Deck 18: The Endocrine System

Question 1

Which of the following is not true regarding target cells?

A) They have receptors for a specific hormone.
B) They can be anywhere in the body.
C) They are associated with synapses.
D) They can respond to more than one hormone if they have receptors for each one.
E) If a target cell lacks receptors for a hormone then it cannot bind that hormone.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Endocrine cells

A) are a type of nerve cell.
B) release their secretions onto an epithelial surface.
C) release their secretions directly into body fluids such as blood.
D) contain few vesicles.
E) are modified connective tissue cells.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

All of the following are true of steroid hormones except that they

A) are produced by the adrenal medulla.
B) are derived from cholesterol.
C) are produced by reproductive glands.
D) bind to receptors within the cell.
E) are lipids.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Hormonal actions on cells affect all of the following except

A) quantities of enzymes.
B) activities of enzymes.
C) synthesis of enzymes.
D) gating of ion channels.
E) thickness of the plasma membrane.

Question 5

Calcium ions serve as messengers, often in combination with the intracellular protein

A) calcitonin.
B) calcitriol.
C) calmodulin.
D) calcium-binding globulin.
E) calcitropin.

Question 6

Which of the following is true of the endocrine system?

A) It responds rapidly to stimuli.
B) It responds specifically to digestive stimuli.
C) It communicates by the release of neurotransmitters.
D) It responds with motor output.
E) It responds slowly but effectively for maintaining homeostatic functions.

Question 7

Akinase is an enzyme that performs

A) phosphorylation.
B) as a membrane channel.
C) active transport.
D) protein synthesis.
E) as an antibody.

Question 8

Steroid hormones

A) are proteins.
B) cannot diffuse through cell membranes.
C) bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells.
D) act on target cells by activating second messenger cascades.
E) are transported in the blood dissolved in the plasma.

Question 9

Ahormone might

A) alter a membrane channel by changing its shape, thereby affecting what can go through it.
B) depolarize a skeletal muscle cell.
C) interfere with norepinephrine at a neuronal synapse.
D) inactivate glucose so it cannot be used by a cell.
E) block the production of a cell membrane.

Question 10

The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones isusually

A) cAMP.
B) cGMP.
C) adenyl cyclase.
D) a G protein.
E) calcium ion levels.

Question 11

Each of the following hormones is an amino acid derivative except

A) epinephrine.
B) norepinephrine.
C) thyroid hormone.
D) testosterone.
E) melatonin.

Question 12

Hormones can be divided into different groups based on their chemistry. These categories include all ofthefollowing except

A) peptides.
B) steroids.
C) eicosanoids.
D) amino acid derivatives.
E) acetylcholine derivatives.

Question 13

When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, the

A) hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm.
B) cell membrane becomes depolarized.
C) second messenger appears in the cytoplasm.
D) cell becomes inactive.
E) hormone is transported to the nucleus where it alters the activity of DNA.

Question 14

When adenyl cyclase is activated,

A) ATP is consumed.
B) cAMP is formed.
C) cAMP is broken down.
D) ATP is produced.
E) ATP is consumed and cAMP is formed.

Question 15

Which of the following substances activates protein kinases and thus acts as a second messenger?

A) insulin
B) ACTH
C) epinephrine
D) cyclic AMP
E) TSH

Question 16

Hormones known as "catecholamines" are

A) lipids.
B) peptides.
C) steroids.
D) derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine.
E) derivatives of reproductive glands.

Question 17

After a steroid hormone binds to its receptor to form an active complex,

A) adenyl cyclase is activated.
B) cyclic nucleotides are formed.
C) G proteins are phosphylated.
D) gene transcription is initiated.
E) protein kinases are activated.

Question 18

Peptide hormones are

A) composed of amino acids.
B) produced by the adrenal glands.
C) derived from the amino acid tyrosine.
D) lipids.
E) chemically related to cholesterol.

Question 19

Membrane receptors are used by which of the following types of hormones?

A) catecholamines
B) peptide hormones
C) eicosanoids
D) thyroid
E) catecholamines, peptide hormones, and eicosanoids

Question 20

________ are chemical messengers that are released by cells and transported in the bloodstream to alter theactivities of specific cells in other tissues.

A) Hormones
B) Neuropeptides
C) Neurotransmitters
D) Humoral antibodies
E) Antigens

Question 21

Increased activity of phosphodiesterase in a target cell would decrease its level of

A) testosterone.
B) estrogen.
C) thyroid hormone.
D) cAMP.
E) progesterone.

Question 22

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the second-messenger mechanism of hormone action?

A) Hormone effects are amplified.
B) G proteins and cAMP are used.
C) Receptors are on the cell surface.
D) Cellular operations are altered by direct stimulation of a gene.
E) Kinases may phosphorylate proteins.

Question 23

The humoral control of hormone release may be triggered which of the following factors?

A) blood level of an ion like calcium
B) blood level of a pituitary hormone
C) blood level of a hypothalamic hormone
D) nervous stimuli
E) neurotransmitter activation

Question 24

The hypothalamus controls secretion in the adenohypophysis by

A) direct neural stimulation.
B) indirect osmotic control.
C) secreting releasing and inhibiting hormones into the hypophysealportal system.
D) altering ion concentrations and pH in the anterior pituitary.
E) gap synaptic junctions.

Question 25

Which of the following hormones is/are water soluble and therefore bind(s) to extracellular receptors?

A) insulin
B) epinephrine
C) cortisol
D) calcitriol
E) insulin and epinephrine

Question 26

The hypothalamus acts as both a neural and a(n) ________ organ.

A) endocrine
B) cardiovascular
C) renal
D) muscular
E) hepatic

Question 27

The most complex endocrine responses involve the

A) thyroid gland.
B) pancreas.
C) adrenal glands.
D) hypothalamus.
E) thymus gland.

Question 28

Receptors for ________, peptide hormones, and eicosanoids are found in the cell membranes of target cells.

A) catecholamines
B) carbohydrates
C) kinases
D) genes
E) acetylcholine

Question 29

Intracellular calcium stores open in response to intracellular activation of

A) protein kinase C, diacylglycerol, and inositol triphosphate.
B) calmodulin.
C) leukotrienes.
D) adenylate cyclase.
E) phosphodiesterase, adenylate cyclase, and prostacyclins.

Question 30

Leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and thromboxanes are all examples of

A) amino acid derivatives.
B) eicosanoids.
C) tyrosine derivatives.
D) glycoproteins.
E) steroid hormones.

Question 31

Which hormone is not correctly matched?

A) epinephrine: amino acid derivative
B) insulin: peptide hormone
C) testosterone: amino acid derivative
D) cortisol: lipid derivative
E) eicosanoids: lipid derivative

Question 32

If the hypophyseal portal system is destroyed, the hypothalamus would no longer be able to control the secretion of which of the following hormones?

A) TSH
B) ACTH
C) PRL
D) ADH and OXT
E) TSH, ACTH, PRL

Question 33

Changes in blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of

A) ACTH.
B) ADH.
C) oxytocin.
D) TSH.
E) LH.

Question 34

Upon binding of a single first messenger to a plasma membrane, thousands of second messengers may becomeactivated. This effect is known as

A) receptor down-regulation.
B) receptor up-regulation.
C) amplification.
D) humoral stimuli.
E) synergism.

Question 35

The intracellular protein ________ binds calcium ion. This complex can then activate enzymes.

A) prostaglandin
B) phosphodiesterase
C) cyclic AMP
D) calmodulin
E) kinase

Question 36

Destruction of the supra-optic nucleus of the hypothalamus would have which of the following results?

A) loss of ADH secretion
B) loss of GH secretion
C) loss of melatonin secretion
D) loss of thyroid stimulating hormone secretion
E) loss of prolactin secretion

Question 37

If the adenyl cyclase activity of liver cells were missing, which of these hormones could no longer stimulate release of glucose?

A) progesterone
B) glucagon
C) cortisol
D) thyroxine
E) leptin

Question 38

One cause for insulin resistance in non-insulin dependent (Type II) diabetes is

A) insulin receptor up-regulation.
B) decreased insulin secretion.
C) decreased cortisol secretion.
D) insulin receptor down-regulation.
E) cortisol receptor up-regulation.

Question 39

Cells that respond to a hormone are called ________ cells.

A) stem
B) pluripotent
C) germ
D) target
E) peripheral

Question 40

Neurons of the supra-optic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus manufacture

A) CRF and GnRH.
B) TSH and FSH.
C) ADH and oxytocin.
D) FSH and PRL.
E) GHIH and GHRH.

Question 41

Excess secretion of growth hormone during early development will cause

A) dwarfism.
B) rickets.
C) gigantism.
D) acromegaly.
E) diabetes insipidus.

Question 42

The main action of antidiuretic hormone is

A) increased water conservation by kidneys.
B) to stimulate kidney cells to secrete renin.
C) increase urine output to remove excess fluid.
D) increased blood pressure by increased Na+ reabsorption.
E) inhibition of aldosterone.

Question 43

The two lobes of the pituitary gland together produce or store how many hormones?

A) 3
B) 5
C) 7
D) 9
E) 16

Question 44

The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is

A) ACTH.
B) MSH.
C) prolactin.
D) insulin.
E) growth hormone.

Question 45

Which of the following hormones may lead to acromegaly if hypersecreted after closure of the epiphysealplates?

A) cortisol
B) parathyroid hormone
C) insulin
D) growth hormone
E) epinephrine

Question 46

The posterior lobe of the pituitary is also known as the

A) basal ganglion.
B) infundibulum.
C) adenohypophysis.
D) mesencephalon.
E) neurohypophysis.

Question 47

The pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex is

A) TSH.
B) ACTH.
C) FSH.
D) LH.
E) GH.

Question 48

Growth hormone does all of the following except

A) promote bone growth.
B) promote muscle growth.
C) promote cortisol release.
D) spare glucose.
E) promote amino acid uptake by cells.

Question 49

The term used to describe excess production of urine is

A) polyuria.
B) polydipsia.
C) hematuria.
D) glycosuria.
E) polyphagia.

Question 50

The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is

A) TSH.
B) ACTH.
C) FSH.
D) LH.
E) GH.

Question 51

After brain surgery, a patient receiving postoperative care in an intensive care unit began to pass large volumes of very dilute urine. The ICU nurse administered a medicine that mimics one of the following hormones. Which one?

A) aldosterone
B) epinephrine
C) renin
D) ADH
E) cortisol

Question 52

The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is

A) TSH.
B) ACTH.
C) growth hormone.
D) FSH.
E) prolactin.

Question 53

All of the following are true of oxytocin except?

A) It promotes uterine contractions.
B) It is responsible for milk expression from the mammary glands.
C) It triggers prostate gland contraction.
D) It is produced in the hypothalamus.
E) It is stored in the anterior pituitary.

Question 54

The hormone(s) that may be slowly administered by intravenous drip to accelerate labor and delivery is/are

A) oxytocin.
B) prolactin.
C) luteinizing hormone.
D) follicle stimulating hormone.
E) both oxytocin and luteinizing hormone.

Question 55

Each of the following hormones is produced by the pars distalis of the adenohypophysis except

A) FSH.
B) oxytocin.
C) TSH.
D) corticotropin.
E) somatotropin.

Question 56

The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is

A) TSH.
B) ACTH.
C) FSH.
D) LH.
E) GH.

Question 57

The hormone produced by the pars intermedia of the adenohypophysis during early childhood is

A) FSH.
B) ADH.
C) TSH.
D) MSH.
E) ACTH.

Question 58

The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is

A) TSH.
B) ACTH.
C) FSH.
D) LH.
E) GH.

Question 59

Liver cells respond to growth hormone by releasing hormones called

A) gonadotrophins.
B) prostaglandins.
C) hepatic hormones.
D) somatomedins.
E) glucocorticoids.

Question 60

The anterior lobe of the pituitary is also known as the

A) basal ganglion.
B) infundibulum.
C) adenohypophysis.
D) mesencephalon.
E) neurohypophysis.

Question 61

All of the following are functions of LH except

A) triggering ovulation.
B) stimulating secretion of testosterone.
C) stimulating the formation of the corpus luteum.
D) stimulating the secretion of progesterone.
E) stimulating follicle development.

Question 62

Figure 18-1 Pituitary Hormones and Their Targets
Use Figure 18-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the hormone labeled "1."

A) mineralocorticoid
B) cortisol
C) dopamine
D) ACTH
E) aldosterone

Question 63

Figure 18-1 Pituitary Hormones and Their Targets
Use Figure 18-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the hormone labeled "13."

A) LH
B) progesterone
C) estrogen
D) oxytocin
E) testosterone

Question 64

A tumor in the pituitary gland could directly result in all of the following except

A) hypercortisolism.
B) pituitary dwarfism.
C) diabetes insipidus.
D) gigantism.
E) hypogonadism.

Question 65

Mental and physical sluggishness and low body temperature may be signs of

A) hyperthyroidism.
B) hypothyroidism.
C) hyperparathyroidism.
D) hypoparathyroidism.
E) diabetes insipidus.

Question 66

Figure 18-1 Pituitary Hormones and Their Targets
Use Figure 18-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the hormone labeled "5."

A) thyroid-releasing hormone
B) thyroid-stimulating hormone
C) thyroxine
D) thyrotropin
E) parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 67

Figure 18-1 Pituitary Hormones and Their Targets
Use Figure 18-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the hormone labeled "4."

A) thyroid-releasing hormone
B) thyroid-stimulating hormone
C) thyroxin
D) thyrotropin
E) calcitonin

Question 68

The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland can be divided into three parts: the pars distalis, the pars intermedia, and the pars

A) tuberalis.
B) nervosa.
C) pinea.
D) intermedia.
E) magnus.

Question 69

Activity of which of the following cells is inhibited by calcitonin release?

A) alpha cells
B) osteoclasts
C) osteoblasts
D) C cells
E) all cells in the body

Question 70

Abnormally low production of LH and FSH results in

A) diabetes insipidus.
B) a diabetogenic effect.
C) hypogonadism.
D) a glucose-sparing effect.
E) hypocortisolism.

Question 71

Which of the following elements is necessary for the production of thyroid hormone?

A) sodium
B) iodine
C) potassium
D) iron
E) colloid

Question 72

Milk production is stimulated by ________, milk ejection is stimulated by ________.

A) somatomedin; MSH
B) prolactin; oxytocin
C) oxytocin; prolactin
D) MSH; somatomedin
E) LH; FSH

Question 73

Vasopressin is a common term for this hormone.

A) ADH
B) GH
C) oxytocin
D) prolactin
E) TSH

Question 74

Hormones produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that regulate the male and female reproductive organs are collectively called

A) tropic hormones.
B) androgens.
C) somatotropins.
D) immunogens.
E) gonadotropins.

Question 75

Hypophyseal portal system capillaries are

A) lined by tight junctions.
B) lined by microglial cells.
C) fenestrated.
D) impermeable.
E) lined by podocytes.

Question 76

The hormone that plays a pivotal role in setting the metabolic rate and thus impacting body temperatureis

A) somatotropin.
B) thyroxine.
C) calcitonin.
D) parathyroid hormone.
E) glucagon.

Question 77

Hormones that stimulate endocrine glands to release other hormones are

A) humoral.
B) tropic.
C) reflexive.
D) up-regulators.
E) paracrine factors.

Question 78

All of the following are known effects of thyroid hormone on peripheral tissues except

A) increased oxygen consumption.
B) increased heart rate.
C) increased sensitivity to autonomic stimulation.
D) increased body temperature.
E) decreased cellular metabolism.

Question 79

Figure 18-1 Pituitary Hormones and Their Targets
Use Figure 18-1 to answer the following questions:
A deficiency of which hormone can lead to diabetes insipidus?

A) 3
B) 7
C) 2
D) 8
E) 14

Question 80

The pituitary gland is located within this structure.

A) the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
B) hypoglossal canal
C) crista galli
D) sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
E) petrous part of the temporal bone