C) The bone would be more brittle.
D) The bone would be more flexible.
E) The bone would be more compressible.

Question 48

Connective tissue fibers incorporated into bone tissue from ligaments are called

A) elastic fibers.
B) reticular fibers.
C) perforating fibers.
D) superficial fibers.
E) calcified fibers.

Question 49

The narrow passageways that contain cytoplasmic extensions of osteocytes are called

A) central canals.
B) lacunae.
C) canaliculi.
D) medullary cavities.
E) foramina.

Question 50

Layers of bony matrix at the outer and inner surfaces of bone and covered by the periosteum and the endosteum are

A) concentric lamellae.
B) osteons.
C) Haversian systems.
D) interstitial lamellae.
E) circumferential lamellae.

Question 51

The interconnecting tiny arches of bone tissue found in spongy bone are called

A) osteons.
B) trabeculae.
C) concentric lamellae.
D) interstitial lamellae.
E) lacunae.

Question 52

The structural units of mature compact bone are called

A) trabeculae.
B) osteocytes.
C) osteons.
D) canaliculi.
E) lamellae.

Question 53

Cells that secrete protein fibers in bone are called

A) osteolytic cells.
B) osteoclasts.
C) osteoblasts.
D) osteocytes.
E) osteogenic cells.

Question 54

The type of bone that is adapted to withstand stresses that arrive from many directions is ________ bone.

A) spongy
B) osteon
C) compact
D) lamellar
E) irregular

Question 55

The ________ interactions allow bone to be strong, somewhat flexible, and highly resistant to shattering.

A) collagen-fiber
B) protein-crystal
C) mineral-crystal
D) protein-protein
E) hydroxyapatite-crystal

Question 56

Stem cells that can differentiate into osteoblasts are called ________ cells.

A) osteopropagator
B) osteoforming
C) osteocreator
D) osteotrophic
E) osteogenic

Question 57

The lacunae of osseous tissue contain

A) blood cells.
B) osteocytes.
C) chondroblasts.
D) bone marrow.
E) capillaries.

Question 58

The most abundant cell type in bone is

A) osteoclasts.
B) osteoblasts.
C) osteolytes.
D) osteoprogenitor cells.
E) osteocytes.

Question 59

Adipose tissue is stored within the

A) medullary cavity.
B) metaphysis.
C) spongy bone.
D) epiphysis.
E) diaphysis.

Question 60

Cells that are found in small depressions on the endosteal surfaces are the

A) osteolytic cells.
B) osteoclasts.
C) osteoblasts.
D) osteocytes.
E) osteogenic cells.

Question 61

Which statement is true regarding calcium in bone matrix?

A) Calcium is found in crystals called hydroxyapatite.
B) Calcium is secreted by osteoblasts into the matrix.
C) Once deposited, calcium cannot be removed from bone.
D) Calcium provides flexibility to the bone matrix.
E) Calcium is the organic part of the matrix.

Question 62

The layers of bone tissue immediately deep to the periosteum are

A) circumferential lamellae.
B) osteoid plates.
C) trabeculae.
D) concentric lamellae.
E) epiphseal ridges.

Question 63

The process by which osteoblasts add layers to circumferential lamellae is

A) appositional growth.
B) interstitial growth.
C) intramembranous growth.
D) endochondral ossification.
E) epiphyseal ossification.

Question 64

Figure 6-1 The Structure of Compact Bone
Use Figure 6-1 to answer the following questions:
The structure labeled "3" is the result of which process?

A) bone cells adding matrix between existing osteons
B) surface growth of bone
C) remodeling of compact bone
D) remodeling of spongy bone
E) osteoporosis

Question 65

Figure 6-1 The Structure of Compact Bone
Use Figure 6-1 to answer the following questions:
Which structure is characteristic of spongy bone?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5

Question 66

Blood is distributed from the surface of a bone to deeper central canals through channels known as

A) perforating canals.
B) canaliculi.
C) interstitial canals.
D) concentric ducts.
E) concentric canals.

Question 67

________ marrow is found between the trabeculae of spongy bone.

A) Blue
B) Yellow
C) White
D) Gray
E) Red

Question 68

________ fibers are stronger than steel when stretched.

A) Calcium
B) Mineral
C) Elastic
D) Carbon
E) Collagen

Question 69

The trabeculae of spongy bone

A) are organized parallel to the long axis of the bone.
B) are organized along stress lines.
C) are composed mostly of cartilage.
D) will collapse under stress.
E) are concentrated in the cortex of the diaphysis.

Question 70

In relationship to the diaphysis of a long bone, the osteons are

A) radial.
B) anterior.
C) parallel.
D) proximal.
E) diagonal.

Question 71

________ bone reduces the weight of the skeleton and reduces the load on muscles.

A) Short
B) Irregular
C) Spongy
D) Compact
E) Long

Question 72

During endochondral ossification these vessels invade the cartilage of the diaphysis.

A) metaphyseal vessels
B) nutrient arteries and veins
C) periosteal vessels
D) endosteal vessels
E) diaphyseal artery and vein

Question 73

Figure 6-1 The Structure of Compact Bone
Use Figure 6-1 to answer the following questions:
What lines the structure labeled "7"?

A) the endosteum
B) blood vessels
C) the central canal
D) spongy bone
E) trabeculae

Question 74

The lining of the medullary cavity is called the

A) endosteum.
B) periosteum.
C) epiosteum.
D) mediosteum.
E) paraosteum.

Question 75

Figure 6-1 The Structure of Compact Bone
Use Figure 6-1 to answer the following questions:
Which structure is called an osteon?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5

Question 76

The femur can withstand ________ times the body's weight without breaking.

A) 3
B) 5 to 10
C) 8
D) 10 to 15
E) 30

Question 77

Which of the following is a characteristic of bone?

A) The bone matrix is very dense and contains deposits of calcium salts.
B) The matrix of the bone contains osteoclasts and chondroblasts.
C) Narrow channels pass through the matrix to allow for muscle attachment.
D) The matrix of bone is mostly collagen with very little calcium.
E) For strength, compact bone is organized into a meshwork of matrix called trabeculae.

Question 78

The superficial membrane of a bone is called the

A) endosteum.
B) ectosteum.
C) cortical membrane.
D) periosteum.
E) osteoid collar.

Question 79

During the process of ________, an existing tissue is replaced by bone.

A) phosphorylation
B) resorption
C) ossification
D) osteopropagation
E) remodeling

Question 80

Figure 6-1 The Structure of Compact Bone
Use Figure 6-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structures labeled "4."

A) concentric lamellae
B) circumferential lamellae
C) interstitial lamellae
D) trabeculae
E) periosteum