Deck 29: Development and Inheritance

Question 1

The transfer of genetically determined characteristics from generation to generation is termed

A) development.
B) differentiation.
C) inheritance.
D) phylogeny.
E) maturity.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Fertilization stimulates the oocyte to enter meiosis II and the fertilized oocyte is called a(n)

A) oogonium.
B) primary oocyte.
C) secondary oocyte.
D) ovum.
E) polar body.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The period of gestation that is characterized by rapid fetal growth and fat deposition is the ________ trimester.

A) first
B) second
C) third

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The cell that directly results from the fusion of a secondary oocyte and a single sperm is called a(n)

A) ootid.
B) gastrula.
C) blastula.
D) morula.
E) zygote.

Question 5

The human gestation period consists of

A) fertilization and one trimester.
B) two trimesters of 1 month each.
C) three trimesters of 1 month each.
D) two trimesters of 2 months each.
E) three trimesters of 3 months each.

Question 6

Sperm cannot fertilize an oocyte until they

A) undergo capacitation.
B) undergo meiosis.
C) lose their flagellum.
D) are in the vagina for 3 days.
E) are activated by sustentacular cells of the vagina.

Question 7

The layer of follicle cells that surround the unfertilized egg is called the

A) zona pellucida.
B) corona radiata.
C) Graafian follicle.
D) functional zone.
E) tunica follicularis.

Question 8

Polyspermy results in

A) twins.
B) fetuses with different fathers.
C) haploid individuals.
D) chimeric adults.
E) a nonfunctional zygote.

Question 9

During amphimixis,

A) sperm become haploid.
B) the ovum finishes meiosis II.
C) the male and female pronuclei fuse.
D) meiosis occurs.
E) gametes are formed.

Question 10

The period of gestation when organs and organ systems complete most of their development and the fetus looks distinctly human is the ________ trimester.

A) first
B) second
C) third

Question 11

After fertilization, the first cell division is completed

A) within a few seconds.
B) within the hour.
C) about 6 hours later.
D) in 12 hours.
E) about 30 hours later.

Question 12

The gradual modification of anatomical structures and physiologic characteristics from fertilization to maturity is termed

A) gametogenesis.
B) ontogeny.
C) development.
D) transformation.
E) disablement.

Question 13

The term ________ refers to the time spent in prenatal development.

A) transformation
B) micturition
C) parturition
D) gestation
E) cleavage

Question 14

Which of the following is not part of oocyte activation?

A) softening of the zona pellucida
B) influx of sodium ion
C) membrane depolarization
D) release of calcium ion from smooth ER
E) discharge of exocytotic vesicles adjacent to the oocyte membrane

Question 15

The developmental period that is the period of all embryological and early fetal development is

A) the first trimester.
B) the second trimester.
C) the third trimester.
D) infancy.
E) adolescence.

Question 16

The formation of different types of cells required in development, or ________, occurs through selectivechanges in genetic activity.

A) differentiation
B) cupellation
C) deployment
D) gametogenesis
E) phylogeny

Question 17

Sperm release ________ to break down the bonds between adjacent follicle cells surrounding the oocyte.

A) relaxin
B) hyaluronidase
C) calcium
D) zonal inhibiting proteins
E) glucose

Question 18

Block to polyspermy is prevented by the ________ reaction.

A) metabolic
B) gamete
C) gollumina
D) cortical
E) polarity

Question 19

Which of the following statements concerning development is false?

A) The term induction refers to the chemical interplay between developing cells.
B) The developing oocyte receives molecules that affect development from the surrounding granulosa cells.
C) Each blastomere in the blastocyst receives exactly the same cytoplasmic composition.
D) Differences in a cell's cytoplasmic makeup affect the cell's genetic activity.
E) Cells release molecules that affect the developmental process of neighboring cells.

Question 20

The site where fertilization normally occurs is in the

A) cervix.
B) fimbrae.
C) uterine wall near the fundus.
D) outer one-third of the uterine tube.
E) union of the vagina and uterus.

Question 21

A space opens within the inner cell mass that will form the

A) blastocoele.
B) lacunae.
C) amniotic cavity.
D) chorion.
E) allantois.

Question 22

The inner cell mass of the blastocyst will

A) form the placenta.
B) form the morula.
C) form the embryo.
D) form blood vessels of the placenta.
E) provide nutrients for early growth.

Question 23

The endoderm forms

A) muscle.
B) blood.
C) neural tissue.
D) skin.
E) the urinary bladder.

Question 24

________ are nearly identical cells that are produced by early cleavages.

A) Blastomeres
B) Morulas
C) Gastrulas
D) Amnions
E) Blastulas

Question 25

Ectoderm is to ________ as mesoderm is to ________.

A) neural tissue; muscle tissue
B) cardiovascular system; neural tissue
C) mesoderm; endoderm
D) neural tissue; epithelial tissue
E) muscle tissue; neural tissue

Question 26

The mesoderm and the trophoblast combine to form the

A) amnion.
B) amniotic sac.
C) chorion.
D) allantois.
E) inner cell mass.

Question 27

The process of cell division that divides the cytoplasm of the zygote among blastomeres is called

A) cleavage.
B) implantation.
C) placentation.
D) embryogenesis.
E) blastulation.

Question 28

During implantation, the

A) trophoblast erodes a path through the endometrium.
B) inner cell mass begins to form the placenta.
C) maternal blood vessels in the endometrium are walled off from the blastocyst.
D) entire trophoblast becomes syncytial.
E) inner cell mass is temporarily deprived of nutrients.

Question 29

Shortly after gastrulation, the body and organs of the embryo begin to form. This process is called

A) cleavage.
B) implantation.
C) placentation.
D) embryogenesis.
E) germination.

Question 30

A blastocyst is a(n)

A) extraembryonic membrane.
B) solid ball of cells.
C) hollow ball of cells.
D) portion of the placenta.
E) origin of the urinary bladder.

Question 31

During gastrulation,

A) the blastomeres fuse.
B) the placenta penetrates the endometrium.
C) three germ layers are formed.
D) cells from the hypoblast move to the epiblast.
E) the neural tube closes.

Question 32

The region known as the primitive streak is the site of

A) migration of mesodermal cells to form the endoderm.
B) endoderm formation.
C) ectoderm formation.
D) migration of ectodermal cells to form the mesoderm.
E) amnion formation.

Question 33

During early development, the Y chromosome produces a substance called "testis determining factor" (TDF)that causes the indifferent gonad to become a testis. This would be an example of

A) capacitation.
B) activation.
C) differentiation.
D) induction.
E) predilection.

Question 34

The extraembryonic membrane that forms blood is the

A) yolk sac.
B) amnion.
C) allantois.
D) chorion.
E) decidua.

Question 35

Under the influence of the trophoblast, maternal blood vessels in the endometrium

A) disappear.
B) attach to the inner cell mass.
C) break down and form sinuses or lacunae.
D) form a capillary network in the trophoblast.
E) increase in size and penetrate the blastocyst.

Question 36

Which of the following is false concerning the allantois?

A) It derives partly from endoderm.
B) It projects into the umbilical cord.
C) It stores nitrogenous wastes.
D) Part will develop as the urinary bladder.
E) It acts as the fetal bone marrow.

Question 37

The solid ball of cells that has been likened to a mulberry is called a

A) chorion.
B) blastula.
C) gastrula.
D) morula.
E) blastocyst.

Question 38

The ectoderm forms

A) muscle.
B) blood.
C) neural tissues.
D) the lining of the digestive tract.
E) the urinary system.

Question 39

The penetration of the endometrium by the blastocyst is referred to as

A) cleavage.
B) implantation.
C) placentation.
D) embryogenesis.
E) fertilization.

Question 40

The mesoderm forms

A) muscle.
B) epidermis.
C) the brain.
D) the lining of the digestive tract.
E) respiratory epithelium.

Question 41

The ________ is formed by the allantois, blood vessels, and yolk sac.

A) umbilical cord
B) chorion
C) chorioallantoic membrane
D) trophoblast
E) amnion

Question 42

The outer layer of the blastocyst that can penetrate the endometrium is the

A) archegonium.
B) chorion.
C) gastrula.
D) blastula.
E) trophoblast.

Question 43

Which embryonic germ layer forms the linings of the respiratory and digestive tracts?

A) mesoderm
B) ectoderm
C) trophoderm
D) endoderm
E) epiderm

Question 44

Which of the following is not one of the extraembryonic membranes?

A) yolk sac
B) amnion
C) allantois
D) chorion
E) umbilical cord

Question 45

The extraembryonic membrane that forms a fluid-filled sac is the

A) yolk sac.
B) amnion.
C) allantois.
D) chorion.
E) decidua.

Question 46

The process by which a viable embryo is formed is called

A) embryogenesis.
B) organogenesis.
C) gametogenesis.
D) morphogenesis.
E) blastogenesis.

Question 47

Which embryonic germ layer forms connective tissues such as bone and cartilage?

A) epiderm
B) trophoderm
C) ectoderm
D) mesooderm
E) endoderm

Question 48

The almost identical cells produced by cleavage divisions are called

A) centromeres.
B) blastomeres.
C) telomeres.
D) myosomes.
E) somal cells.

Question 49

Placental functions are concentrated in a disc-shaped area in the endometrium called the

A) trophoblast.
B) allantois.
C) capsular decidua.
D) basal decidua.
E) parietal decidua.

Question 50

The part of the endometrium that covers the implanted embryo and lacks chorionic villi is the

A) parietal decidua.
B) albicans decidua.
C) functional decidua.
D) capsular decidua.
E) basal decidua.

Question 51

Blood flows from the fetus to the placenta through paired

A) umbilical vein.
B) iliac veins.
C) umbilical arteries.
D) uterine veins.
E) uterine arteries.

Question 52

In ________, implantation occurs somewhere other than in the uterus.

A) ectopic pregnancy
B) hydramnios
C) placenta previa
D) abortion
E) spontaneous abortion

Question 53

Where in the embryo does mesoderm first appear?

A) between the cell layers of the inner cell mass
B) within the blastocoele
C) in the chorionic villi
D) above the epiblast
E) around the trophoblast

Question 54

The ________ is the portion of the endometrium not in contact with the chorion.

A) trophoblast
B) allantois
C) capsular decidua
D) functional decidua
E) parietal decidua

Question 55

The umbilical cord contains the yolk sac, the placental blood vessels and the

A) chorionic villi.
B) allantois.
C) amnion.
D) chorion.
E) decidua.

Question 56

Oxygenated blood from the placenta returns to the fetus in the

A) allantois.
B) umbilical vein.
C) umbilical arteries.
D) decidua capsularis.
E) umbilical capillaries.

Question 57

The processes that occur in the pre-embryonic period are

A) cleavage and implantation.
B) cleavage and placentation.
C) implantation and placentation.
D) implantation and embryogenesis.
E) placentation and embryogenesis.

Question 58

Which embryonic germ layer forms the brain and spinal cord?

A) ectoderm
B) endoderm
C) trophoderm
D) epiderm
E) mesooderm

Question 59

The extraembryonic membrane that forms the fetal portion of the placenta is the

A) yolk sac.
B) amnion.
C) allantois.
D) chorion.
E) decidua.

Question 60

The hollow cavity within the blastocyst is the

A) blastula.
B) gastrula.
C) blastocoele.
D) trophoblast.
E) ootid.

Question 61

Figure 29-2 Fetus at 10 Weeks
Use Figure 29-2 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "4."

A) amnion
B) chorion
C) basal decidua
D) placenta
E) endometrium

Question 62

The inner cellular layer of trophoblast that remains intact inside the blastocyst is termed the

A) morula.
B) cytotrophoblast.
C) synctiotrophoblast.
D) lacunae.
E) amnion.

Question 63

The embryo becomes a fetus at

A) the end of the first week.
B) the end of the second week.
C) the end of the eighth week.
D) the end of the second trimester.
E) the end of the third trimester.

Question 64

The processes that occur in the embryonic period are

A) cleavage and implantation.
B) cleavage and placentation.
C) implantation and placentation.
D) implantation and embryogenesis.
E) placentation and embryogenesis.

Question 65

Figure 29-1 Early Human Development
Use Figure 29-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the process occurring at the structure labeled "13."

A) fertilization
B) ovulation
C) implantation
D) migration
E) gastrulation

Question 66

Figure 29-1 Early Human Development
Use Figure 29-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structures labeled "6."

A) polar bodies
B) cytotrophoblast
C) blastomeres
D) syncytiotrophoblast
E) trophoblast

Question 67

Figure 29-2 Fetus at 10 Weeks
Use Figure 29-2 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "6."

A) umbilical cord
B) placenta
C) basal decidua
D) amnion
E) parietal decidua

Question 68

The primary nutrient source for early embryonic development that later becomes an important site for bloodformation is the

A) amniotic fluid.
B) placenta.
C) basal decidua.
D) umbilical vein.
E) yolk sac.

Question 69

Figure 29-1 Early Human Development
Use Figure 29-1 to answer the following questions:
What is the developmental fate of "9"?

A) forms the embryo
B) forms the trophoblast
C) forms the chorion
D) forms the placenta
E) forms the parietal decidua

Question 70

Figure 29-2 Fetus at 10 Weeks
Use Figure 29-2 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "3."

A) umbilical cord
B) placenta
C) basal decidua
D) capsular decidua
E) yolk sac

Question 71

Figure 29-1 Early Human Development
Use Figure 29-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the stage labeled "8."

A) zygote
B) early morula
C) blastomere
D) trophoblast
E) advanced morula

Question 72

Figure 29-1 Early Human Development
Use Figure 29-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the stage labeled "12."

A) zygote
B) early morula
C) blastocyst
D) trophoblast
E) late morula

Question 73

Figure 29-2 Fetus at 10 Weeks
Use Figure 29-2 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "2."

A) basal decidua
B) chorion
C) amnion
D) placenta
E) endometrium

Question 74

The uterine epithelium is broken down by the enzyme,

A) hyaluronidase.
B) acrosin.
C) urase.
D) proteoglycan.
E) relaxin.

Question 75

Which of the following statements about the first trimester is false?

A) The events that occur during the first trimester are very complex.
B) Only about 40 percent of conceptions survive the first trimester.
C) During this trimester, cleavage, implantation, placentation and embryogenesis occur.
D) The fetus gains the most weight during the first trimester.
E) It consists of 10 developmental weeks.

Question 76

The uterine epithelium is broken down by which structure of the blastocyst?

A) allantois
B) cytotrophoblast
C) syncytiotrophoblast
D) blastocoele
E) amnion

Question 77

Figure 29-2 Fetus at 10 Weeks
Use Figure 29-2 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "8."

A) amnion
B) chorion
C) basal decidua
D) placenta
E) capsular decidua

Question 78

The separation between the inner cell mass and the trophoblast forms a fluid-filled chamber called the

A) chorion.
B) yolk sac.
C) allantois.
D) amniotic cavity.
E) placenta.

Question 79

The epidermis and accessory structures of skin form from which germ layer?

A) endoderm
B) mesoderm
C) epiderm
D) ectoderm
E) trophoderm

Question 80

Figure 29-2 Fetus at 10 Weeks
Use Figure 29-2 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "7."

A) amnion
B) chorion
C) basal decidua
D) placenta
E) endometrium