Deck 27: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance

Question 1

Which hormone plays a central role in determining the rate of sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion?

A) ADH
B) aldosterone
C) BNP
D) ANP
E) epinephrine

Answer 1

B

Question 2

In a lean adult male, the body consists of about ________ percent water.

A) 60
B) 90
C) 40
D) 10
E) 80

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The anions in highest concentration in the extracellular fluid are

A) sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate.
B) sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate.
C) sodium, potassium, and chloride.
D) proteins, bicarbonate, and chloride.
E) sodium, potassium, and phosphate.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

________ promotes water reabsorption at the kidneys and stimulates thirst.

A) ADH
B) Aldosterone
C) Calcitonin
D) Renin
E) Natriuretic peptide

Question 5

Which hormone(s) is released by heart muscle in response to excessive chamber volume?

A) ADH
B) aldosterone
C) PTH
D) acetylcholine
E) natriuretic peptides

Question 6

The two organs that play an important role in maintaining acid-base balance are the

A) liver and gallbladder.
B) liver and kidneys.
C) heart and lungs.
D) lungs and kidneys.
E) heart and liver.

Question 7

Intracellular fluid (ICF) is found only within

A) blood vessels.
B) lymph.
C) the cells of the body.
D) the interstitial space.
E) the cerebrospinal fluid.

Question 8

The two major subdivisions of the ECF are the

A) ICF and plasma.
B) interstitial fluid and plasma.
C) lymph and plasma.
D) serous fluids and lymph.
E) interstitial fluid and CSF.

Question 9

In clinical estimates, ________ of total body water is in the ICF and ________ in the ECF.

A) one-tenth; nine-tenths
B) one-quarter; three-quarters
C) one-half; one-half
D) two-thirds; one-third
E) one-third; two-thirds

Question 10

Aldosterone

A) is secreted in response to decreased levels of potassium in the blood.
B) promotes sodium retention in the kidneys.
C) helps decrease blood volume and lower blood pressure.
D) regulates blood calcium levels.
E) regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys.

Question 11

In an adult female, the body consists of about ________ percent water.

A) 60
B) 50
C) 40
D) 70
E) 80

Question 12

All of the following are components of ECF except

A) cerebrospinal fluid.
B) peritoneal fluid.
C) lymph.
D) aqueous humor.
E) RBCs.

Question 13

Substances that can carry electrical current across cell membranes are called

A) electrons.
B) electrolytes.
C) nonelectrolytes.
D) osmoregulators.
E) buffers.

Question 14

The principal ions in intracellular fluid are magnesium, phosphate and

A) sodium.
B) bicarbonate.
C) chloride.
D) calcium.
E) potassium.

Question 15

The principal cation in intracellular fluid is

A) sodium.
B) potassium.
C) calcium.
D) magnesium.
E) chloride.

Question 16

Which hormone most affects the osmolarity of blood?

A) ADH
B) angiotensin II
C) PTH
D) ANP
E) epinephrine

Question 17

Homeostatic mechanisms that monitor and adjust the composition of body fluids respond to changes in the ________ fluid.

A) lymphatic
B) intracellular
C) plasma
D) extracellular
E) cerebrospinal

Question 18

The principal ions in extracellular fluid are sodium, chloride, and

A) potassium.
B) magnesium.
C) phosphate.
D) bicarbonate.
E) iodine.

Question 19

The release of atrial naturetic peptides from the heart will cause the body to

A) conserve sodium ions.
B) decrease ECF.
C) excrete potassium ions.
D) conserve sodium ions and decrease ECF.
E) excrete sodium ions and decrease ECF.

Question 20

Angiotensin II produces a coordinated elevation in the ECF volume by all of the following mechanisms except

A) stimulating thirst.
B) causing the release of ADH.
C) triggering the production and secretion of aldosterone.
D) stimulating the kidneys to conserve sodium.
E) increasing PNS activity.

Question 21

Water molecules move across cells by

A) osmosis.
B) primary active transport.
C) secondary active transport.
D) activity of the sodium-potassium pump.
E) phagocytosis.

Question 22

When the pH ________, a state of acidosis exists.

A) rises above 7
B) falls below 7
C) falls below 6.5
D) falls below 7.35
E) rises above 7.5

Question 23

The primary role of the carbonic-acid-bicarbonate buffer system is to

A) buffer stomach acid.
B) buffer carbonic acid formed by carbon dioxide.
C) limit pH changes caused by metabolic and fixed acids.
D) buffer the urine.
E) increase ventilation.

Question 24

Consuming a meal high in salt will

A) drastically increase the osmolarity of the blood.
B) result in a temporary increase in blood volume.
C) decrease thirst.
D) cause hypotension.
E) activate the renin-angiotensin mechanism.

Question 25

A patient who has been both vomiting and having diarrhea is losing all of the following except ________from his body.

A) water
B) sodium
C) bicarbonate ion
D) hydrogen ion
E) protein

Question 26

When the pH rises above 7.45, a state of ________ exists.

A) apotheosis
B) alkalosis
C) ptosis
D) hydrosis
E) acidosis

Question 27

The typical value of water losses and gains each day is

A) 500 mL.
B) 1000 mL.
C) 1500 mL.
D) 2000 mL.
E) 2500 mL.

Question 28

To reduce brain swelling by pulling water out of brain cells, a substance can be injected intravenouslytoincrease the osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid. Which of the following properties must this substance lack in order to be effective?

A) permeable to capillary endothelium
B) nontoxic to neurons
C) permeable to brain plasma membranes
D) impermeable to brain plasma membranes
E) soluble in water

Question 29

The normal pH range for ECF is

A) 6.5 to 7.5.
B) 6.8 to 7.2.
C) 7 to 7.5.
D) 7.35 to 7.45.
E) 7.5 to 8.0.

Question 30

When pure water is consumed,

A) the ECF becomes hypertonic to the ICF.
B) a fluid shift occurs and the volume of the ICF decreases.
C) osmolarities of the two fluid compartments fall.
D) the volume of the ECF decreases.
E) the volume of the ICF decreases.

Question 31

The most dangerous problems with electrolyte balance are caused by an imbalance between gains and lossesof

A) calcium ions.
B) chlorine ions.
C) potassium ions.
D) sodium ions.
E) electrons.

Question 32

The amount of potassium excreted by the kidneys is regulated mainly by

A) ADH.
B) aldosterone.
C) parathormone.
D) atrial natriuretic peptides.
E) glucocorticoids.

Question 33

Calcium reabsorption by the kidneys is promoted by the hormone

A) calcitonin.
B) parathyroid hormone.
C) aldosterone.
D) cortisol.
E) ADH.

Question 34

When water is lost, but electrolytes are retained,

A) the osmolarity of the ECF falls.
B) osmosis moves water from the ICF to the ECF.
C) both the ECF and the ICF become more dilute.
D) there is an increase in the volume of the ICF.
E) aldosterone is secreted.

Question 35

A chemical that minimizes changes in the pH of a body fluid by releasing or binding hydrogen ion is calleda(n)

A) electrolyte.
B) acid.
C) alkali.
D) compensation.
E) buffer.

Question 36

Alice has been running a marathon and has only been drinking pure water. Which electrolyte imbalance isshelikely to experience?

A) hyponatremia
B) hypernatremia
C) hypercalcemia
D) hypocalcemia
E) hyperkalemia

Question 37

Excess hydrogen ion is eliminated from the body largely by

A) sweating.
B) the kidneys.
C) the liver.
D) the feces.
E) buffers.

Question 38

________ acid is an acid that can leave solution and enter the atmosphere.

A) respiratory
B) volatile
C) metabolic
D) inorganic
E) fixed

Question 39

Which hormone does not play a role in regulating fluid and electrolyte balance?

A) ADH
B) aldosterone
C) cortisol
D) atrial natriuretic peptide
E) B-type natriuretic peptide

Question 40

Exchange between the two main subdivisions of ECF occurs primarily at the

A) veins.
B) muscles.
C) tissues.
D) capillaries.
E) arteries.

Question 41

Hypercapnia refers to elevated levels of

A) oxygen.
B) hemoglobin.
C) carbon monoxide.
D) sodium.
E) carbon dioxide.

Question 42

A person who consumes large amounts of sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) to settle an upset stomach risks

A) respiratory acidosis.
B) respiratory alkalosis.
C) metabolic acidosis.
D) metabolic alkalosis.
E) lactic acidosis.

Question 43

Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory alkalosis?

A) consequence of hyperventilation (for example, in fever or mental illness)
B) consequence of prolonged vomiting
C) consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation (for example, due to COPD)
D) consequence of tissue hypoxia (for example, in ischemic conditions)
E) consequence of strenuous exercise

Question 44

A drowning victim will likely experience a period of ________ until resuscitation begins.

A) acute respiratory acidosis
B) acute respiratory alkalosis
C) chronic respiratory alkalosis
D) metabolic acidosis
E) metabolic alkalosis

Question 45

In response to respiratory alkalosis, the

A) respiratory rate increases.
B) tidal volume increases.
C) kidneys conserve bicarbonate.
D) kidneys secrete more hydrogen ions.
E) kidneys retain more hydrogen ions.

Question 46

Administration of a medication in the elderly can result in a much higher dosage than the clinician might intend because

A) the metabolic rate in the elderly is so high.
B) the kidneys of the elderly do not work well.
C) the elderly have less water content in the body.
D) other medications they take might enhance the concentration of another drug.
E) they cannot regulate pH well.

Question 47

Amino acids in solution contain both a negative and positive charge and thus are termed a(n)

A) anion.
B) cation.
C) acid.
D) base.
E) zwitterion.

Question 48

A person with emphysema will exhibit signs of

A) chronic respiratory acidosis.
B) chronic respiratory alkalosis.
C) acute respiratory acidosis.
D) chronic metabolic acidosis.
E) metabolic alkalosis.

Question 49

Which of the following statements is false regarding fluid and electrolyte balance?

A) Fluctuations in diet will affect babies less because they have so much water content.
B) Older people tend to become more dehydrated.
C) Kidney functions tend to decrease as one ages.
D) Aging correlates with problems in various organ systems, which can enhance acid-base imbalance problems.
E) A fetus obtains water and electrolytes from the maternal bloodstream.

Question 50

Severe kidney damage, such as glomerulonephritis, often leads to

A) acute respiratory acidosis.
B) respiratory alkalosis.
C) metabolic acidosis.
D) metabolic alkalosis.
E) chronic respiratory acidosis.

Question 51

A person with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus will develop

A) respiratory acidosis.
B) acute respiratory alkalosis.
C) metabolic acidosis.
D) metabolic alkalosis.
E) chronic respiratory alkalosis.

Question 52

In-Text Figure Based Questions
What is a serious condition that could occur if the potassium ion concentration is >7 mEq/L? (Figure 27-7)

A) muscle weakness leading to paralysis
B) increased urine volume
C) respiratory depression
D) acidosis
E) cardiac arrhythmias

Question 53

When the pH of the extracellular fluid drops, the kidneys

A) excrete more hydrogen ions.
B) excrete more bicarbonate ions.
C) excrete fewer bicarbonate ions.
D) secrete more hydrogen ions and more bicarbonate ions.
E) secrete more hydrogen ions and fewer bicarbonate ions.

Question 54

All of the following are examples of compensatory mechanisms that would occur as a result of metabolic acidosis except

A) buffer systems accept H+.
B) kidneys secrete H+.
C) kidneys retain H+.
D) kidneys generate bicarbonate.
E) respiratory rate increases.

Question 55

Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory acidosis?

A) consequence of hyperventilation (for example, in fever or mental illness)
B) consequence of prolonged vomiting
C) consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation (for example, due to emphysema)
D) consequence of tissue hypoxia (for example, in ischemic conditions)
E) consequence of strenuous exercise

Question 56

Extreme losses of bicarbonate ions, such as in diarrhea, will cause

A) acute respiratory acidosis.
B) chronic respiratory acidosis.
C) respiratory alkalosis.
D) metabolic acidosis.
E) metabolic alkalosis.

Question 57

Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder metabolic alkalosis?

A) consequence of hyperventilation (for example, in fever or mental illness)
B) consequence of prolonged vomiting
C) consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation (for example, due to COPD)
D) consequence of tissue hypoxia (for example, in ischemic conditions)
E) consequence of strenuous exercise

Question 58

In-Text Figure Based Questions
Mg2+ and K+ are found in higher concentrations in the (intracellular, extracellular) fluid, whereas Na+ andCl- are found in higher concentrations in the (intracellular, extracellular) fluid. (Figure 27-2)

A) intracellular; extracellular
B) extracellular; intracellular

Question 59

Which of the following is not a renal response to acidosis?

A) secretion of H+
B) increase tubule buffer activity
C) reabsorption of NaHCO3
D) release of HCl into peritubular capillary fluid
E) removal of CO2

Question 60

Hypoventilation leads to

A) respiratory acidosis.
B) respiratory alkalosis.
C) metabolic acidosis.
D) metabolic alkalosis.
E) lactic acidosis.

Question 61

In-Text Figure Based Questions
In which body fluid do the phosphate and protein buffer systems help regulate the pH? (Figure 27-10)

A) intracellular fluid
B) extracellular fluid
C) blood plasma
D) cerebrospinal fluid

Question 62

Fred has chronic emphysema. Blood tests show that his pH is low but almost normal but his bicarbonate levelsare elevated significantly. How can this be? What would urinalysis show?

Question 63

Why does potassium concentration rise in patients with acidosis? What is this called? What effects does it have?

Question 64

The maintenance of normal volume and composition of extracellular and intracellular fluids is vital to life.List and briefly describe the kinds of homeostasis involved.

Question 65

In-Text Figure Based Questions
What is the kidney's response to alkalosis caused by the removal of H+? (Figure 27-14)

A) secrete H+ and conserve HCO3-
B) conserve H+ and secrete HCO3-
C) remove CO2
D) convert carbonic acid to water
E) secrete sodium ions and conserve potassium ions

Question 66

In-Text Figure Based Questions
How do the lungs respond to metabolic acidosis? (Figure 27-16)

A) lungs increase respiratory rate
B) lungs decrease respiratory rate
C) lungs secrete H+
D) lungs conserve H+
E) lungs convert carbonic acid to water