Deck 17: Anti-Infective Drugs

Question 1

Demetrius is HIV positive and is being treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy.One of the agents he takes has caused his cheeks to sink,while fat accumulates on the back of his neck.He has also developed hyperlipidemia and diabetes mellitus.What class of drugs has this side effect profile?

A)fusion inhibitors
B)nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
C)antiretroviral protease inhibitors
D)non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors

Answer 1

antiretroviral protease inhibitors

Question 2

Four-year-old Phebian has life-threatening septicemia and the antibiotics that have been tried so far have failed.The doctors propose trying another type of antibiotic,but warn Phebian's parents that there are very serious potential adverse reactions,including nephrotoxicity,which is usually reversible,and ototoxicity,which may be permanent.This antibiotic is likely to be in which class?

A)aminoglycosides
B)penicillins
C)cephalosporins
D)macrolides

Answer 2

aminoglycosides

Question 3

Vanessa has been successfully treated for sinus infections with quinolones and is somewhat surprised when the pediatrician refuses to prescribe a quinolone for her 11-year-old's sinus infection.The pediatrician explains that the decision was based on a particular adverse effect that occurs in children and adolescents who are given quinolones.To what adverse is the physician referring?

A)severe,permanent psychiatric disorders
B)new-onset learning disabilities
C)cartilage damage
D)accelerated puberty

Answer 3

cartilage damage

Question 4

Chuck has been treated for HIV for more than 20 years,and although he sometimes struggles with side effects,he is doing pretty well.Because of the development of resistance,his doctors are changing some of his medications and suggest raltegravir,an integrase inhibitor.How does this drug act?

A)It blocks entry of HIV into cells,which may keep the virus from reproducing.
B)It slows the advancement of HIV infection by blocking the enzyme needed for viral replication.
C)It inhibits an enzyme responsible for viral replication early in the viral life cycle.
D)It blocks a co-receptor required for HIV entry into human cells.

Question 5

Mina has a younger brother who has an autism spectrum disorder and she is worried that her infant son may also be diagnosed with the same disorder.She has heard that vaccines may cause autism and asks you about this.What should you tell your friend?

A)Vaccines are perfectly safe and have never been known to cause any neurological problems.
B)She can premedicate her son with aspirin at least five hours prior to vaccination,and this will reduce his risk.
C)The Institute of Medicine has determined that evidence is insufficient to demonstrate a causal relationship between vaccines and autism.
D)There is a strong link between vaccines and autism spectrum disorders and the evidence is growing stronger every day.She should not vaccinate.

Question 6

Mike has a duodenal ulcer and testing reveals an H.pylori infection as well.The antibiotic used to treat this infection will probably be from what class?

A)aminoglycosides
B)sulfonamides
C)carbapenems
D)penecillins

Question 7

After a weekend of camping by the lake with her friends,Darla is experiencing severe stomach cramps,flatulence,and diarrhea.She goes to the doctor and is diagnosed with giardiasis,probably caused by accidentally swallowing water from the lake while swimming.What synthetic antimicrobial agent that is also an antibiotic will she most likely be given?

A)vancomycin
B)metronidazole
C)linezolid
D)daptomycin

Question 8

Two-month-old Eugenia has an bacterial upper respiratory infection and needs an antibiotic.The physician assures her worried parents,who have heard about the dangers of antibiotics,that the prescribed antibiotic is considered to be one of the safest and is often recommended for infants.This antibiotic is likely to be in what class?

A)cephalosporins
B)quinolones
C)macrolides
D)aminoglycosides

Question 9

After a friend suffers an agonizing episode of shingles,Henri wonders whether he should get vaccinated,as he knows he is at risk.He asks about the effectiveness of the vaccine and is told that it reduces the development of post-herpetic neuralgia by .

A)50%
B)66%
C)75%
D)90%

Question 10

Your great-grandmother is hospitalized from a broken hip and has become critically ill with a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)infection.What is the first-line antibiotic for the treatment of MRSA?

A)vancomycin
B)ampicillin
C)amphotericin B
D)sulfamethoxazole

Question 11

Camille is disturbed when her TB test comes back positive.She has not had any symptoms at all but the doctor explains that she has latent TB.What treatment is indicated for latent TB?

A)daily administration of isoniazid (INH)alone for 18-24 months
B)daily administration of isoniazid (INH)alone for 6-12 months
C)no treatment is needed as long as she is symptom free
D)daily administration of rifampin with pyrazinamide for 2 to 4 weeks

Question 12

Lilian is HIV positive and pregnant.She is being treated with highly active antriretroviral therapy.In addition to the protease inhibitor lopinavir/ritonavir (Kaletra),what other antiretrovirals is she likely to be receiving?

A)efavirenz (Sustiva)
B)lamivudine/zidovudine (Combivir)
C)raltegravir (Isentress)
D)maraviroc (Selzentry)

Question 13

Dione is having all four of her wisdom teeth pulled and the oral surgeon explains that he will provide her with an antibiotic prior to the surgery to help prevent infection.As Dione is allergic to penicillin,what antibiotic is likely to be prescribed?

A)clindamycin
B)tigecycline
C)pyrazinamide
D)ciprofloxacin

Question 14

Life is very difficult for Michael,who is homeless and severely mentally ill.The local health department recently had an outreach program and Michael found out that the cough he attributed to his chain smoking was TB.Given Michael's situation,what approach to drug therapy would probably be best?

A)detainment and treatment in a correctional medical facility
B)high doses of medication whenever he can be located
C)directly observed therapy
D)hospitalization on a mental health order and treatment in the hospital

Question 15

Emiliano is having a stem cell transplant in hopes of curing his leukemia.The doctors explain that he will be at high risk of infection and,as a result,they will treat him prophactically to prevent the infections.What antifungal are the doctors likely to use?

A)nystatin
B)amphotericin B
C)micafungin
D)fluconazole

Question 16

Emilia is being treated for an infection with an antibiotic that is associated with increased risk of superinfection,phototoxicity,and tendon or cartilage damage.What class of antibiotics has this profile?

A)carbapenems
B)macrolides
C)cephalosporins
D)quinolones

Question 17

Jeremy,a healthy 30-year-old,is spring cleaning his garage and sees clear signs of mice having spent the winter months inside.Several weeks later,he experiences severe muscle pain,headache,and fever,and his symptoms progress to include a disconcerting inability to catch his breath.He is hospitalized and diagnosed with Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome.What antiviral might save his life?

A)ribavirin
B)oseltamivir
C)valacyclovir
D)zidovudine

Question 18

Five-year-old Thomas has brain cancer and chemotherapy and radiation have left him severely immunocompromised.He has a life threatening fungal infection that has not responded to other agents.The doctor tells his parents about a medication that may be his last chance,but emphasizes that severe side effects are expected.Which antifungal has this profile?

A)micafungin
B)amphotericin B
C)fluconazole
D)nystatin

Question 19

Reyna's urinary tract infection is successfully treated with an antibiotic,but in the course of treatment,she develops both diarrhea and vaginitis.This suggests a(n) .

A)hypersensitivity reaction
B)direct toxicity
C)antibiotic resistance
D)superinfection

Question 20

Your friend is being treated for gonorrhea,a sexually transmitted infection,and a cephalosporin has been prescribed.This is likely a -generation drug.

A)first
B)fourth
C)third
D)second

Question 21

Organisms that no longer respond to anti-infectives that used to be effective are said to be .

A)nosocomial
B)antigenic
C)immune
D)resistant

Question 22

Bretta visits her doctor with the symptoms of a urinary tract infection and the doctor orders a C&S.What can be learned from this procedure?

A)whether Bretta is allergic to any antibiotics
B)how long Bretta has had the infection
C)whether Bretta actually has an infection or is malingering
D)the agent causing the infection and what antibiotic(s)will be effective

Question 23

Your friend Porter believes that if he visits the doctor,he should get a prescription.More specifically,he believes that if he has an infection,whether due to an ingrown toenail,a cold,or something more serious,he should get an oral antibiotic.He reasons that he is the one taking the risk of adverse effects,so it should be his choice.Is he right?

A)Porter is right only if the infection is caused by bacteria.A virus should be treated with an antiviral.
B)No.While a minor infection,such an ingrown toenail,may be treated topically,all other infections should be treated with antibiotics.
C)No.The overuse of antibiotics leads to the development of resistance,which puts everyone at risk.
D)Yes.In general,Porter is right about this.

Question 24

Hospital-acquired infections may also be called .

A)nosocomial infections
B)resistant infections
C)iatrogenic infections
D)community infections

Question 25

Reyna has all the symptoms of a urinary tract infection (UTI)and visits the doctor,who confirms this and provides her with a prescription for an antibiotic.Reyna knows that it is important to select an antibiotic that is effective for the organism causing the infection,but that the culture and sensitivity will not be completed for several days.Her physician explains that the prescription is based on Reyna's own history of effective treatment for UTIs.What is prescribing based on past history called?

A)correlational
B)hypothetical
C)naturopathic
D)empiric