Deck 17: Reproduction

Question 1

Tom is a 37-year-old male experiencing fertility issues.In his appointment at the assisted-reproduction clinic he mentions an odd result from a recent genetic test in which he learned he has a mutation on one copy of his gene for androgen-binding protein.Which of the following is likely TRUE of Tom compared to an individual with two functional copies of the gene?

A)His cells are less responsive to male sex hormones.
B)He is unable to transport androgens in the plasma.
C)He has lower concentrations of testosterone in the seminiferous tubules.
D)He is unable to transport testosterone across cell walls.
E)None of these.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

You are a new technician in an assisted-reproduction clinic.You've been asked to fill-in for your colleague who is sick today.Her job was to use ultrasound to assess sperm production in a male client who had previously undergone a vasectomy.Where will the sperm be found?

A)The vas deferens and last part of the epididymis
B)The seminiferous tubules
C)The ureter
D)None of these locations as this client no longer produces sperm

Answer 2

A

Question 3

A class of drugs that inhibit vasodilation would have what effect on male reproduction?

A)Orgasm would occur more readily
B)Erection may be inhibited
C)Increased rate of sperm production may occur
D)Increased volume of semen may be produced
E)None of these effects would occur

Answer 3

B

Question 4

With regard to reproduction,which is correct about SRY?

A)It is a protein that is normally coded for by a gene that is present on the Y chromosome.
B)It is a protein normally coded for by a gene that is present on the X chromosome.
C)It is a gene that codes for testosterone.
D)It is a protein that causes the degeneration of the Wolffian ducts.
E)It is a gene found in both males and females.

Question 5

Which of the following is FALSE regarding erection of the penis?

A)It is a spinal reflex.
B)It is a result of sympathetic stimulation of vascular smooth muscle in the erectile tissue of the penis.
C)It can be triggered by stimulation of tactile receptors in the penis.
D)It is a result of arteriolar vasodilation and venous constriction of blood vessels in the penis.
E)It can be inhibited by input to the autonomic nerves from higher brain centers.

Question 6

Sperm

A)are stored in the vas deferens and the last part of the epididymis.
B)travel from the seminiferous tubules to the epididymis by the beating action of their flagellae.
C)travel through the vas deferens,then the ejaculatory duct,then the ureter during ejaculation.
D)are expelled from the penis through the ureter.
E)are no longer produced in individuals who have undergone a vasectomy.

Question 7

Which of the following best describes a genetic male (XY)who lacks functional androgen receptors (androgen insensitivity syndrome)?  

A)He will have normal male external genitalia.
B)He will have ovaries and female-appearing external genitalia but male secondary sex characteristics.
C)He will have female-appearing external genitalia and ovaries,but internal structures derived from the Wolffian ducts.
D)He will have male external genitalia but will have female-appearing internal structures derived from the Müllerian ducts.
E)He will have undescended testes,but female external genitalia and secondary sex characteristics.

Question 8

Esperanza is a 9-year-old girl who was prescribed a drug that increases the secretion of all hypothalamic hormones.Regarding reproduction,which of the following is TRUE of Esperanza?

A)Puberty will begin.
B)Development of testes will occur.
C)Maturation of ovaries will cease.
D)Puberty will be delayed.
E)None of these will occur.

Question 9

Which is TRUE regarding meiosis in a single germ cell?

A)It results in 4 cells with 23 chromosomes each.
B)It results in 2 cells with 46 chromosomes each.
C)It results in 4 cells with 46 chromosomes each.
D)It results in 4 cells with 46 pairs of chromosomes each.
E)It results in 4 cells with 23 pairs of chromosomes each.

Question 10

In the embryonic differentiation of a normal male

A)undifferentiated gonads develop into testes during the fifth week of embryonic life.
B)the Wolffian ducts regress.
C)Mullerian inhibiting substance is absent.
D)testosterone directly stimulates development of the epididymis,vas deferens,and seminal vesicles.
E)testosterone directly stimulates development of the penis and scrotum.

Question 11

Spermatogenesis

A)begins with the mitotic division of spermatogonia.
B)results in four primary spermatocytes for every spermatogonium.
C)results in four spermatozoa for every primary spermatocyte.
D)is not complete until after an egg is fertilized,which initiates the second meiotic division.
E)takes place completely within the lumen of the seminiferous tubule.

Question 12

The onset of puberty is triggered by an increase in

A)sensitivity of the gonads to pituitary gonadotropins.
B)sensitivity of the pituitary to GnRH.
C)GnRH secretion.
D)sensitivity of the hypothalamus to negative feedback by sex steroids.
E)sensitivity of the pituitary to negative feedback by sex steroids.

Question 13

Which of the following statements regarding male reproductive function is FALSE?

A)Sperm formed in the testes enter the epididymis before entering the vas deferens.
B)The seminal fluid is alkaline and rich in nutrients.
C)The Sertoli cells produce androgen-binding protein.
D)Sperm entering the epididymis are fully motile.
E)Most of the seminal volume is provided by the secretions of the seminal vesicles and prostate gland.

Question 14

As sperm travel from their site of production in the testes to the exterior,the sequence of ducts through which they will pass is

A)rete testis;efferent ductules;vas deferens;ejaculatory duct;urethra.
B)efferent ductules;rete testis;vas deferens;ejaculatory duct;urethra.
C)rete testis;efferent ductules;vas deferens;urethra;ejaculatory duct.
D)rete testis;afferent ductules;ejaculatory duct;vas deferens;urethra.
E)rete testis;ejaculatory duct;efferent ductules;vas deferens;urethra.

Question 15

Which of the following male accessory reproductive organs secretes prostaglandins?

A)Prostate gland
B)Seminal vesicles
C)Epididymis
D)Bulbourethral glands
E)Vas deferens

Question 16

The process of spermatogenesis from primary spermatocyte to sperm

A)takes about three weeks in the human.
B)occurs when a male is an embryo,ceasing at birth.
C)requires participation of Sertoli cells.
D)occurs in the epididymis.
E)occurs as the cells gradually travel between two closely attached Leydig cells.

Question 17

Which is NOT a function of Sertoli cells?

A)Forming a barrier between the blood and developing germ cells
B)Secreting inhibin
C)Nourishing developing sperm
D)Converting estrogens into testosterone
E)Phagocytizing defective sperm

Question 18

The androgen-binding protein functions to

A)confer responsiveness of certain cells to male sex hormones.
B)transport androgens in the plasma.
C)bind and maintain high concentrations of testosterone in the seminiferous tubules.
D)transport testosterone across cell walls.
E)exert negative feedback on the production of testosterone by the Leydig cells.

Question 19

In the differentiation of a normal female:

A)Müllerian inhibiting substance causes the Müllerian ducts to regress.
B)The uterus and fallopian tubes are formed from the Wolffian ducts.
C)Female genitalia form in the absence of hormonal stimulation.
D)The gonads remain undifferentiated throughout fetal life.
E)The SRX protein present on X chromosomes makes the gonads differentiate into ovaries. 

Question 20

Sexual differentiation of the embryo is normally determined by

A)the number of chromosomes,with males having 22 pairs and females having an extra pair of XX chromosomes.
B)the presence of two X chromosomes,which causes the primordial testes to degrade.
C)the presence of one Y chromosome,which causes the primordial ovaries to degrade.
D)the presence of the Y chromosome,which directs the undifferentiated gonads to develop into testes (when there is one X chromosome present as well).
E)hormones produced by the placenta.

Question 21

In the ovarian cycle,the dominant follicle

A)undergoes atresia.
B)continues to grow beyond day 7 of the cycle,while the other developing follicles degenerate.
C)is selected on day 1 of the cycle,and no other follicles develop beyond that day.
D)is selected to continue growing at about the middle of the luteal phase.
E)ruptures during ovulation on day 21 of the cycle.

Question 22

What would be the effect of cutting the fallopian tubes at their midpoints?

A)Sperm would not travel from the vagina to the uterus.
B)Sperm would not travel from the testes to the epididymides.
C)Estrogen would not enter the bloodstream.
D)Ova would not travel from the ovaries to the uterus.
E)The Wolffian duct system would be disconnected from the rest of the reproduction system.

Question 23

Sydney had an infection 10 years ago that left scarring in her fallopian tubes.Due to this scarring,the diameter of the fallopian tubes has been reduced by 75%.What effects may Sydney experience?

A)Oocytes may not reach the uterus.
B)Endometrium may not mature as needed for implantation.
C)During pregnancy the fetus may not mature to full size.
D)The cervix may not dilate during birth.
E)None of these would occur.

Question 24

Which is TRUE about the maturation of ovarian follicles?

A)Granulosa cells produce androgens,which stimulates follicle maturation.
B)Theca cells produce estrogen,which is converted to the androgens that stimulate follicle maturation.
C)On day 1 of the cycle,growing follicles have both FSH and LH receptors on granulosa cells.
D)Growing follicles produce estrogen,which further stimulates follicle maturation.
E)Follicle maturation is stimulated when FSH binds to theca cells and LH binds to granulosa cells.

Question 25

Julie is 8 weeks pregnant.She takes a drug that is an antagonist to the progesterone receptor.What will happen?

A)Ovulation will be disrupted.
B)The endometrium and conceptus will be shed.
C)Ovulation will occur.
D)Follicles will begin to mature.
E)Non-dominant follicles undergo atresia.

Question 26

Which of the following statements about estrogen in females is FALSE?

A)In low plasma concentration,estrogen inhibits pituitary secretion of LH and FSH.
B)In high plasma concentration,estrogen stimulates pituitary sensitivity to GnRH.
C)In the presence of high plasma concentration of progesterone,estrogen stimulates increased secretion of GnRH.
D)Estrogen secretion is required for the LH surge.
E)Estrogen stimulates follicular growth.

Question 27

As a result of a new medication,Jessica's adrenal glands have increased their production of androgen.On the medication's label,Jessica reads about the potential side effects.Which of these is likely to be included in the list of potential side effects?

A)Onset of spermatogenesis in her ovaries
B)Increased levels of LH secretion
C)Atrophy of her skeletal muscles
D)Increase of subcutaneous fat deposition
E)New or increased growth of facial hair

Question 28

Which is a function of LH?

A)It stimulates androgen production by theca cells.
B)It stimulates the growth of granulosa cells.
C)It stimulates production of inhibin by theca cells.
D)It stimulates estrogen production by theca cells.
E)It inhibits GnRH secretion by the hypothalamus during ovulation.

Question 29

Which of the following is TRUE of follicular estrogen synthesis?

A)Granulosa cells synthesize an androgen which the theca cells convert to estrogen.
B)Sertoli cells synthesize an androgen which the granulosa cells convert to dihydrotestosterone.
C)Theca cells synthesize an androgen which luteal cells convert to estrogen.
D)Production of progesterone by the corpus luteum requires cooperative interaction between two cell types.
E)Theca cells synthesize an androgen which the granulosa cells convert to estrogen.

Question 30

Shedding of the endometrial lining occurs

A)because ovulation disrupts the growing follicle.
B)as a result of a fall in plasma levels of estradiol and progesterone.
C)a day after the LH surge.
D)because of an increase in the level of FSH.
E)because the nondominant follicles undergo atresia.

Question 31

Ejaculation of semen from the penis is caused by

A)a parasympathetic reflex that contracts the seminal vesicles,epididymis,and vas deferens.
B)a somatic reflex that initiates sperm production and motility,and contracts skeletal muscle surrounding the vas deferens.
C)voluntary relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter,and sympathetic stimulation of smooth muscle contraction in the walls of the ureters and the urethra.
D)sympathetic nerve firing,which initiates smooth muscle contraction in the epididymis,vas deferens,ejaculatory ducts,prostate,and seminal vesicles. 
E)parasympathetic stimulation of smooth muscle in the ureters,urinary bladder,and urethra.

Question 32

In an effort to prolong the years of female reproduction a drug company produces a drug that prevents more than one follicle from maturing each menstrual cycle.Which of the following might be a side-effect of this drug?

A)Lower circulating estrogen levels in the follicular phase
B)Lower circulating progesterone levels in the follicular phase
C)Lower circulating progesterone levels in the luteal phase
D)Higher circulating estrogen levels in the luteal phase
E)Lower libido

Question 33

Jim has just been diagnosed with testicular cancer.The tumor is composed of Sertoli cells and they have begun to produce excessive amounts of inhibin.Which of the following would be TRUE? 

A)FSH secretion would be selectively inhibited,but LH secretion would be normal.
B)Spermatogenesis would be increased but testosterone secretion would be normal.
C)Spermatogenesis would be increased because testosterone production would be above normal.
D)Gonadotropin-releasing hormone levels and spermatogenesis would increase above normal.
E)Both FSH and LH secretion would rise above normal levels.

Question 34

Many forms of birth control prevent ovulation,although follicular maturation continues to occur.Which of the following would NOT occur in a woman on one of these forms of birth control?

A)Completion of the first meiotic division of the oocyte
B)The second meiotic division of the oocyte
C)Expulsion of the thecal cells onto the ovarian surface
D)All of these will still occur
E)Expulsion of the corpus luteum from the ovary

Question 35

Beginning on the first day of the menstrual cycle,the order of phases in the uterus is

A)proliferative,secretory,menstrual.
B)secretory,proliferative,menstrual.
C)menstrual,secretory,proliferative.
D)menstrual,proliferative,secretory.
E)secretory,menstrual,proliferative.

Question 36

Liz is 5 weeks pregnant.During an ultrasound of her ovaries,which of the following can be seen?

A)No follicles beyond primordial follicle stage
B)One large corpus luteum and no other follicles beyond primordial stage
C)Several follicles in primordial,primary,and preantral stages and one corpus luteum
D)No follicles
E)10-25 mature follicles

Question 37

If you start at the plasma membrane of an oocyte in a mature follicle and move outward,which is the correct order in which you would encounter the three structures listed below?

A)Zona pellucida;granulosa cells;theca cells
B)Zona pellucida;theca cells;granulosa cells
C)Granulosa cells;zona pellucida;theca cells
D)Granulosa cells;theca cells;zona pellucida
E)Theca cells;zona pellucida;granulosa cells

Question 38

If the amount of progesterone in the blood remained at the level seen in the middle of the luteal phase for 6 straight months,what would the effect be on menstruation?

A)Menstruation would not occur.
B)Menstruation would occur consistently for the entire 6 months.
C)Menstruation would occur at the typical intervals,but would be heavier than before.
D)Menstruation would occur at the typical intervals,but would be lighter than before.
E)There would be no effect on menstruation.

Question 39

Which is a TRUE statement about events occurring in the menstrual cycle?

A)Each peak in estrogen concentration is accompanied by an even greater peak in progesterone concentration.
B)FSH reaches its highest concentration 3 days before menstruation begins.
C)Progesterone is low during the first half of the cycle,and rises to a peak during the second half.
D)Ovulation occurs exactly in the middle of the follicular phase of the cycle.
E)The corpus luteum normally degenerates on day 14 of the cycle.

Question 40

The follicular phase of the ovarian cycle coincides with which phase or phases of the uterine cycle?

A)Both the menstrual phase and the secretory phase
B)The secretory phase
C)Both the follicular phase and the secretory phase
D)Both the proliferative phase and the secretory phase
E)Both the menstrual phase and the proliferative phase

Question 41

Which is TRUE during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?

A)Both estrogen and progesterone concentrations are kept low by negative feedback.
B)Estrogen concentration remains low,while progesterone concentration rises to a peak.
C)Progesterone concentration remains low,while estrogen concentration rises to a peak.
D)Progesterone concentration in the plasma is high,but estrogen concentration rises even higher.
E)Estrogen concentration in the plasma is high,but progesterone concentration rises even higher.

Question 42

Priya has been having trouble conceiving.She went through testing at a fertility clinic and found that everything seemed fine with gametogenesis and the uterine cycle,but that her cervical mucus seemed abnormally thick.The doctor suggested a supplement to help thin the mucus and allow sperm to get through the mucus to the uterus,but Priya can't remember which type of supplement it was.If the supplement were to provide benefit,it could work through increasing which of the following?

A)Estradiol
B)Progesterone
C)Androgen
D)Inhibin
E)Drinking more water

Question 43

On day 1 of the menstrual cycle,FSH levels will be ________.The follicle that will become dominant is in the ________ stage of maturation.Progesterone levels in blood are ________.

A)rising;primordial;low
B)rising;preantral to antral;low
C)rising;preantral to antral;high
D)falling;expanding;low
E)falling;atretic;high

Question 44

A drug company creates a drug that acts as an antagonist to the human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)receptor.The effect of this drug,if given in early pregnancy would be

A)secretion of large quantities of FSH and LH.
B)secretion of large quantities of GnRH.
C)degeneration of the corpus luteum and declining levels of progesterone and estrogen.
D)secretion of large quantities of progesterone and estrogen.
E)secretion of cortisol.

Question 45

Which is TRUE about hormonal control during pregnancy?

A)The corpus luteum must remain functional for 38 weeks because it is the main source of estrogen and progesterone.
B)The placenta responds to estrogen and progesterone from the corpus luteum,but does not secrete them.
C)The placenta produces estrogen without any contribution from the fetal adrenal cortex.
D)The placenta is provided with androgens by the maternal ovaries and adrenal glands,and by the fetal adrenal glands.
E)The placenta secretes only steroid hormones,while fetal and maternal pituitary glands secrete pregnancy-specific protein hormones.

Question 46

During the early part of the menstrual cycle,________ acts on granulosa cells,which ________.________ acts on theca cells,which ________.

A)LH;convert androgens to estrogens;FSH;synthesize androgens
B)LH;synthesize androgens;FSH;convert androgens to estrogens
C)FSH;convert androgens to estrogens;LH;synthesize androgens
D)FSH;synthesize androgens;LH;convert androgens to estrogens
E)progesterone;synthesize androgens;LH;secrete estrogens

Question 47

The placenta is

A)a site where maternal blood enters the fetal circulation.
B)a site formed by the proliferation of the maternal endometrium and myometrium.
C)a site where fetal blood can enter the maternal circulation.
D)a site of diffusion and transport of wastes,oxygen,and nutrients between fetal and maternal blood.
E)formed from maternal circulatory stem cells,and serves as an exchange organ between mother and fetus.

Question 48

Which is TRUE about sperm delivery?

A)Most of the ejaculated sperm arrive in the vicinity of the ovum (if there is one).
B)Sperm transport through the cervix is made possible by actions of progesterone on the cervical mucus.
C)Of the several hundred million sperm in an ejaculation,only about 100 to 200 reach the fallopian tube.
D)Sperm are able to fertilize an egg from the instant they arrive in the female reproductive tract.
E)Sperm can survive for up to 2 weeks in the mucus of the cervix.

Question 49

Which of the following is NOT a function of estrogen during pregnancy?

A)Stimulation of myometrial growth
B)Maintenance of the endometrium
C)Stimulation of prolactin secretion
D)Stimulation of breast development
E)Controlling milk ejection

Question 50

The corpus luteum persists in pregnancy because the implanting blastocyst secretes:

A)large quantities of FSH and LH.
B)GnRH,which stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete FSH and LH.
C)human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).
D)progesterone and estrogen.
E)cortisol.

Question 51

How does estradiol increase the likelihood that an egg will be fertilized?

A)It inhibits the motility of uterine smooth muscle.
B)It stimulates inhibin levels,which causes a surge of FSH.
C)It increases libido,or sex drive,in women.
D)It changes cervical mucus to a watery consistency that allows sperm to penetrate the cervix.
E)It stimulates LH receptors that help maintain a corpus luteum.

Question 52

Which is NOT true about the actions of progesterone?

A)It increases contractions and activity of the fallopian tube smooth muscle and cilia.
B)It induces thick,sticky mucus in the cervix.
C)It inhibits the milk-inducing effects of prolactin.
D)It increases body temperature.
E)It exerts negative feedback on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary.

Question 53

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)The mother and the fetus exchange nutrients by exchanging blood in the placenta.
B)Human chorionic gonadotropin maintains the corpus luteum.
C)Human chorionic gonadotropin levels are the highest at the end of pregnancy.
D)From the time of implantation through delivery,the corpus luteum is the major source of progesterone.
E)Maternal plasma progesterone levels decline in the weeks leading up to the birth of her baby.

Question 54

The blastocyst implants in the uterus on about the ________ day of the 28-day menstrual cycle.At this time,the endometrium is ________ and progesterone levels are ________.

A)21st;thick and secretory;high
B)28th;thick and secretory;low
C)14th;thick and secretory;low
D)28th;thin and proliferating;high
E)21st;thin and proliferating;low

Question 55

Which is a TRUE statement about implantation of a blastocyst?

A)When it occurs outside the uterus,it is called a myopic pregnancy.
B)It normally occurs midway through the luteal phase.
C)It is a result of digestion of myometrial cells by enzymes in the trophoblast.
D)It occurs at a time in the cycle when plasma estrogen concentration is higher than progesterone concentration.
E)It occurs at the same time as,and is caused by,the LH surge.

Question 56

On day 14 of a typical 28-day menstrual cycle,LH concentration in the blood will be ________.The endometrium will be ________.Estrogen concentration in the blood is ________.

A)level;sloughing off;low
B)at or near a peak;near the end of the proliferative phase;relatively high
C)low but rising;in the secretory phase;high
D)at or near a peak;in the secretory phase;low
E)level;starting the proliferative phase;level but high

Question 57

The transition between the ________ and the ________ phases of the uterine cycle coincides with ________.

A)follicular;luteal;a rise in basal body temperature
B)proliferative;secretory;ovulation
C)menstrual;proliferative;ovulation
D)secretory;proliferative;selection of the dominant follicle
E)proliferative;secretory;menstruation

Question 58

Which of the following is inhibited by progesterone during pregnancy?

A)The sensitivity of the myometrium to stimuli that promote contraction
B)Plugging of the uterus by thickened cervical mucus
C)Growth of the mammary glands
D)Secretion of estrogen
E)Regression of the corpus luteum

Question 59

The acrosome reaction is triggered by

A)deposition of sperm into the female reproductive tract.
B)capacitation of sperm.
C)estrogen.
D)binding of the heads of sperm to the zona pellucida.
E)the first meiotic reduction division of the ovum.

Question 60

Agatha's blastocyst implanted on December 5ᵗʰ.She is trying to figure out which date fertilization most likely occurred on.Which is the most likely date of fertilization?

A)December 5th
B)December 4th
C)December 1st
D)November 5th
E)November 25th

Question 61

Which of the following is a hormonal change that occurs near the end of a healthy pregnancy?

A)Plasma progesterone levels decrease while the levels of estrogen continue to increase.
B)Estrogens stimulate connexin synthesis in the myometrium.
C)Plasma estrogen levels decrease while the levels of progesterone continue to increase.
D)Estrogen blocks the synthesis of oxytocin receptors on uterine smooth muscle.
E)There is a surge in the LH concentration.

Question 62

Natalia is a few weeks pregnant when she begins to experience pain.Her doctor tells her that she is concerned Natalia may be experiencing an ectopic pregnancy and would like to perform an ultrasound to look for the embryo.Where should Natalia's doctor look?

A)Near the cervix
B)In the endometrium of the lower half of the uterus
C)In the fallopian tubes
D)In the endometrium of the upper half of the uterus
E)In none of these locations

Question 63

Parturition

A)is the delivery of the infant and placenta.
B)normally occurs between the 27th and 28th weeks of pregnancy.
C)is an example of negative feedback.
D)occurs within 24 to 48 hours of ovulation.
E)is a pathological condition in which a pregnant woman retains too much fluid (edema),and it can lead to seizures. 

Question 64

Rebecca's younger sister just told her that she has begun menopause.Rebecca wonders if she has begun menopause as well.One of the symptoms to watch out for is

A)the cessation of menstrual cycles.
B)high plasma levels of estrogens.
C)cessation of gonadotropin secretion.
D)the cessation of ovulation while a baby is nursing.
E)the pause in development of ovarian follicles occurring between the birth of a baby girl and when she reaches puberty.

Question 65

During in utero (fetal)development of the ovary,which of these occurs?

A)Cell division of primary oogonia results in the production of 2 to 4 million primary oocytes,which are present at birth.
B)Cell division of primary oogonia,which all complete the first meiotic division before birth.
C)Cell division of primary oogonia,which all complete both meiotic divisions before birth.
D)The mitotic division of primary and secondary oocytes produces cells with 23 chromosomes each.
E)A single primary oogonium remains dormant,which then undergoes rapid mitosis after birth.

Question 66

Which of the following statements regarding the control of parturition is FALSE?

A)Oxytocin secretion is stimulated by cervical dilation.
B)Coordinated uterine contractions cause the cervix to dilate.
C)Oxytocin decreases the expression of myometrial estrogen receptors.
D)Prostaglandins stimulate myometrial contractions.
E)Stretching of the myometrium is one signal that begins uterine contractions.

Question 67

Sarah is a pregnant woman entering her third trimester.She is experiencing a number of physiological changes compared to her non-pregnant state.She checks in with her doctor to make sure everything she's experiencing is normal.Which of these is NOT expected in healthy pregnancy?

A)Increased appetite
B)Increased blood volume
C)Hypoventilation
D)All of these are expected
E)Cardiac output increases

Question 68

Implantation of a blastocyst

A)normally occurs within the oviduct (fallopian tube).
B)normally begins around day 21 of the typical menstrual cycle.
C)occurs within 24 hours of fertilization of the oocyte.
D)takes place at a time in the typical menstrual cycle when estrogen concentration in the blood is higher than progesterone concentration in the blood.
E)requires the presence of high concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).

Question 69

Julia is a new mother who plans to continue lactation for at least a year after her baby is born.At a post-parturition doctor's visit,the doctor says her blood test indicates declining levels of estrogen and progesterone.Will this interfere with her plans to lactate? 

A)Yes,high levels of estrogen and progesterone are required for milk production.
B)Yes,high levels of estrogen and progesterone are required for milk ejection.
C)No,because the secretion of oxytocin and prolactin are more important for lactation.
D)No,because even in the absence of hormones,suckling at the breast is sufficient stimulus for milk production.

Question 70

What would be the effect of giving an agonist to the oxytocin receptor to a woman late in pregnancy?

A)Onset of uterine contractions
B)Inhibition of breast milk production
C)Declining levels of estrogen
D)Increase in maternal blood pressure
E)Inhibition of cervical dilation

Question 71

Kathryn is pregnant and very eager to breast-feed after the baby is born.Her friend gives her a supplement to encourage prolactin secretion and Kathryn starts to take it during pregnancy.The supplement works and Kathryn's blood level of prolactin increases.She does not begin lactating during pregnancy because

A)the breast ducts do not develop until after parturition.
B)the high levels of estrogen and progesterone in maternal plasma inhibit the effects of prolactin.
C)maternal plasma levels of prolactin are low during pregnancy.
D)high levels of androgens inhibit milk synthesis by the breasts.
E)the low levels of circulating estrogen and progesterone during pregnancy inhibit milk synthesis by the breasts.

Question 72

Which of the following hormones is NOT secreted by the placenta during pregnancy?

A)Human placental lactogen
B)Androgens
C)Estradiol
D)Progesterone
E)Inhibin

Question 73

The major source of estradiol and progesterone in a non-pregnant woman is the

A)thyroid gland.
B)adrenal gland.
C)testis.
D)ovary.
E)uterus.

Question 74

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding oxytocin?

A)It is secreted by the posterior pituitary.
B)It is regulated by a positive feedback loop.
C)It facilitates the birth process.
D)It stimulates uterine contractions.
E)It stimulates synthesis of breast milk.

Question 75

Following crossing-over in meiosis I,which of the following is NOT true?

A)Maternal and paternal chromatids will always orient to opposite poles of the cell,remaining segregated from one another.
B)Random orientation of maternal and parental chromatids to either pole of the cell allows mixing of these in resultant gametes.
C)It is extremely unlikely that all 23 maternal and paternal chromosomes will end up in the same gamete.
D)A resulting gamete may have millions of possible different combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes.
E)Chromatid pairs lined up in the cell are separated so that half end up in each daughter cell when division occurs.

Question 76

Which could be an outcome in a woman who had lower than normal levels of the human placental lactogen during pregnancy?

A)Lower fat content of breast milk after delivery
B)Degeneration of the corpus luteum
C)Weight loss by the mother
D)Vasoconstriction and increased maternal blood pressure
E)Premature uterine contractions

Question 77

Which of the following statements regarding endocrine regulation of breast function in females is FALSE?

A)During puberty,ductal growth is stimulated by increasing estrogen levels in plasma.
B)During puberty,progesterone stimulates the growth of breast alveoli.
C)During pregnancy,the main source of plasma prolactin is secretion from the maternal anterior pituitary gland.
D)Prolactin is the main hormone mediating the milk ejection reflex.
E)Breast development fluctuates with changing blood concentrations of estrogen and progesterone during each menstrual cycle.

Question 78

The time span over which sexual intercourse is most likely to result in conception is from ________ day(s)before ovulation to ________ day(s)after ovulation.

A)0;3
B)1;1
C)2;4
D)1;5
E)5;1

Question 79

Which of these bests describes colostrum?

A)It is composed of dark-colored solid waste ejected from a fetus's bowels shortly after it is born.
B)It is a hormone secreted by the hypothalamus that inhibits prolactin secretion.
C)It is the watery remnant of breast milk that continues to be expelled from the breasts after a baby is weaned.
D)It is a watery,protein-rich fluid secreted from maternal breasts after delivery of a baby.
E)It is an estrogen-rich fluid that fills the antrum of a mature ovarian follicle.

Question 80

Which of these results from the second meiotic division?

A)Two diploid daughter cells with 46 chromosomes each
B)Two haploid daughter cells with 23 chromosomes each
C)Two diploid daughter cells with 23 chromosomes each
D)A single daughter cell with 46 chromosomes,and a polar body with no genetic material
E)Two haploid daughter cells with 46 haploid chromosomes