Deck 1: The Science of Mind the Discipline of Psychology

Question 1

Psychology as a hub science tells us that ____.

A)psychological research is well funded
B)the general population is intrigued by the study of human behavior
C)psychology is one of the oldest disciplines
D)many disciplines require an in-depth understanding of people

Answer 1

many disciplines require an in-depth understanding of people

Question 2

Philosophers and psychologists have a shared interest in,among other things,______.

A)helping others gain self-confidence
B)anatomy of the nervous system
C)the scientific method
D)the origin of knowledge

Answer 2

the origin of knowledge

Question 3

A doctor notices that many soldiers returning from fighting in the trenches in World War I are highly anxious,fearful of loud noises,and having difficulty reconnecting with their families.He asks them to record personal observations of their own thoughts,feelings,and behaviors in a journal.This process is called ____.

A)extroversion
B)transference
C)objectivism
D)introspection

Answer 3

introspection

Question 4

Which of the following is not a shared interest between philosophers and psychologists?

A)The relative balance of biological factors and environmental factors
B)The relationships between drug treatments and disorders
C)The relationships between self-interest and community welfare
D)The relationships between body and mind

Question 5

The scientific study of behavior,mental processes,and brain functions is called ____.

A)introspection
B)psychology
C)behaviorism
D)functionalism

Question 6

The word psychology is a combination of two Greek words: psyche (or psuche),meaning "the soul," and logos,meaning "the ____."

A)law of
B)expression of
C)study of
D)representation of

Question 7

The major precept of the British philosophical school of empiricism was that

A)the "mind" and the "body" are two separate and disconnected entities.
B)human beings are generally good and innately move in positive directions.
C)research is not at all valuable unless there are appropriate statistics to support the conclusions.
D)the mind is a "blank slate" at birth that gets filled with ideas gained by observing the world.

Question 8

It is difficult for others to confirm an individual's subjective introspections;therefore,this approach does not lend itself well to ____.

A)psychoanalysis
B)the scientific method
C)case studies
D)cognitive therapy

Question 9

New and innovative methods have allowed psychologists to observe brain activity and revisit questions of mental processes.What quality was introduced to psychological research through the use of these methods?

A)Objectivity
B)Subjectivity
C)Generalizability
D)Conclusiveness

Question 10

Which early figure in psychology determined that signals from the toe took longer to reach the brain than signals from the thigh?

A)Aristotle
B)James
C)Helmholtz
D)Fechner

Question 11

The psychology family tree includes two major roots: ____.

A)biology and philosophy
B)medicine and the social sciences
C)anthropology and physics
D)philosophy and the natural sciences

Question 12

Although the bulk of psychology focuses on human behavior,studying animal behavior has been an essential part of the discipline that allows for ____.

A)making essential comparisons with humans
B)understanding animal-human interactions
C)understanding behavior from an evolutionary standpoint
D)designing better psychoanalytical therapies

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the mind?

A)The basis of rational thought
B)The hidden instinctual self
C)The embodiment of the soul
D)A way of talking about the activities of the brain,including thought,emotion,and behavior

Question 14

LaKeita is randomly presenting sounds to Monica and Monica is responding "yes" when she hears the sound and "no" if she doesn't hear the sound.LaKeita states that the point at which Monica is correct 50% of the time means that the tone is within the range of human hearing.LaKeita's research is most similar to that of which early figure in psychology?

A)Fechner
B)Helmholtz
C)Freud
D)Wundt

Question 15

The discipline that began to incorporate physiological and psychological concepts into their work,is called ____.

A)psychology
B)history
C)science
D)philosophy

Question 16

Rosa,a doctoral student in psychology,observes that one of her young study participants grimaces after taking a bite of broccoli.His facial expression is an example of ____.

A)a psychosomatic response
B)a behavior
C)an integrated mental process
D)introspection

Question 17

The mapping done by Boyack and colleagues shows that psychology is one of the major hub sciences,with strong connections to the ____.

A)medical sciences,the social sciences,and education
B)humanities,education,and the medical sciences
C)social sciences,the medical sciences,and the humanities
D)medical sciences,education,and philosophy

Question 18

Kevin Boyack and his colleagues generated a map of sciences,similar to a map of friendship networks on social media,by using ____.

A)the number of doctoral dissertations in each field
B)the titles of journal articles
C)reference lists in journal articles
D)search terms related to psychology

Question 19

New technologies of the 17th and 18th centuries included all of the following except ____.

A)the microscope
B)the electroencephalograph
C)the telescope
D)the calculator

Question 20

Any science that studies the __________ events that occur in nature is called a natural science.

A)spiritual and religious
B)physical and biological
C)applied and practical
D)developmental and static

Question 21

Dr.Jones is an archaeologist who studies the skulls of human beings who lived thousands of years ago.He has found that many such skulls had circular holes where part of the skull was missing,and reads that this may have been a form of medical treatment called trepanation.Dr.Jones also concludes that some of these patients must have survived this surgical procedure.Which evidence would support this conclusion?

A)Drawings and photographs of people who survived the procedure living with a reduction in their symptoms
B)Writings that were preserved from those who underwent and survived the procedure
C)The existence of cracks leading up to and surrounding the surgical skull hole
D)Growth of the skull bones after the procedure

Question 22

Jake trips;he knocks his elbow against the edge of the door jamb while simultaneously stubbing his toe on a chair.Based on the work of von Helmholtz's,which of the following is likely to occur?

A)The intensity of the elbow pain is greater than that of the toe pain.
B)The intensity of pain for both the toe and elbow is equal.
C)He experiences the elbow pain before the toe pain.
D)He experiences the toe and elbow pain instantaneously.

Question 23

Beginning in the 17th and 18th centuries,with new technologies including the light microscope,scientists began to make a series of important new discoveries showing that ____.

A)a single nerve cell carries one type of information
B)nerve cells use electrical impulses to transmit signals
C)the mind works in isolation from the rest of the body
D)chemical messengers facilitate communication in the brain

Question 24

While writing a research paper examining the theoretical view of Wilhelm Wundt,Jackson notes that Wundt felt that the mind constructs an overall perception ____.

A)based on prior life experiences
B)based on its relationship to evolutionary survival
C)by perceiving complete forms within their context
D)out of building blocks made up of separate sensations and emotional responses

Question 25

Titchener's approach to psychology paralleled which of the following trends of his day?

A)The development of graduate programs in mathematics
B)The movement for women's suffrage in American politics
C)Efforts in chemistry to break molecules into elements
D)The use of light in Impressionist art

Question 26

The first true psychologist was ____.He was a research assistant to Hermann von Helmholtz,conducted the first documented psychological experiment,and established a psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig.

A)Edward Titchener
B)Wilhelm Wundt
C)Max Wertheimer
D)Kurt Koffka

Question 27

Ancient people might have used a technique of ________________ for a variety of ailments including headaches,seizures,or psychological disorders.

A)talking therapy
B)partial smothering
C)drilling holes in the skull
D)dietary management

Question 28

Which of the following is the best summary of how the study of psychology moved away from the study of philosophy?

A)Psychology explores individual rather than global phenomena.
B)Psychology employs the scientific method.
C)Psychology is interested in the use of therapeutic techniques.
D)Psychology explores the roots of abnormal behaviors.

Question 29

Which of the following best describes how contemporary psychology views the mind?

A)Sam was just born smart,though no one else in his family seems to share his intelligence.
B)Sam must have gotten the "smart gene" from his mother: He never studies but gets good grades.
C)Sam was sent to the best schools and thus became a highly intelligent individual.
D)Sam was alert and responsive as a baby,studied diligently in school,and was admitted to a top-ranked college.

Question 30

In what way did ancient physicians contribute to contemporary psychology?

A)By helping develop the scientific method
B)By studying hormone imbalances
C)By developing diagnostic tools
D)By studying astrology

Question 31

The first official psychological experiment involved ____.

A)observing the behavior of cats when escaping puzzle boxes
B)measuring how quickly,after hearing a ball drop onto a platform,a person could respond by striking a telegraph key
C)the salivation of dogs in anticipation of food in response to the arrival of the handler
D)the use of a stroboscope to control the timing of the appearance of two black lines against a white background

Question 32

Wilhelm Wundt's student,Edward Titchener,developed an approach in which the mind is broken into the smallest elements of mental experience.What was this called?

A)Structuralism
B)Functionalism
C)Behaviorism
D)Humanism

Question 33

American political thought was profoundly influenced by ____.

A)behaviorism
B)psychoanalysis
C)dualism
D)empiricism

Question 34

Hermann von Helmholtz's work on ____ provided further evidence that the mind had a physical basis.

A)dissection and human anatomy
B)the range of human hearing
C)the mind-body dichotomy
D)the speed of nerve conduction

Question 35

Brindel is a contemporary psychologist who has been examining the "nature versus nurture" question.Which of the following would she be most likely to conclude?

A)We are solely a product of our surroundings and environment.
B)The mind is a result of interactions between inborn characteristics and everyday experiences.
C)We are nothing more than the sum of our genes.
D)Psychology should not concern itself with this question,as neither nature nor nurture can be studied in a scientific manner.

Question 36

Contrary to popular belief during his time,the types of discoveries like Hermann von Helmholtz's work on nerve conduction convinced scientists that ____.

A)different brain regions work together to integrate information
B)specific regions of the brain control specific behaviors
C)nerve conduction is quick and in all practicality,instantaneous
D)the mind could be studied scientifically

Question 37

Most philosophers beginning with Aristotle commonly believed that all knowledge is ____.

A)gained through sensory experience
B)innate or inborn
C)built upon from simple schema present at birth
D)acquired by integrating environmental cues with innate skills

Question 38

Which of the following best describes the British empiricists' view of the mind?

A)Infants acquire language primarily by drawing from innate mechanisms.
B)Infants learn to process language entirely based on their experiences.
C)Infants with similar genetic backgrounds will acquire language at similar rates.
D)Infants are born with varying degrees of aptitude for acquiring language.

Question 39

Which of the following describes Wundt's use of introspection as an experimental technique?

A)The participants in his study focused on internal thoughts and feelings about their competence while performing a task.
B)The participants in his study drew from their internal thoughts and feelings as they described an object in detail.
C)The participants in his study pressed a telegraph key as soon as they heard a ball drop onto a platform,indicating their internal state.
D)The participants in his study used mental building block constructs to describe their perception of an object.

Question 40

The empiricist philosophers had a profound influence on the foundations of American political thought that

A)people are born evil.
B)people have to compete to survive.
C)people are born equal.
D)some people are born with title and privilege and other are born commoners.

Question 41

The letter B and the number 13 might appear to be very similar;in fact,the only real difference between them is the space between the left and right sides of each figure.Who would be most likely to describe this difference as being caused by the context of the letters or numbers that come before and after the image?

A)William,who is a functionalist
B)Max,who is a Gestalt psychologist
C)Ziggy,who is a psychoanalytic psychologist
D)Terry,who is a cognitive psychologist

Question 42

As part of their effort to measure behavior carefully,many behaviorists restricted their research to studies using ____.

A)animals
B)children
C)adults
D)males

Question 43

Watson changed the goal of psychology from Wundt's desire to understand consciousness to the ____.

A)explication of the unconscious
B)the study of observable behavior
C)understanding of cognition
D)analysis of the whole beyond the parts

Question 44

The group of early 20th century German psychologists who founded Gestalt psychology included Kurt Koffka,Max Wertheimer,and ____.

A)Wilhelm Wundt
B)William James
C)Wolfgang Köhler
D)Ulric Neisser

Question 45

An approach to psychology that features the study and careful measurement of observable behaviors is called ____.

A)functionalism
B)structuralism
C)behaviorism
D)humanism

Question 46

The Gestalt psychologists believed that breaking a "whole" perception into its building blocks,as advocated by the structuralists,would result in the loss of ____.

A)important psychological information
B)fundamental intellect
C)learned consciousness
D)irrational behaviors

Question 47

The salivation of dogs in Pavlov's experiments was significant because it ____.

A)emphasized conscious thought
B)demonstrated the ability to learn to anticipate future events as a survival advantage
C)indicated that intelligence is innate
D)demonstrated that the ability to smell food prior to its arrival is a highly developed sense

Question 48

Throughout his discussions of mental processes and behavior,James emphasized the role of ____.

A)environment
B)evolution
C)abandonment
D)nurture

Question 49

William James' impact on contemporary psychology is evidenced by the fact that functionalism ____.

A)was absorbed into mainstream psychology
B)became a separate discipline
C)bridged the gap between philosophy and psychology
D)bridged the gap between structuralism and Gestalt psychology

Question 50

In Thorndike's experiment on trial and error learning,the cat would escape a puzzle box faster and faster on progressive trials.In other words,the cat ____.

A)acquired faster nerve impulses on successive trials
B)became more physically fit
C)memorized the solution to the puzzle
D)repeated effective behaviors and abandoned ineffective ones

Question 51

Which leading behaviorist proposed the law of effect?

A)B.F.Skinner
B)John B.Watson
C)Noam Chomsky
D)Edward Thorndike

Question 52

Who is the American psychologist who proposed the functionalist approach and whose textbook,Principles of Psychology,dominated the field of psychology for 50 years after its publication?

A)Sigmund Freud
B)B.F.Skinner
C)Abraham Maslow
D)William James

Question 53

A leading behaviorist who first explored classical conditioning is ____.

A)Edward Thorndike
B)B.F.Skinner
C)John B.Watson
D)Ivan Petrovich Pavlov

Question 54

John B.Watson was ____.

A)part of the cognitive revolution
B)a leading humanist
C)a leading behaviorist
D)one of Freud's disciples

Question 55

Acknowledging that an experience is different from the sum of its elements is reflective of ____.

A)psychodynamic theory
B)Gestalt psychology
C)structuralism
D)functionalism

Question 56

Functionalism emerged partly in response to the publication of ____.

A)Great Expectations,by Charles Dickens
B)The Prince and the Pauper,by Mark Twain
C)The Origin of the Species,by Charles Darwin
D)Far from the Madding Crowd,by Thomas Hardy

Question 57

Which of the following most closely paraphrases Watson's views regarding human behavior?

A)Some children are born with artistic talent;others are not.
B)I can raise a child to be an artist if he or she has at least a small amount of talent and interest.
C)Very few children actually have the skill and discipline to become artists.
D)I can raise any child to be an artist,regardless of his or her tendencies.

Question 58

Which of the following proverbs best describes Gestalt theory?

A)A chain is only as strong as its weakest link.
B)The more things change,the more they stay the same.
C)A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.
D)The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

Question 59

Which of the following is least likely to be an example of classical conditioning?

A)A child hears a police siren for the first time and cries.
B)A whiff of perfume on a crowded subway triggers a memory of a prior love.
C)A dog sits upon sight or smell of a treat.
D)A former soldier cringes at the sound of an airplane overhead.

Question 60

What is the approach to psychology that saw behavior as purposeful and contributing to survival?

A)Behaviorism
B)Functionalism
C)Humanism
D)Structuralism

Question 61

Humanistic psychologists believed that ____.

A)human behavior is on a continuum with animal behavior
B)society acts to civilize humans who are otherwise innately selfish and aggressive
C)people behave badly only when corrupted by society
D)the true motivation for humans to be successful is to see others fail

Question 62

Which of the following refers to the very private and internal mental processes that the behaviorists avoided studying-information processing,thinking,reasoning,and problem solving?

A)Client-centered therapy
B)Self-actualization
C)Cognition
D)Study of the mind

Question 63

Skinner generalized his findings to complex human behaviors even though his subject pool was limited to ____.

A)rats and pigeons
B)children
C)graduate students
D)dogs and cats

Question 64

Which of the following best represents a cognitive approach to childhood language learning?

A)Children acquire language in response to parental approval.
B)Children are born with distinct physical features that facilitate learning the language of their parents.
C)Children are born with innate mechanisms for learning language.
D)Children acquire language in response to being understood.

Question 65

With the exception of occasional bursts of insight from the Egyptians and Greeks,the most common view of psychological disorders over the course of history has been that they ____.

A)originated in childhood from repressive parenting
B)resulted from the actions of evil spirits or other external,magical forces
C)originated from guilt for condemned behaviors
D)resulted from malfunctions of the human body

Question 66

Freud's psychodynamic theory and its applications to the treatment of psychological disorders dominated much of psychological thinking for the ____.

A)first half of the 19th century
B)second half of the 19th century
C)first half of the 20th century
D)second half of the 20th century

Question 67

Between the17th and 19th centuries,supernatural explanations for psychological disorders began to give way to two scientific approaches: ____.

A)functionalism and behaviorism
B)a cognitive model and a behavioral model
C)a medical model and a psychological model
D)psychodynamic theory and humanism

Question 68

Who is a leading cognitive psychologist?

A)Carl Rogers
B)Jean Piaget
C)Ulric Neisser
D)Edward Thorndike

Question 69

B.F.Skinner,a leading behaviorist who explored operant conditioning,believed that inner,private states such as thinking and feeling existed and ____.

A)should be analyzed based on introspection
B)viewed them as behaviors that followed the same rules as public behaviors
C)viewed them as behaviors that should be attended to through psychodynamic therapy
D)are a part of what makes a person inherently human and good

Question 70

A leading humanistic thinker who asked questions about what made a person "good" as opposed to Freud's focus on what goes wrong with people was ____.

A)Abraham Maslow
B)Alan Newell
C)Herbert Simon
D)Carl Rogers

Question 71

Which of the following statements is an example of humanistic influence?

A)Capital punishment serves a protective role in a liberal society.
B)"I hear what you're saying."
C)Parental love should mirror the behavior of the child.
D)"Do as I say,not as I do."

Question 72

By the 1950s,the behaviorists' disinterest in mental states and activity was challenged by scientists from diverse fields,including linguistics and computer science,leading to ____.

A)psychodynamic theory
B)client-centered therapy
C)a new appreciation of humanism
D)a cognitive revolution

Question 73

Carl Rogers,a leading humanist,developed the approach of ____.

A)psychoanalysis
B)cognitive therapy
C)behavioral therapy
D)client-centered therapy

Question 74

Who contributed ideas about the unconscious mind,the development of sexuality,dream analysis,psychological roots of abnormal behavior,personality,and therapy?

A)Abraham Maslow
B)Carl Rogers
C)Sigmund Freud
D)Noam Chomsky

Question 75

Which of the following is an application of Skinner's behaviorism?

A)Dr.Monson provides humane living conditions for the mice in his research laboratory.
B)Doug needs to lose a few pounds,and has a rule that if he eats a dessert,he must go for a 5-mile run.
C)Sandra is learning a new surgical procedure by observing several operations performed by other physicians.
D)Dylan is delaying vaccinations for his young son because of his concerns regarding autism.

Question 76

Many of the big questions tackled by behaviorists are now examined through the lens of the ____ perspective.

A)cognitive or biological
B)structural or historical
C)evolutionary or cross-cultural
D)psychodynamic or humanistic

Question 77

Edward has a fear of being contaminated when shaking hands with others,touching doorknobs,and being in crowded public spaces,such as subway cars.He washes his hands roughly 100 times a day.His doctor has recently prescribed an antidepressant to increase his level of serotonin.Which approach to psychological disorders does this exemplify?

A)The psychotherapeutic model
B)The medical model
C)The psychological model
D)The self-actualization model

Question 78

An approach to psychology that sees people as inherently good and motivated to learn and improve is called ____.

A)behaviorism
B)humanistic psychology
C)Freudian psychology
D)Gestalt psychology

Question 79

Valerie recently lost her sister to suicide.She is having difficulty sleeping,feels hopeless about the future,and is easily startled or frightened.Her doctor recommends that she participate in a discussion group led by a social worker to connect with others who are going through a similar experience.Which approach to psychological disorders does this exemplify?

A)The psychological model
B)The behavioral model
C)The self-actualization model
D)The medical model

Question 80

Which of the following statements about Freud's work is true?

A)His theories do not lend themselves to experimentation.
B)His patients were primarily working class men and therefore not representative of the broader population.
C)His theories were based exclusively on animal studies.
D)His psychoanalytic techniques are replicated in their original form today.