Deck 13: The Connected Mind Social Psychology

Question 1

A judgment about the cause of a person's behavior is called a(n)____.

A)correspondence
B)attribution
C)attitude
D)bias

Answer 1

attribution

Question 2

Which of the following is accurate regarding individualistic and collectivistic cultures?

A)Members of individualistic cultures tend to place more emphasis on situations than dispositions.
B)Members of collectivistic cultures are more likely to demonstrate the correspondence bias.
C)Members of individualistic societies are less likely to use defensive attributions,such as the self-serving bias.
D)Members of collectivistic cultures are more likely to show a group-serving bias.

Answer 2

Members of collectivistic cultures are more likely to show a group-serving bias.

Question 3

Early evolutionary pressures favored humans who ___________,and by doing so,sculpted much of the social behavior we observe today.

A)chose to associate with others
B)focused on the family unit
C)were more competitive with one another
D)exhibited strong emotional reactions

Answer 3

chose to associate with others

Question 4

What causes us to view a person's behavior as the result of his or her disposition,even when the behavior can be completely explained by the situation in which it occurs?

A)Dispositional attribution
B)Correspondence bias
C)The actor-observer bias
D)Situational attribution

Question 5

Anthony's best friend has applied for many jobs as an anatomic illustrator and received a few interviews,but has not had one job offer yet.Anthony believes that due to technological advances in anatomical imaging,finding a job may take his friend some time.His belief is an example of ____.

A)a situational attribution
B)the actor-observer bias
C)the self-serving bias
D)a dispositional attribution

Question 6

Which of the following is a defensive attribution?

A)Correspondence bias
B)Just-world belief
C)Situational attribution
D)Dispositional attribution

Question 7

A weakness in the notion of the fundamental attribution error is that

A)people ignore dispositional factors when making attributions.
B)in many cases we have ample evidence to make an attribution,but we ignore the evidence.
C)research support for the idea that situational factors are totally neglected when making attributions is lacking.
D)most people do not attribute behavior to either situational or dispositional factors.

Question 8

The just-world belief is illustrated in which of the following scenarios?

A)When Mickey is mugged at 3:30 in the morning,one of his friends thinks,"Well,what did he expect would happen if he was on the street at that time of night"?
B)Zell gets a promotion at work,and despite the fact that others wanted the job they are genuinely happy for him and throw him a congratulatory party.
C)Marita is a woman of strong faith,and when she is diagnosed with leukemia she prays for healing and for the strength to endure her illness.
D)Sharon has been working at a retail establishment for several years and has stolen small amounts of money from time to time.In spite of this,she has been promoted to assistant manager of the store.

Question 9

Javier's best friend was just placed on academic probation.Javier's first thought was,"I knew he lacked the self-discipline for college." Javier is illustrating ____.

A)the actor-observer bias
B)a situational attribution
C)a dispositional attribution
D)the self-serving bias

Question 10

How do we usually make quick assessments of others?

A)By focusing on a subset of traits and behaviors
B)By attempting to sum up the person as a whole
C)By evaluating as many key characteristics as possible
D)By looking for those traits similar to our own

Question 11

A murder would most likely be described as having a situational rather than a dispositional basis in which country?

A)The United States
B)England
C)Korea
D)France

Question 12

Benny received a C on his Psychology exam and an A on his Western Civilization exam.Which of the following would best reflect Benny's reasoning if he exhibited a self-serving bias?

A)His Psychology grade was because he was coming down with the flu and his Western Civilization grade was because the professor was an easy grader.
B)His Psychology grade was because he is not good with understanding abstract concepts and his Macroeconomics grade was because the professor was an easy grader.
C)His Psychology grade was because he was coming down with the flu and his Western Civilization grade was because he has an innate gift for understanding the past.
D)His Psychology grade was because he does not study and his Western Civilization grade was because the professor happened to ask the questions he studied the most.

Question 13

Since his divorce,Rodney has become increasingly cut off from his family,friends,and coworkers.If his doctor is well informed of the literature in this area,which of the following assessments is the doctor most likely to make?

A)I am not worried about Rodney's health.The chances are that he will make it through this year just fine.
B)I'm concerned with Rodney's health.Going through a divorce shares a risk of death comparable to high blood obesity and a sedentary lifestyle and is positively correlated with risk of suicide.
C)Rodney might be depressed,but he's unlikely to be in danger of becoming suicidal.Surprisingly,divorce is negatively correlated with the risk of suicide.
D)I will suggest to Rodney that he visualize the many possible paths in his future.Then he is likely to realize that things could always be worse.

Question 14

Which of the following reflects a problem that results from the self-serving bias?

A)Failure to learn from one's mistakes
B)Judging oneself too harshly
C)Low self-esteem
D)An increase in anxiety

Question 15

Delilah is participating in a speed dating evening for the first time.She spends 5 minutes with each partner,and in the process,she meets one man whom she would very much like to see again.How accurate is her assessment likely to be?

A)Inaccurate but persistent
B)Inaccurate and fleeting
C)Accurate and persistent
D)Accurate but fleeting

Question 16

During the economic downturn,Alejandro's neighbor,a successful accountant,lost his job and had to sell his house.Alejandro decided that this neighbor "must have really messed up at his workplace." This is an example of ____.

A)situational attribution
B)actor-observer bias
C)just-world belief
D)self-serving bias

Question 17

Jamie coaches a team of 10-year-old girls in softball.When they lost to their archrivals by a score of 7-2,the girls complained that the umpire was not fair and that they would have won if they had played on their home field.This is an example of ____.

A)correspondence bias
B)group-serving bias
C)just-world belief
D)self-serving bias

Question 18

Which ability most contributes to the strength and endurance of the human species?

A)Our ability to take full advantage of our physical equipment
B)Our ability to communicate,work together,and form alliances
C)Our ability to trust and be trusted
D)Our ability to instill fear in our enemies

Question 19

The assumption that good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people is called a(n)____.

A)just-world belief
B)actor-observer bias
C)situational attribution
D)self-serving bias

Question 20

People are likely to use faces to form impressions.According to research (Rule et al. ,2010),our abilities to shape accurate first impressions based on facial features ____.

A)are dependent on gender
B)decline with age
C)interact with culture
D)depend on visual acuity

Question 21

Micah's parents are very liberal in their politics and social attitudes.Whenever Micah expresses a highly conservative position,his parents react by taking away access to the savings they placed in his college fund.Their attempted method of shaping Micah's beliefs illustrates ____.

A)operant conditioning
B)observational learning
C)classical conditioning
D)cognitive dissonance

Question 22

A positive or negative evaluation that predisposes behavior toward an object,person,or situation is called a(n)____.

A)fixed action pattern
B)attitude
C)attribution
D)reflex

Question 23

Advertisers direct much advertising toward children and grocery stores place products appealing to children on lower shelves.Why?

A)Children are more likely than adults to respond to persuasive arguments emotionally rather than logically.
B)Children have an instinctive sense of the central route to persuasion.
C)Children are highly difficult to persuade,necessitating frequent exposure.
D)Children are more likely than adults to respond to persuasive arguments logically rather than emotionally.

Question 24

Efforts to persuade using negative emotions are very common.When are they likely to be most effective?

A)When negative consequences are depicted graphically
B)When listeners are jolted out of complacency by their anxiety
C)When they provide the most data to establish negative consequences
D)When listeners are given an action step that they can take to reduce their anxiety

Question 25

The elaboration likelihood model predicts responses to persuasive messages by distinguishing between ____.

A)central and peripheral routes to persuasion
B)left brain and right brain processing
C)simple and elaborate messages
D)primary and secondary exposure to information

Question 26

Cognitive dissonance,which focuses on conflicts between attitudes and behaviors,is part of a broader phenomenon called ____.

A)cognitive relevance
B)cognitive subjectivity
C)cognitive resolution
D)cognitive consistency

Question 27

Which form of communication is typically most effective in transmitting a persuasive message?

A)Advocacy websites
B)Opinion blogs
C)Print news
D)Face-to-face communication

Question 28

Which speaker is likely to be viewed as the most credible?

A)An athlete endorsing a hair-care product
B)A literature professor endorsing a financial management firm
C)A professor of water resources speaking on behalf of a community lacking safe water
D)A celebrity promoting his most recent film

Question 29

What level of support do brain imaging studies provide for cognitive dissonance?

A)No support
B)Ambiguous support
C)Preliminary support
D)Substantial support

Question 30

Michelle has always preferred standard,run-of-the-mill coffee;that is,until her sister encouraged her to try an organic,sweet caramel,nut and berry flavored Brazilian coffee.Now,she believes that she has been drinking the "wrong" kind of coffee most of her life.Which element of her attitude does this most reflect?

A)Affect
B)Cognition
C)Emotion
D)Behavior

Question 31

Ross,a college sophomore,has no clear preference for any of the candidates running for student body president.The students he admires most are campaigning for their fraternity brother,Henry.Ross decides to support Henry as well.This most reflects ____.

A)correspondence bias
B)classical conditioning
C)cognitive dissonance
D)a desire for social inclusion

Question 32

Melania has always wanted to go to college at MIT.She applied but was not accepted to MIT;however,she was accepted at Michigan Tech.At first,she was crushed,but then she started telling all her teachers and friends that "Michigan Tech is a far more interesting school." Her statement reflects an attempt to reduce ____.

A)cognitive dissonance
B)the actor-observer bias
C)social exclusion
D)social facilitation

Question 33

People are more likely to be persuaded by a message delivered by someone ____.

A)with whom they share some similarity
B)who is not highly attractive
C)who seems quite different from themselves
D)who seems unaffected by current trends

Question 34

What is the uncomfortable state that occurs when our outward behaviors and attitudes do not match?

A)Group polarization
B)Cognitive dissonance
C)Social exclusion
D)Deindividuation

Question 35

Decision making is simpler,faster,and less stressful when ____ exist(s)to serve as one's guide.

A)rational sense
B)genetic predispositions
C)attitudes
D)conscience

Question 36

Who is most likely to use the central route to respond to persuasive messages?

A)Emma,an anthropology major,who is taking an economics class pass/fail in order to fulfill a college requirement
B)Danielle,who notices an eye-catching billboard for a brand of beer as she drives on the highway to her grandparents' house
C)Jorge,who plans to attend a guest lecture on worldwide water shortages,a topic about which he has read a great deal
D)Nate,who attends a dharma talk with his girlfriend because she is interested in meditation

Question 37

In a research study on cognitive dissonance (van Veen,Krug,Schooler,& Carter,2009),one group of participants undergoing functional MRI was asked to describe the somewhat unpleasant scanner experience as pleasant.The other group was asked to describe it as neutral.Which part(s)of the brain showed higher levels of activity in the participants who made dissonant statements,as compared to those who made neutral statements?

A)Amygdala
B)Prefrontal cortex
C)Anterior cingulate cortex and insula
D)Cerebellum and pons

Question 38

Justin listens to a guest lecturer in his psychology class while he scans the sports news on his laptop.He thinks the speaker's argument makes a lot of sense based on her clear and measured way of speaking.Which form of peripheral cue is he using?

A)The message itself
B)The speaker's manner of presentation
C)His perceived similarities with the speaker
D)The characteristics of the speaker

Question 39

According to initial research regarding online communications (Lee,Park,Lee,& Cameron,2010),how are user-generated materials,such as blogs and reviews,viewed in comparison to formal news reports prepared by professional journalists?

A)They are viewed as less credible and accurate.
B)They are viewed as equally credible and accurate.
C)They are viewed as valid but not reliable.
D)They are viewed as reliable but not valid.

Question 40

Which of the following statements is true of using the peripheral route of persuasion?

A)It leads to attitudes that are more predictive of behavior.
B)It allows us to use heuristics.
C)It results in carefully thought out arguments.
D)It encourages attitudes that are more enduring.

Question 41

Dessa's soccer teammates want to play a prank on the rival stunt and cheer team before their game.Dessa is reluctant to participate,but does not want to be the only one who expresses disapproval of the plan.She goes along with the group.This scenario illustrates that conformity ____.

A)is useful in an ambiguous situation
B)is more time efficient for learning than trial-and-error methods
C)is preferable to thinking independently
D)reduces the risk of rejection by a social group

Question 42

How does your text define prejudice?

A)Biased and unjust behavior based on stereotyping and preconception
B)A prejudgment,usually negative,of another person on the basis of his or her membership in a group
C)An assumption that people generally get what they deserve and that,in this way,the world is fair
D)A simplified set of traits associated with membership in a group or category

Question 43

Rules for behavior in social settings,which are usually unwritten or unspoken,are called ____.

A)conventional behaviors
B)social norms
C)codes
D)customs

Question 44

What is the definition of conformity?

A)Agreement with a request from a person with no perceived authority
B)Unwritten or unspoken rules for behavior in social settings
C)Matching behavior and appearance to perceived social norms
D)Compliance with a request from an authority figure

Question 45

In a study (Eberhardt,Davies,Purdie-Vaughns,& Johnson,2006),participants rated stereotypical "Black features" in photographs and predicted the men's likelihood of being sentenced for murder based on these features.What sentence was most prevalent as the ratings of stereotypical "Black" features increased?

A)Life in prison when the victim was White
B)Life in prison when the victim was Black
C)The death penalty when the victim was White
D)The death penalty when the victim was Black

Question 46

Mrs.Martin,a physics teacher,is also the advisor to the high-school chess team.She sees that a new student,Mariah,has beaten their top player,David.She wonders whether David let Mariah win because she is so attractive.This is an example of maintaining a stereotype through ____.

A)viewing Mariah as an exception
B)dispositional attribution
C)correspondence bias
D)situational attribution

Question 47

Figure 13.7 in your text ("American Perceptions of Out-Groups")graphically illustrates the perception of various groups according to a)their level of warmth,and b)their level of competence.Which of the following groups rates the lowest in both?

A)Elderly
B)Welfare recipients
C)Gay men
D)The disabled

Question 48

Which of the following is likely to be most effective in reducing prejudice among two groups?

A)Increased contact of any kind between the groups
B)Increased contact between people of varying socioeconomic standing between the groups
C)Reduced contact between the groups
D)Increased contact between people of similar social standing in the groups

Question 49

According to Hart and colleagues (2000),when participants viewed faces from their own racial group in a study,what happened?

A)Activity in the amygdala was higher than when they viewed faces from another racial group.
B)Activity in the frontal lobes was higher than when they viewed faces from another racial group.
C)Activity in the frontal lobes was lower than when they viewed faces from another racial group.
D)Activity in the amygdala was lower than when they viewed faces from another racial group.

Question 50

Agreeing to a request from a person with no perceived authority is called ____.

A)obedience
B)compliance
C)conformity
D)subordinance

Question 51

Recognizing and reacting to individuals based on group affiliation was probably a very important skill for early hunter-gatherers,whose survival often depended on quickly identifying others as potential friends or foes.This categorization was made primarily on the basis of ____.

A)levels of competence
B)strength
C)physical appearance
D)levels of warmth

Question 52

What was a later critique or explanation of the events of the Stanford Prison Study?

A)Participants were influenced by the active participation of the principal investigator
B)Participants were influenced by the active participation of the principal investigator.
C)Participants' roles in the study overwhelmed their individuality.
D)Participants were too immature for the study,since prison guards in the United States must be at least 25 years of age.

Question 53

The "jigsaw classroom," originally designed to reduce racial tensions in newly desegregated school districts in the 1970s,demonstrates ____.

A)the effectiveness of cooperation in reducing prejudice
B)that working independently,but side by side,eliminates prejudice
C)the role of in-group thinking in reducing prejudice
D)that prejudice in the classroom no longer exists

Question 54

The biological and evolutionary processes that are involved with in-group/out-group differentiation ____.

A)do not make prejudice inevitable or acceptable
B)can be eradicated with environmental restraints
C)will likely increase with the growing global community
D)make prejudice somewhat inevitable and understandable

Question 55

Selena,a research scientist,is developing a study of prejudice.Which of the following would be most useful as an implicit measure of prejudice?

A)Association of positive terms with White faces and negative terms with Black faces
B)Association of geographic locations with demographic groups
C)Patterns of higher education for Whites versus Blacks by age group
D)Patterns of hiring for White job candidates versus Black job candidates

Question 56

A simplified set of traits associated with membership in a group or category is called ____.

A)prejudice
B)discrimination
C)a bias
D)a stereotype

Question 57

Vanessa's father was an auto mechanic.She spent countless hours as a child by her dad's side,learning the ins and outs of his trade.There is no doubt that Vanessa is very competent in this field;however,she has applied to over 50 auto repair shops in her town and has not received one interview.Which of the following terms describes the most likely reason for this?

A)Stereotyping
B)Prejudice
C)Discrimination
D)Situational attribution

Question 58

Why was the Stanford Prison Study (Haney,Banks,& Zimbardo,1973)stopped well ahead of schedule?

A)Inappropriate behaviors by study participants
B)Early completion of the study
C)Lack of study design
D)Inappropriate behaviors by the principal investigator

Question 59

Which of the following is most accurate of stereotypes?

A)Stereotypes simplify complex categories into meaningful ones.
B)Stereotypes often contain an element of truth,but become inaccurate due to the information they exclude.
C)Stereotypes promote our valid desires to be viewed and treated as individuals.
D)Stereotypes are exclusive and prioritize the most prevalent characteristics.

Question 60

Raising awareness of a negative stereotype about a group to which we belong has the ability to reduce our performance,a phenomenon known as ____.

A)stereotype vulnerability
B)discrimination
C)stereotype threat
D)prejudicial performance

Question 61

Individual,gender,cultural,and task variables interact to produce social loafing.Who has the greatest potential for social loafing?

A)Diana is a female from a Western culture,enjoys intellectual challenges,and is writing a legal brief with a team.
B)Mei is a female from an Eastern culture and is preparing food for a large banquet with her extended family.
C)Yuanli is a male from an Eastern culture,enjoys intellectual tasks,and is preparing a report on legislative reform with his colleagues.
D)Robert is a male from a Western culture and is working in a group to pick up trash along the highway.

Question 62

Julia's contract indicates her work is due on Thursday at 5 p.m.On Wednesday,she asks her project manager if she can turn it in on Friday morning,to which her project manager agrees.On Thursday afternoon,she asks her project manager if she can hand her work in on Monday morning.What persuasive technique does this most resemble?

A)Bait-and-switch
B)Low-balling
C)Foot-in-the-door
D)Door-in-the face

Question 63

There is a natural tendency to comply in response to perceiving a social tie with another person due to powerful norms of ____.

A)familial loyalty
B)peer pressure
C)insecurity
D)reciprocation

Question 64

Janette goes into a car dealership to buy a new car.The salesperson works with her to find the right model,and she agrees to buy a new car for $25,250.Just when she is ready to pay,the salesperson walks away for a minute and then comes back to inform her that the car she was ready to purchase can't be sold for less than $25,750.She agrees to the extra $500 even though they had initially agreed on the $25,250 selling price.Janette has fallen for the ________ technique of gaining compliance.

A)low-balling
B)bait-and-switch
C)foot-in-the-door
D)door-in-the-face

Question 65

Grace is serving on a jury for the first time.She entered the jury room with a dollar amount in mind for damages but,following deliberations,she finds that the vast majority of the jury members are committed to the idea of a much higher dollar amount.Grace agreed to a significantly higher number.This is an example of ____.

A)groupthink
B)deindividuation
C)social facilitation
D)group polarization

Question 66

Which of the following modifications to Milgram's study design (1963)reduced the rate of obedience?

A)Moving the experiment to an off-campus office
B)Moving the teacher and the learner closer together
C)Moving the teacher and the experimenter closer together
D)Conducting the experiment with people of different ages and occupations

Question 67

For an individual or small group to influence a larger group,it is important to ____.

A)speak with consistency and confidence
B)withhold the actual intent
C)act aggressively
D)be flexible with the outcome

Question 68

Performance of which activities are most likely to improve in front of an audience?

A)Difficult memorization tasks
B)Well-practiced activities
C)Novel activities
D)Highly complex activities

Question 69

The reduced motivation and effort shown by individuals working in a group is called ____.

A)social loafing
B)deindividuation
C)group polarization
D)groupthink

Question 70

Which of the following examples involves deindividuation?

A)Naomi decides to follow her classmates when they put on hoodies to obscure their identities and run out of the student union to spray paint on the Dean's car in the faculty parking lot.
B)Ben is bored with weeding and planting at the community garden and lets others do most of the work.
C)Diego feels even more strongly that his preferred candidate is the best choice after a class discussion.
D)Laura is visiting the beach with her friends and jumps off a very high rock into the water by herself.

Question 71

The immersion of an individual within a group,leading to anonymity,is called ____.

A)social loafing
B)groupthink
C)deindividuation
D)group polarity

Question 72

In which of the following situations is Molly more likely to comply with the request of Valeria,whom she is meeting for the first time?

A)Valeria is substantially older than Molly and expresses strong opinions.
B)Valeria has a serious approach to the conversation while Molly is more ebullient.
C)Valeria is an attractive and energetic woman about the same age as Molly.
D)Valeria is fairly withdrawn and tentative in her request.

Question 73

In Burger's (2009)replication of Milgram's original obedience research,which of the following changes was made in order to decrease the ethical concerns that surround the earlier study?

A)Participants were paid a higher fee that was commensurate with the discomfort that they were likely to experience.
B)The experimenters revealed the actual nature of the experiment before the participants gave informed consent.
C)Participants were asked to dunk the "learner's" head in an ice bath instead of using electrical shocks.
D)Participants were informed that they could leave if they felt uncomfortable.

Question 74

A group of dedicated teachers at a meeting decided to host a "remember the 80's" themed dance for the students to raise funds for new security cameras at their high school.At a previous meeting,a member of the group told the others that a number of students in the chess club stated that they were really "into the 80's." The group now decides to reserve the gymnasium,book an 80's cover band,and order 100 pizzas,without checking the accuracy of the group member's information or surveying the student body about their interest in an 80's themed dance.This is an example of ____.

A)groupthink
B)deindividuation
C)social facilitation
D)group polarization

Question 75

What is the definition of social facilitation?

A)Reduced motivation and effort shown by individuals working in a group
B)A change in attitudes in response to information provided by another person
C)The change in performance due to the presence of other people
D)Immersion of an individual within a group,leading to anonymity

Question 76

Which of the following is an implication consistent with Milgram's findings?

A)Moving the experiment off campus produced a significant drop in obedience.
B)As proximity between the teacher and the learner decreased,rates of obedience increased.
C)Australian women are more likely to be obedient than Austrian men.
D)People are more likely to operate a drone that harms a person whom they can neither see nor hear.

Question 77

What did Milgram conclude in applying his research results to the Holocaust?

A)People today are raised fundamentally differently from participants in the Holocaust.
B)Individual judgment eventually overwhelms authority.
C)Relatively few people have the resources needed to resist authority.
D)Some cultures are immune to the risk of genocide.

Question 78

Complying with a request from an authority figure is called ____.

A)obedience
B)submission
C)conformity
D)subservience

Question 79

What is the term for the persuasive technique in which compliance with a target request is preceded by a large,unreasonable request?

A)Low-balling
B)Door-in-the-face scenario
C)Foot-in-the-door technique
D)Bait-and-switch strategy

Question 80

Which of the following leads individuals to take a more extreme position following a group discussion?

A)A tendency to affiliate with persons holding contrary opinions
B)Conformity and the desire for affiliation
C)Exposure to new and persuasive arguments on the other side
D)Decreased inhibition and less civil discussion