Deck 3: Evolution and Genetics

Question 1

Epigenetics refers to changes in

A) genes from one generation to the next.
B) the heritability of traits and behaviors.
C) the mechanisms that turn genes on and off.
D) the ways information can be acquired.

Answer 1

the mechanisms that turn genes on and off.

Question 2

Mendel's first law states that for a recessive trait to appear, both nondominant elements must be present; this is also know as the law of

A) independent assortment.
B) recombination.
C) segregation.
D) transmission.

Answer 2

segregation.

Question 3

Each strand of DNA consists of _____ types of nucleotides.

A) 2
B) 4
C) 8
D) 16

Answer 3

4

Question 4

Lactose intolerance is one example of how

A) culture can produce a shift in the genetics of a population.
B) diet can have a direct impact on a person's genes.
C) environment is much more important than genetics.
D) mutations generally lead to negative consequences.

Question 5

Homeotic, or Hox, genes control

A) mating behaviors and sexual orientation.
B) social behavior such as grooming.
C) the timing of development of body parts.
D) transitory changes in behavior.

Question 6

One complicated type of inheritance pattern is _____, in which a phenotype is expressed that is in between the two alleles.

A) codominance
B) incomplete dominance
C) linkage
D) pleiotropy

Question 7

The single cell that is produced by the union of a sperm cell and an egg cell is called a(n)

A) allele
B) chromatid
C) gamete
D) zygote

Question 8

The production of gametes requires that the DNA be replicated and the diploid number of chromosomes reduced to haploid; this process is called

A) meiosis.
B) mitosis.
C) recombination.
D) transcription.

Question 9

The concept of gene expression refers to the fact that genes

A) can be turned on and off.
B) can have an effect on emotions.
C) encode proteins, not behaviors.
D) produce behavioral outcomes.

Question 10

_____ is the situation in which non-identical alleles produce two separate phenotypes at the same time; an example is AB blood type.

A) assortment
B) codominance
C) linkage
D) segregation

Question 11

When a person has two copies of the same allele, they are said to be _____ for that allele.

A) diploid
B) haploid
C) heterozygous
D) homozygous

Question 12

The phenotype represents the

A) complete set of human genes.
B) environment in which genes are expressed.
C) observed traits of the individual.
D) traits inherited through the sperm and the egg.

Question 13

The DNA synthesis of RNA is called

A) transcription.
B) transference.
C) translation.
D) transmission.

Question 14

The structure of DNA in chimpanzees and humans is about _____% the same.

A) 3
B) 15
C) 85
D) 97

Question 15

Until Landsteiner's discovery of _____, it was not known why some individuals died from transfusions.

A) antigens
B) blood typing
C) codominance
D) immunity

Question 16

Females carry two copies of the X chromosome, whereas males carry

A) one X and one Y.
B) only an X.
C) only a Y.
D) two Y chromosomes.

Question 17

When one encounters genes that violate Mendel's second law, it suggests that they reside close together on the same chromosome. This phenomenon is referred to as

A) assortment.
B) linkage.
C) recombination.
D) segregation.

Question 18

The job of a gene is to encode the production of a(n)

A) behavior.
B) organism.
C) protein.
D) trait.

Question 19

Sickle cell anemia is a classic example of _____, a process whereby two or more phenotypes can be influenced by a single gene.

A) codominance
B) karyotype
C) linkage
D) pleiotropy

Question 20

Although sickle cell anemia can cause a variety of physiological problems, its presence also confers a resistance to

A) cholera.
B) HIV.
C) malaria.
D) measles.

Question 21

The _____ can sometimes be used to trace the ancestry of an individual. One famous example of this Genghis Khan.

A) mtDNA
B) Punnett square
C) telomere
D) Y chromosome

Question 22

_____ carry the instructions that direct the expression of particular traits.

Question 23

The "central dogma" of molecular biology states that genes

A) are carried on chromosomes.
B) are not changed by experience.
C) can express more than one phenotype.
D) do not exist to give us diseases.

Question 24

Research suggests that fathers who smoked early in life are more likely to have sons with heavier weight at age 9. This is an example of _____ inheritance.

A) epigenetic
B) Lamarckian
C) Mendelian
D) mitochondrial

Question 25

_____ examines generations of families and looks for the association betwee particular DNA marker alleles and particular traits, commonly done for psychological and physiological disorders that run in families, such as depression or bipolar disorder.

A) correlational analysis
B) factor analysis
C) linkage analysis
D) psychoanalysis

Question 26

Each of the approximately 20,000 human genes occurs at a specific site, called a(n) _____, on one of our 24 different pairs of chromosomes.

Question 27

Using twin studies, personality factors such as extraversion have been shown to have a _____% contribution of genetic factors.

A) 10
B) 25
C) 50
D) 75

Question 28

A sequence of three bases along a single RNA strand is called a _____.

Question 29

Mendel learned that the inheritance of one trait is not affected by the inheritance of another trait; this is known as Mendel's second law, or the law of _____.

Question 30

_____ are structures within a cell that are involved in the production of energy. It is assume they descended from bacteria that began to live inside single-celled organisms more than a billion years ago.

A) alleles
B) chromatids
C) mitochondria
D) telomeres

Question 31

A common method of diagramming the probable inheritance of dominant and recessive traits is the _____ method.

Question 32

The process of cell division is called _____; during this process, each chromosome is first replicated to form identical pairs that are joined at the centromere.

Question 33

When the later genetics of a larger population can be traced to a limited number of individuals, this is referred to as a _____ effect.

A) founder
B) isolation
C) migrant
D) segration

Question 34

Jack and Jill are twins. Which of the following statements about them is correct?

A) They can be either monozygotic or dizygotic.
B) They cannot be dizygotic.
C) They must be dizygotic.
D) They must be monozygotic.

Question 35

A DNA molecule along with the proteins that are attached to it is called a(n) _____.

Question 36

The complete set of human genes is referred to as the _____.

Question 37

Sperm cells and egg cells are collectively known as _____.

Question 38

The _____ consists of what is inherited through the sperm and the egg at the moment of conception.

Question 39

Which of the following has NOT been demonstrated by mitochondrial DNA analysis?

A) All humans have a common female ancestor.
B) Dogs were domesticated from wolves 15,000 years ago.
C) Neandertals and early humans may have mated.
D) Neandertals are not closely related to humans.

Question 40

As a result of _____, the chromosomes of gamete cells is not identical to the parent cell.

Question 41

Explain the inheritance pattern of mitochondrial DNA. Discuss how mtDNA has been used to trace the evolutionary past. What are some of the findings from this research?

Question 42

The ends of the chromosome are called the

Question 43

The _____ represents the observed traits of the individual, including morphology, physiology, and behavior.

Question 44

Compare and contrast the two forms of cell division, mitosis and meiosis.

Question 45

_____ is a situation in which alleles of one gene mask the expression of another gene's alleles such that an expected phenotype does not appear.

Question 46

Describe the structure and function of DNA and RNA. Explain how these structures are involved in gene expression. What are some metaphors for DNA?

Question 47

Because the X and Y chromosomes are different and do not contain identical genes, this sets up the possibility for transmission of traits that can be different for males and females; this is known as _____. An example of this is color blindness, which is much more common in men than in women.

Question 48

_____ is the process whereby the RNA determines the sequence of amino acids in the building of a protein.

Question 49

_____ refers to the possibility that individuals with different genotypes may respond to the same environment in different ways.

Question 50

Explain Mendel's two laws. What are some examples of genetic inheritance that violate Mendel's laws.

Question 51

Because _____ does not recombine, it is very stable and mutates very slowly; thus, it is possible to use it to trace evolutionary time over the generations.

Question 52

The _____ is a way of representing the chromosomal contents of a cell, including the number of chromosomes followed by a description of the sex chromosomes.

Question 53

The pinched-in region of the chromosome is called the _____.

Question 54

What is behavioral genetics? Explain how twin and generational studies are used to study this. What are some of the major findings?