Deck 6: Culture and Diversity

Question 1

The knowledge,rules,traditions,and attitudes that guide behavior in a particular group of people represent the ________ of that group.

Answer 1

culture

Question 2

The commonly used index of wealth,power,and influence is ________.

Answer 2

socioeconomic status (SES)

Question 3

Individuals who belong to a resistance culture

A)refuse to adopt the behaviors and attitudes of the majority culture.
B)are more likely to come from a high socioeconomic background.
C)are denied most social services in the United States.
D)are likely to hide their cultural norms and values.

Answer 3

refuse to adopt the behaviors and attitudes of the majority culture.

Question 4

Which one of the following variables is MOST likely to correlate positively and highest with children's school achievement?

A)Ethnicity of the family
B)Level of the parents' education
C)Parents' attitudes toward education
D)Total family income

Question 5

Identify some of the factors that may lead low-income students to perform less well in school than middle-income students with the same abilities.

Question 6

Socioeconomic status (SES)is positively correlated with school achievement.

Question 7

The majority of poor children in the schools of the United States are African-American.

Question 8

The outcomes of the Brown vs.Board of Education case relative to the original goals for the ruling are generally viewed today as

A)favorable for minorities who are high in SES.
B)highly negative.
C)highly successful.
D)only slightly successful.

Question 9

Ivan is a male Caucasian of Russian heritage who is living in an upper-middle-class neighborhood.Knowing this information would give his teacher

A)accurate data about the types of interventions that Ivan needs.
B)motivation for creating a self-fulfilling prophecy.
C)nothing of value for understanding Ivan's needs.
D)some useful information about how Ivan is likely to behave.

Question 10

Which one of the following student situations is predictive of tracking practices?

A)Andy,who continued to be a low achiever throughout grade school,remains in school after reaching the age of 16.
B)Marie,who was placed in the low reading group in the third grade,is counseled in the eighth grade into home economics instead of beginning algebra.
C)Sylvia,who experienced considerable academic success in elementary school,is admitted to a prestigious university on an athletic scholarship.
D)Vincent,who was accelerated from second to fourth grade because of his outstanding ability test score,had difficulty with social interaction in high school.

Question 11

Differences in cultural values as well as the dangers of neighborhoods may make the strategy of less parental control both appropriate and useful for children's learning.

Question 12

Researchers generally believe that differences between ethnic groups in cognitive abilities occur primarily as a result of

A)biases inherent in most standardized tests.
B)different experiences in and out of school.
C)different levels of motivation among the groups.
D)natural abilities of the various groups.

Question 13

Which one of the following statements is technically TRUE regarding the term minority group?

A)It is a category composed of people who have biologically transmitted traits.
B)It is a term that refers to a numerical minority compared to the total population.
C)It refers to a group of people who receives unequal or discriminatory treatment.
D)The number of these groups is decreasing slightly in nearly every one of the states.

Question 14

Membership in what cultural group is the best predictor of cultural differences?

A)Ethnicity
B)Gender
C)Race
D)Social class

Question 15

According to Woolfolk,what is the relationship between socio-economic status and school achievement?

A)There is no relationship between socioeconomic status and school achievement.
B)Socioeconomic status and school achievement are moderately related.
C)There is a stronger relationship between socioeconomic status and school achievement for children from urban areas compared to rural areas.
D)There is a very strong and positive correlation between socioeconomic status and school achievement.

Question 16

According to Woolfolk,what percentage of American children live in extreme poverty ($11,025 annual family income)?

A)20%
B)less than 3%
C)9%
D)30%

Question 17

The rules and traditions that guide the behavior of a group comprise its

A)culture.
B)ethnic heritage.
C)racial identity.
D)social status.

Question 18

Mark decides that he doesn't want to be like the "rich kids who sell themselves out to the system." Accordingly,he prides himself on not learning what the school is trying to teach.Which of the following concepts best characterizes his behavior?

A)Academic anti-socialization
B)Learned helplessness
C)Resistance culture
D)Tracking

Question 19

The practice of assigning students to different classes based on their achievement is referred to as_____.

Question 20

The number of minority group students in the United States has been increasing steadily over the years.

Question 21

Differences between males and females in cognitive abilities are

A)attributed more to genetic than environmental factors.
B)considered to be very small and insignificant.
C)reported to be larger today than was the case in earlier studies.
D)small in the past decade but steadily increasing.

Question 22

One way of inoculating students against stereotype threats is to

A)be assertive about defining success as "uncool."
B)believe that intelligence can be improved.
C)disidentify from success in academics.
D)psychologically disengage from success in academics.

Question 23

A socially constructed category based on appearances and ancestry is referred to as __________.

Question 24

Mr.Kennedy,a middle-class Caucasian teacher,assigns lower grades when evaluating the work of two Native American students in his high-school physics class than he does for comparable work from other students.The most valid interpretation of Mr.Kennedy's behavior is that he appears to

A)be conforming to conventional ethnic values.
B)be demonstrating a laissez-faire personality.
C)have a negative schema regarding Native Americans.
D)mistrust people who are culturally inferior.

Question 25

According to research evidence,which of the following statements about gender differences is TRUE?

A)Females are more likely than males to initiate comments in college classes.
B)Gender differences in social and cognitive abilities are large.
C)Public school teachers tend to interact more with boys than with girls.
D)Textbooks today tend to be free of gender stereotypes.

Question 26

Barbara has a strong feminine identity,whereas Charles has a strong masculine identity.However,Alex's identity tends to be more androgynous.Based on research on gender-role identities,it would be predicted that Alex is likely to

A)be relatively forceful and competitive compared to the others.
B)have higher self-esteem than Barbara.
C)have lower self-esteem than either Barbara or Charles.
D)have low masculine and feminine traits compared to others.

Question 27

The term gender is associated with judgments influenced by culture and

A)androgynous characteristics.
B)biological differences.
C)context.
D)schemas.

Question 28

As opposed to the term prejudice,the term discrimination refers to

A)attitudes.
B)beliefs.
C)behavior.
D)feelings.

Question 29

Studies of educational discrimination against minority ethnic groups today show that

A)African-American and Hispanic students are now entering science fields at close to the same rate as white students.
B)discrimination on the basis of minority and ethnicity has virtually been eliminated.
C)Hispanic and Asian students lose out on opportunities to enter science careers due to lack of interest.
D)there are still fewer opportunities for minority students to enter top-level professions.

Question 30

A group of people who are discriminated against by the dominant culture is called a(n)________ group by sociologists.

Question 31

Aronson and Fried identified "a social predicament rooted in the prevailing American image of African-Americans as intellectually inferior" as being a(n)________.

Question 32

What group of people has the most stereotyped notions of gender roles?

A)Elementary school children
B)College students
C)High school students
D)Preschool children

Question 33

What is the major reason for the development of prejudice?

A)Dislike of certain people or groups
B)Economic competition among different groups
C)Instinctive mistrust of people who are different
D)Learning cultural values

Question 34

In applying our knowledge of the differences in mathematical abilities between boys and girls,we should remember that

A)boys have superior mathematical skills compared to girls.
B)boys' skills are limited by their general cognitive abilities.
C)differences are based on averages,not on individual students.
D)girls tend to excel in math story problems compared to boys.

Question 35

Organized bodies of knowledge about groups of people that affect how we react to them are called ________.

Question 36

Differences among ethnic groups on tests of cognitive abilities are primarily the product of cultural mismatches,growing up in a low SES environment,or the legacy of ________.

Question 37

Which one of the following statements is TRUE?

A)Achieving a sexual orientation for gay and lesbian students is a two-stage process.
B)Most researchers agree that sexual identity is permanent.
C)One's sexual identity can change over the years.
D)Gay males are more likely to experience discomfort in their sexual identity compared to lesbians.

Question 38

What type(s)of learning approaches would be the most helpful in eliminating gender bias in the classroom?

A)Balance competitive and cooperative approaches.
B)Emphasize cooperative approaches.
C)Emphasize competitive approaches.
D)Use both approaches but emphasize competitive approaches.

Question 39

Which one of the following quotations MOST clearly represents the concept of stereotyping?

A)"Boys should line up to the right and girls to the left."
B)"If he's one of your friends,tell him not to apply."
C)"Matthew just doesn't seem interested in spelling."
D)"People from that region just aren't ambitious."

Question 40

Discrimination is the behavior that often accompanies the affective component (feelings,attitudes,etc. )called ________.

Question 41

Membership in a particular group determines behavior as well as increases the probability of certain types of behavior.

Question 42

In a study of the effects of a negative stereotype on college students' standardized test performances,similar results were found for both African-American and Caucasian students.

Question 43

The learning style of Native Americans appears to be

A)field-independent.
B)global,analytic.
C)global,visual.
D)reasoning by inference.

Question 44

Identify some of the factors that may lead low-income students to perform less well in school than middle-income students with the same abilities.

Question 45

Discrimination and prejudice are the same negative behaviors.

Question 46

Comparisons between males and females on mental ability tests generally show small or no differences.

Question 47

Participation structures in a classroom would generally dictate

A)grading policies,including alternative assessments as well as paper-pencil tests.
B)the student-teacher ratio in classrooms as well as extra-curricular activities.
C)when it is appropriate to talk to another student as well as to respond to the teacher.
D)whether the primary teaching method is lecture-recitation or discussion.

Question 48

Black and Hispanic individuals and women still make less than White males in science-related jobs.

Question 49

Research on African-American students suggests that the typical learning style of this group is

A)field-independent.
B)reflective.
C)verbal/analytic.
D)visual/global.

Question 50

Most children do not have a good sense of gender roles until they reach about age 10.

Question 51

Which of the following illustrations is characteristic of a culturally compatible classroom?

A)Mr.Buhr regularly demonstrated the correct procedures for borrowing school materials during his homeroom period.
B)Mr.Denver gave each biology student the same laboratory worksheet in order to determine what misconceptions in handling a microscope could be identified.
C)Ms.Hayes assigned an article on euthanasia for her social studies class to read prior to their exam,although the topic had not been discussed.
D)Ms.Rosen organized her English class into homogeneous groups during small group discussions.

Question 52

Distinguish between race and ethnicity.Discuss how ethnic differences in teachers and students can influence school achievement.

Question 53

According to Borman and Overman (2004),teachers can do the following to create resilient classrooms:

A)increase class size so that students can build up a tolerance to challenging circumstances.
B)set the learning goals for the students.
C)provide a safe and orderly classroom and develop positive teacher-student relationships.
D)focus mostly on test scores so that students can experience academic self-efficacy.

Question 54

The prevailing view regarding the use of learning styles research for identifying ethnic group differences is that such information

A)has very little validity and,therefore,should be ignored by teachers.
B)is both highly valid and valuable and should be recognized by teachers.
C)needs to be considered cautiously as it may promote stereotyping.
D)promotes the idea that ethnic groups in the U.S.are more similar than different.

Question 55

Many researchers believe the academic goals set for children from low socio-economic backgrounds are too low and focus on basic skills.

Question 56

Define gender bias and describe how it has been expressed in school.

Question 57

Gender differences in mathematics achievement are generally the same for all racial groups.

Question 58

Segregation was declared illegal by the Brown vs.Board of Education of Topeka ruling.

Question 59

The latest research on African American boys reveals that improving their ______________ can help close the achievement gap.

Question 60

Resilient children not only survive in difficult times,they also

A)are less likely to need social or emotional support.
B)lack strong family support systems.
C)maintain a positive outlook even though they lack confidence in their own abilities.
D)thrive in spite of the difficult circumstances.

Question 61

Discuss the assumptions and goals of multicultural education.

Question 62

Many researchers believe the academic goals set for children from low socioeconomic backgrounds are too low and focus on basic skills.

Question 63

The pragmatics of a classroom involve differentiative activity rules that are called participation structures.

Question 64

According to Woolfolk,results from learning styles research are generally considered highly valid for adapting instruction to culturally diverse groups.

Question 65

Discuss major findings from learning styles research regarding Hispanic,African-American,and Native American students.Specifically,what types of learning styles appear dominant or more common for each of these groups?

Question 66

The purposes of creating culturally compatible classrooms are to lessen ethnic prejudice,racism,and sexism and,at the same time,provide equal opportunities for all students.

Question 67

Culturally relevant pedagogy is a method that has been used successfully with students of color and students in poverty.

Question 68

David knows exactly when he should take part in a certain classroom activity.David has an understanding of the classroom's participation structures.

Question 69

Cannon Elementary School has always held a school-wide Christmas show.The school is in a suburb of a large city and draws from a diverse,multicultural student population.While the Christmas show has always been presented without incident,this year four sets of parents of different religious orientations complain that they feel it is inappropriate for their children to be singing songs that celebrate a particular faith (Christianity).All indicate that they enjoy the holiday season;their objection is with the religious aspect.
What are some things schools and teachers can do in this instance to accommodate cultural diversity?

Question 70

Resilient children typically have parents who are supportive but have low expectations of their success.

Question 71

According to James Banks,the notion that all students,regardless of race or background,should have equal opportunities to learn in school is directly supported by the ________ education movement.

Question 72

Cannon Elementary School has always held a school-wide Christmas show.The school is in a suburb of a large city and draws from a diverse,multicultural student population.While the Christmas show has always been presented without incident,this year four sets of parents of different religious orientations complain that they feel it is inappropriate for their children to be singing songs that celebrate a particular faith (Christianity).All indicate that they enjoy the holiday season;their objection is with the religious aspect.
What would you say to these parents? Explain why you would give these answers.

Question 73

Both traditional and ethnocentric approaches should be emphasized in multicultural education.