Deck 22: The Lymphatic System and Immunity

Question 1

Lymphatic organs differ from lymphatic tissues in what way?

A) They contain T lymphocytes and lymphatic tissues do not.
B) They are found in the digestive tract and lymphatic tissues are found in the thorax.
C) They are surrounded by a fibrous capsule and lymphatic tissues are not.
D) They cannot produce antibodies, whereas lymphatic tissues can.
E) They occur throughout the body except in the head.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The lymphatic system is composed of all of the following except

A) lymphatic vessels.
B) the venae cavae.
C) the spleen.
D) lymph nodes.
E) lymph.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The primary function of the lymphatic system is

A) the transport of hormones.
B) circulation of nutrients and dissolved gases.
C) defending the body against both external and internal threats.
D) the production and distribution of plasma proteins.
E) the production and maturation of leukocytes.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The medulla of a lymph node contains ________ lymphocytes and macrophages.

A) cytotoxic T
B) medullary
C) NK
D) B
E) cordal

Question 5

Lymphatic vessels begin in peripheral tissues and ultimately drain into

A) veins.
B) peripheral capillary beds.
C) arteries.
D) the kidneys.
E) arterioles.

Question 6

The merging of ________ forms the right lymphatic duct.

A) the right jugular, right subclavian, and right bronchomediastinal trunks
B) the right lumbar, right subclavian, and right bronchomediastinal trunks
C) two great vessels
D) the thoracic and mediastinal ducts
E) superior and inferior lymphatic ducts

Question 7

________ are large lymphatic nodules that are located in the walls of the pharynx.

A) Tonsils
B) Peyer's patches
C) Lymph nodes
D) Immune complexes
E) Spleens

Question 8

T Lymphocytes are produced and stored in all of the following except

A) the thymus.
B) lymphatic nodules.
C) lymph node organs.
D) the spleen.
E) the brain.

Question 9

The lymphatic system does all of the following except

A) helps maintain normal blood volume.
B) transports gases to and away from lymph nodes.
C) eliminates variations in the composition of interstitial fluid.
D) transports lipids from the digestive tract.
E) fights infection.

Question 10

Which of the following statements about lymph flow in a node is false?

A) Lymph enters in an afferent lymphatic.
B) Lymph first enters the subcapsular space.
C) Lymph flows past dendritic cells.
D) The efferent lymphatic exits at the hilum.
E) The afferent lymphatic enters at the hilum.

Question 11

Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of the

A) right lymphatic duct.
B) thoracic duct.
C) cisterna chyli.
D) hepatic portal vein.
E) dural sinus.

Question 12

Dividing lymphocytes can be found in the ________ of the lymphatic nodule.

A) sinus regions
B) germinal center
C) cortical layer
D) capsular space
E) stroma

Question 13

Which class of cells is particularly abundant in the red pulp of the spleen?

A) T lymphocytes
B) macrophages
C) B lymphocytes
D) neutrophils
E) Natural Killer cells

Question 14

Areas of the spleen that contain large aggregations of lymphocytes are known as

A) Peyer's patches.
B) adenoids.
C) white pulp.
D) red pulp.
E) lymph nodes.

Question 15

Lymphatic capillaries are known for all of the following except

A) being the starting point of the lymphatic circulation.
B) being the smallest lymphatic vessels.
C) having larger diameters and looser walls than blood capillaries.
D) having shingle-like endothelial cells.
E) allowing nutrient and gas exchange.

Question 16

All of the following are true of the thymus gland except that it

A) activates B cells.
B) reaches its greatest relative size during the second year of life.
C) involutes after puberty.
D) produces T cells.
E) lies in the anterior mediastinum.

Question 17

________ are clusters of lymphatic nodules deep to the epithelial lining of the small intestine.

A) Tonsils
B) Adenoids
C) Peyer's patches
D) Immune complexes
E) Lymph glands

Question 18

The term lymphadenopathy refers to

A) a congenital lack or malformation of lymph nodes.
B) a chronic or excessive enlargement of lymph nodes.
C) accumulations of lymph in the tissue space.
D) the lack of lymphocytes in peripheral circulation.
E) increased numbers of circulating lymphocytes.

Question 19

Compared to blood capillaries, lymph capillaries exhibit all of the following except that they

A) have no basement membrane.
B) have only a tunica interna.
C) have walls of endothelial cells that overlap like shingles.
D) are smaller in diameter.
E) are frequently irregular in shape.

Question 20

Lymph nodes do all of the following except

A) produce antibodies through B cells.
B) monitor the contents of lymph.
C) remove debris and pathogens from the lymph.
D) accumulate cancer cells.
E) remove excess nutrients from the lymph.

Question 21

Figure 22-1 The Structure of a Lymph Node
Use Figure 22-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "2."

A) deep cortex
B) capsule
C) subcapsular space
D) trabeculae
E) medullary cord

Question 22

The lymphoid organ that acts like a filter as lymph passes through is

A) appendix.
B) tonsils.
C) adenoids.
D) lymph nodes.
E) thymus.

Question 23

Large lymphatic vessels have a wall structure most similar to which blood vessel?

A) veins
B) venules
C) capillaries
D) arterioles
E) arteries

Question 24

Specialized lymphatic capillaries called lacteals are

A) located primarily in the large intestine.
B) necessary for the transport of dietary lipids.
C) part of the fenestrated capillary group.
D) more numerous than blood capillaries.
E) located throughout the body.

Question 25

The cell that dominates the deep cortical region of a lymph node is the ________ cell.

A) B
B) T
C) plasma
D) nodule
E) NK

Question 26

Lymph fluid enters the venous circulation via the

A) right atrium.
B) subclavian veins.
C) brachiocephalic trunks.
D) jugular veins.
E) superior and inferior vena cava.

Question 27

Lymphatic tissue is found in the greatest quantity in

A) the adult spleen.
B) the adult thymus.
C) bone marrow.
D) the tonsils.
E) Peyer's patches.

Question 28

Stem cells that can form all types of lymphocytes are concentrated in the

A) circulation.
B) thymus.
C) red bone marrow.
D) spleen.
E) yellow marrow.

Question 29

Figure 22-1 The Structure of a Lymph Node
Use Figure 22-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "3."

A) deep cortex
B) capsule
C) subcapsular space
D) trabeculae
E) outer cortex

Question 30

The ________ lymphatics leave the lymph node at the hilum.

A) ascending
B) lateral
C) afferent
D) descending
E) efferent

Question 31

The blood-thymus barrier is made up of

A) immature T cells.
B) mature T cells.
C) macrophages.
D) plasma cells.
E) epithelial reticular cells.

Question 32

The primary lymphoid tissues include

A) the bone marrow.
B) the thymus.
C) the bone marrow and thymus.
D) the lymph nodes and tonsils.
E) the bone marrow, thymus, spleen and lymph nodes.

Question 33

Which of the following is not a secondary lymphoid tissue or organ?

A) spleen
B) tonsils
C) MALT
D) thymus
E) lymph nodes

Question 34

T cells develop from stem cells in the

A) bone marrow.
B) liver.
C) spleen.
D) thymus.
E) kidneys.

Question 35

An accumulation of lymph in a region where lymphatic drainage has been blocked is called

A) lymphopenia.
B) lymphadenopathy.
C) lymphoma.
D) lymphedema.
E) lymphosis.

Question 36

Lymphatic capillaries are not found in

A) the digestive system.
B) the skin.
C) cornea of the eye.
D) skeletal muscles.
E) the liver.

Question 37

Figure 22-1 The Structure of a Lymph Node
Use Figure 22-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "1."

A) efferent lymphatic vessel
B) venule
C) arteriole
D) afferent lymphatic vessel
E) lymphatic nodule

Question 38

If the thymus shrank and stopped making thymosins, we would expect to see an immediate decrease in the number of

A) B lymphocytes.
B) NK cells.
C) T cells.
D) neutrophils.
E) red blood cells.

Question 39

An infection and inflammation of the aggregated lymphatic nodules in the pharynx is called

A) laryngitis.
B) lymph edema.
C) tonsillitis.
D) indigestion.
E) lymphosis.

Question 40

The thoracic duct originates from an expanded chamber called the

A) thoracic sinus.
B) cisterna chyli.
C) thoracic trunk.
D) hilum.
E) thoracic ventricle.

Question 41

Figure 22-1 The Structure of a Lymph Node
Use Figure 22-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "6."

A) medulla
B) cortex
C) capsule
D) trabeculae
E) cortical sinus

Question 42

Lymphocytes

A) are actively phagocytic.
B) destroy red blood cells.
C) respond to antigens.
D) are primarily found in red bone marrow.
E) decrease in number during infection.

Question 43

The cells responsible for the production of circulating immunoglobulins are ________ cells.

A) NK
B) plasma
C) helper T
D) thymus
E) liver

Question 44

Sally has a tumor. In an effort to fight the cancerous cells her body increases the production of

A) neutrophils.
B) NK cells.
C) suppressor T cells.
D) memory B cells.
E) plasma cells.

Question 45

Various types of macrophages are derived from

A) lymphocytes.
B) monocytes.
C) neutrophils.
D) eosinophils.
E) basophils.

Question 46

Each of the following is a physical barrier to infection except

A) body hair.
B) epithelium.
C) secretions.
D) complement.
E) basement membranes.

Question 47

Which of the following is not a lymphocyte?

A) NK cells
B) plasma cells
C) memory T cells
D) macrophages
E) suppressor T cells

Question 48

Plasma contains ________ special proteins that form the complement system.

A) about 3
B) exactly 10
C) roughly 18
D) exactly 25
E) more than 30

Question 49

The body's innate defenses include all of the following except

A) the skin.
B) complement.
C) interferon.
D) inflammation.
E) antibodies.

Question 50

Microphages include

A) monocytes.
B) Kupffer cells.
C) neutrophils.
D) eosinophils.
E) both neutrophils and eosinophils.

Question 51

Lymphocytes that destroy foreign cells or virus-infected cells are ________ cells.

A) plasma
B) B
C) helper T
D) cytotoxic T
E) suppressor T

Question 52

In general, lymphocytes

A) spend most of their time in lymphatic tissue.
B) have relatively short life spans.
C) have two nuclei.
D) are produced and mature only in red bone marrow.
E) are located primarily in the blood stream.

Question 53

A substance that provokes an immune response is called an

A) immunoglobulin.
B) antihistamine.
C) antibody.
D) antigen.
E) allopath.

Question 54

Stem cells that will form B cells or NK cells are found only in the

A) red bone marrow.
B) liver.
C) spleen.
D) thymus.
E) kidneys.

Question 55

The cells responsible for humoral immunity are the ________ cells.

A) NK
B) B
C) helper T
D) cytotoxic T
E) suppressor T

Question 56

T is to ________ as B is to ________.

A) top-located; bottom-located
B) thymus-dependent; bone marrow-derived
C) thyroid-drawn; bowel-developed
D) non-thymus-dependent; bottom-located
E) trabeculae-descended; bursa-origin

Question 57

The release of endogenous pyrogen (or interleukin-1) by active macrophages would

A) cause inflammation.
B) produce a fever.
C) activate complement.
D) opsonize pathogens.
E) activate antibodies.

Question 58

An inflammatory response is triggered when

A) red blood cells release pyrogens.
B) T cells release interferon.
C) mast cells release histamine and heparin.
D) neutrophils phagocytize bacteria.
E) blood flow to an area increases.

Question 59

The cells directly responsible for cellular immunity are the ________ cells.

A) dendritic
B) plasma
C) helper T
D) cytotoxic T
E) suppressor T

Question 60

Figure 22-1 The Structure of a Lymph Node
Use Figure 22-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the dominant cell type in the area labeled "6."

A) T cells
B) B cells
C) erythrocytes
D) platelets
E) dendritic

Question 61

The cells that perform immunological surveillance are the ________ cells.

A) NK
B) plasma
C) B
D) helper T
E) suppressor T

Question 62

Cytokines that make a cell and its neighbors resistant to virus infection are called

A) complement.
B) interferons.
C) interleukins.
D) immunoglobulins.
E) transferrins.

Question 63

The first line of cellular defense against pathogens are the

A) T cells.
B) B cells.
C) NK cells.
D) phagocytes.
E) plasma cells.

Question 64

The movement of phagocytes through the capillary wall is called

A) chemotaxis.
B) diapedesis.
C) adherens.
D) transcytosis.
E) diffusion.

Question 65

Place the following steps of NK cell killing in order.
1) Secretion of perforin
2) Realignment of Golgi apparatus
3) Lysis of abnormal cell
4) Recognition and adhesion

A) 4, 2, 1, 3
B) 2, 1, 4, 3
C) 4, 1, 2, 3
D) 1, 2, 4, 3
E) 1, 4, 3, 2

Question 66

Interferons

A) prevent viruses from leaving a cell.
B) prevent viruses from entering a cell.
C) bind to viruses and destroy them.
D) interfere with viral replication.
E) reduce macrophage chemotaxis to the infection.

Question 67

________ are fixed macrophages found in the liver.

A) Astrocytes
B) Oligodendrocytes
C) Microglia
D) Kupffer cells
E) Ventricular macrophages

Question 68

The effects of activating the complement system include all of the following except

A) destruction of target cell plasma membranes.
B) stimulation of inflammation.
C) inhibition of the immune response.
D) opsonization.
E) chemotaxis.

Question 69

The complement system works closely with and complements the action of

A) interferons.
B) antibodies.
C) pyrogens.
D) phagocytes.
E) microphages.

Question 70

The classic pathway of complement activation begins when the protein C1 binds to

A) the cell wall of bacteria.
B) the plasma membrane of bacteria.
C) two antibodies attached to an antigen.
D) a cell surface antigen.
E) a plasma protein.

Question 71

NK cells use ________ to lyse abnormal cells.

A) pyrogen
B) perforin
C) interferon
D) complement
E) phagocytosis

Question 72

A sample of John's blood shows a high level of pyrogens. This would indicate that John

A) is feeling achy.
B) is producing T lymphocytes.
C) has a sore throat.
D) is running a fever.
E) has swollen lymph nodes.

Question 73

Histamine increases blood flow and vascular permeability. This would account for all of the following changes that occur during inflammation except

A) redness of the inflamed tissue.
B) chemotaxis of phagocytes.
C) heat of the inflamed tissue.
D) movement of defense proteins and cells into the interstitial space.
E) swelling of the inflamed tissue.

Question 74

Fixed macrophages that are found in the central nervous system are called

A) astrocytes.
B) oligodendrocytes.
C) microglia.
D) Kupffer cells.
E) ventricular macrophages.

Question 75

Leslie has a severe sore throat and the lymph nodes in her neck are swollen. This would indicate that

A) the focus of the infection is the lymph nodes.
B) lymph is not flowing consistently through these lymph nodes.
C) the lymph nodes contain an increased number of lymphocytes.
D) the lymph nodes are actively producing phagocytes.
E) the lymph nodes have increased their secretion of thymosin.

Question 76

Cancer cells can be detected by NK cells when they show

A) interferons.
B) complement proteins.
C) tumor-specific antigens.
D) opsonization.
E) CD4 markers.

Question 77

Free phagocytes found in the air sacs of the lungs are called

A) alveolar macrophages.
B) histiocytes.
C) Kupffer cells.
D) pleurocytes.
E) microglia.

Question 78

An important protein in the activation of the alternative pathway of complement activation is

A) properdin.
B) interferon.
C) histamine.
D) fibrin.
E) C1.

Question 79

The phagocytic antigen-presenting cells belong to the ________ group.

A) tumor-suppressing
B) complement
C) interferon
D) monocyte-macrophage
E) lymphatic

Question 80

The attraction or repulsion of certain cells to chemicals in their environment is called

A) polarity.
B) diapedesis.
C) cytotoxicity.
D) infection.
E) chemotaxis.