Deck 3: Control Philosophy and Criminal Justice Policy

Question 1

What percentage of cases result in a finding of guilt when individuals charged with a sexual offence appear in court?

A)70 percent
B)72 percent
C)74 percent
D)76 percent

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Most sexual offences reported to the police are against which of the following age groups?

A)babies and children
B)children and youths
C)youths and young adults
D)young adults and under-30-year-olds

Answer 2

B

Question 3

What was the most influential argument for the creation of the justice model-based criminal justice system?

A)creating sentencing guidelines
B)increasing the length of prison sentences for dangerous offenders
C)creating consistency in the decisions made by parole boards
D)building more prisons

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following cases involved child pornography and the Internet?

A)R.v.Borden
B)R.v.Sharpe
C)R.v.James
D)R.v.Spencer

Question 5

Which crime control philosophy is considered to be the dominant criminal justice policy today?

A)selective incapacitation
B)deterrence
C)justice model
D)rehabilitation

Question 6

What type of guilt has to be established in a court of law?

A)factual
B)legal
C)extralegal
D)criminal

Question 7

Which crime control philosophy focuses exclusively upon the criminal act?

A)justice model
B)rehabilitation
C)restorative justice
D)selective incapacitation

Question 8

A sexual assault has occurred in Durham Region.The media are warning people,especially women,to be cautious and wary.The perception is that these types of criminals are not controlled in our justice system.What is the term for this type of situation?

A)media panic
B)moral panic
C)social panic
D)economic panic

Question 9

What is the preferred punishment for minor offences according to the justice model?

A)alternative sanctions
B)long periods of incarceration
C)incarceration between 1 and 4 years in length
D)short periods of incarceration (under 1 year in length)

Question 10

According to statements made by the judge in R.v.James,what is the purpose of sentencing?

A)vengeance
B)retribution
C)rehabilitation
D)public safety

Question 11

Which case led to the creation of a law whereby bodily substances can legally be taken by the police for DNA analysis?

A)R.v.Borden
B)R.v.Feeney
C)R.v.Spencer
D)R.v.James

Question 12

Denzil,a 23-year-old male,was apprehended for jaywalking in Toronto.Jaywalking had become a serious problem in Toronto and many pedestrians were experiencing harm;a new mandatory five-year prison term had been implemented for the offence.This is an example of a violation of the principle of proportionality.Which policy has the doctrine of proportionality as an essential factor?

A)deterrence
B)selective incapacitation
C)rehabilitation
D)the justice model

Question 13

What is the essential factor of the justice model?

A)the punishment must be proportionate to the crime
B)an indirect relationship exists between the seriousness of the offence and the severity of the punishment.
C)any personal circumstances of individuals involved in a crime are to be ignored
D)the only information that needs to be known about the offender is their prior record

Question 14

Which committee concluded that the then-existing criminal justice system was discriminatory due to treating marginalized groups more harshly?

A)Committee for the Study of Incarceration
B)United Kingdom Policy Board
C)American Friends Service Committee
D)Canadian Sentencing Commission

Question 15

What percentage of all incidents reported to the police in 2013 involved sexual offences with violent behaviour?

A)slightly more than 5 percent
B)slightly more than 6 percent
C)slightly more than 7 percent
D)slightly more than 8 percent

Question 16

A Crown prosecutor decides an offender is dangerous and wants to ensure he receives a longer sentence due to the violent nature of the offender's actions.What model will he be using in order to incarcerate the offender for a longer period of time?

A)justice model
B)restorative justice
C)deterrence
D)selective incapacitation

Question 17

While the various philosophies differ in important ways,where do they collectively overlap?

A)principles of fundamental justice
B)rehabilitation
C)selective incapacitation
D)deterrence

Question 18

What type of sentence are individuals found guilty of a sexual offence in adult court likely to incur?

A)custodial sentence
B)rehabilitation
C)community sentence
D)selective incapacitation

Question 19

What was the most common sexual offence reported to the police in Canada in 2013?

A)sexual violations against children
B)sexual assault (Level 1)
C)sexual assault (Level 2)
D)domestic assault

Question 20

Brittany is a police officer investigating a crime.When a suspect admits to her that he committed the crime,what type of guilt is he admitting to?

A)extralegal
B)legal
C)factual
D)criminal

Question 21

What category of offence requires offenders to submit a DNA sample?

A)primary compulsory offence
B)secondary compulsory offence
C)presumptive primary offence
D)listed primary offence

Question 22

What do supporters of the justice model argue is the main barrier to attaining justice?

A)proportionality
B)discretion
C)discrimination
D)legal rights

Question 23

Why did Bentham refer to punishment of criminals as a calculus?

A)it was difficult to equate
B)it required many calculations
C)it has both positive and negative sanctions
D)it has neither positive or negative sanctions

Question 24

A 24-year-old black male appears in court before a judge.He has no prior record but receives a sentence that is deemed more than a 24-year-old white male would receive.This is an example of which of the following?

A)discrimination in sentencing
B)determinate sentencing
C)deterrence
D)dissuasion

Question 25

Which scenario is an example of Beccaria's commitment to deterrence?

A)George would be released on bail until his court hearing
B)George would be placed in jail until his court hearing but only as a temporary measure
C)George would be released and if found guilty should be given probation
D)George would be placed in jail before court and hanged if found guilty of the charges

Question 26

What is the main policy recommendation according to those who support the justice model crime control philosophy?

A)the elimination or control of discretion
B)the enhancement of police powers
C)the harsh punishment of offenders
D)the building of more prisons

Question 27

What is the oldest of the major criminal justice philosophies?

A)deterrence
B)selective incapacitation
C)rehabilitation
D)justice model

Question 28

What is the main concern of the justice model crime control philosophy about the operation of the criminal justice system?

A)the elimination or control of discretion
B)the proportionality of sentences
C)increasing the certainty of apprehending the offender
D)making sure victims have a predominant role during prosecution

Question 29

What is the purpose of the DNA data bank?

A)to solve crimes by linking crimes together when there are no suspects
B)to ensure that the maximum punishment is given to offenders
C)to control sex offenders who have been released from prison
D)to assist judges in determining the appropriate sentence

Question 30

What do Grasmick and Green suggest about the nature of deterrence?

A)it involves the threat of legal punishment
B)it gives state officials the right to punish offenders
C)it requires uniform sentencing practices
D)it believes that punishment must fit the crime

Question 31

What does the study by Gibbs demonstrate about why people are deterred from committing a crime?

A)individuals feel threatened by legal punishment
B)individuals perceive that they may be caught and punished
C)individuals fear physical deprivation through legally imposed sanctions
D)individuals fear material deprivation through legally imposed sanctions

Question 32

Frank is convicted of possessing child pornography.In which category of offence is Frank's crime?

A)generic secondary offence
B)listed secondary offence
C)secondary compulsory offence
D)presumptive primary offence

Question 33

In which case did the Supreme Court of Canada rule that the defendant did not have enough information provided to him by the police to be secure from unreasonable seizure?

A)R.v.Borden
B)R.v.Spencer
C)R.v.Marshall
D)R.v.Murray

Question 34

According to Chambliss,which type of individual is most likely to be deterred from committing crime?

A)those who are highly committed to the criminal lifestyle
B)those who have been incarcerated at least twice
C)those who do not see crime as a way of life
D)those who have grown up in highly supportive households

Question 35

In which case did the Supreme Court of Canada rule that a blood sample could not be used as evidence since the police did not inform the suspect that the sample and the subsequent DNA analysis could be used against him?

A)R.v.Borden
B)R.v.Spencer
C)R.v.Marshall
D)R.v.Murray

Question 36

What is the success or failure of deterrence linked to according to Chambliss?

A)the doctrine of proportionality
B)the length of the sentence
C)the rationality of the offender
D)the offender's commitment to crime

Question 37

What is the goal of the deterrence crime control philosophy when an individual has already been caught?

A)general deterrence
B)marginal deterrence
C)perceptual deterrence
D)specific deterrence

Question 38

According to Chambliss,which type of behaviour,such as an emotional outburst,results from the inner needs of an offender?

A)general
B)expressive
C)instrumental
D)rational

Question 39

Which of the following offences requires offenders to give a DNA sample?

A)home invasion
B)hostage taking
C)breaking and entering
D)sexual assault

Question 40

According to Chambliss,stealing a motor vehicle involves which type of behaviour?

A)specific
B)general
C)goal-oriented
D)expressive

Question 41

Which crime control model favours the treatment of offenders?

A)deterrence
B)selective incapacitation
C)restorative justice
D)rehabilitation

Question 42

What was demonstrated in the study about chronic offenders conducted by Wolfgang,Figlio,and Sellin?

A)6 percent of a group of offenders committed less than 10 percent of all offences
B)6 percent of a group of offenders committed between 15 and 25 percent of all offences
C)6 percent of a group of offenders committed between 30 and 40 percent of all offences
D)6 percent of a group of offenders committed over 50 percent of all offences

Question 43

Susan was enrolled in an anger management course while incarcerated in the Grand Valley Institution for Women in Kitchener,Ontario.This is an example of which type of approach?

A)the rehabilitation approach
B)selective incapacitation
C)deterrence
D)justice model

Question 44

Which case challenged the law requiring individuals convicted of committing certain types of offences to hand over a DNA sample prior to the passage Bill C-13?

A)R.v.Legere
B)R.v.Rodgers
C)R.v.Stillman
D)R.v.Borden

Question 45

Patricia and Anne are on patrol in a criminal justice system based on selective incapacitation.Which offenders will they arrest and place in pretrial custody?

A)chronic offenders
B)violent offenders
C)young offenders
D)property offenders

Question 46

Which ideology sees harsher punishments through mandatory prison sentences as well as extended prison sentences?

A)tough on crime
B)law and order
C)more time for the crime
D)harsh and hard

Question 47

Chris is still serving his sentence for a crime he was convicted of in 1988.He has been told he now has to submit a DNA sample by a designated date to the authorities.What type of crime did Chris commit?

A)home invasion
B)robbery
C)manslaughter
D)break and entering

Question 48

What is the basis for classifying an offender as dangerous according to selective incapacitation?

A)information provided by the DNA data bank
B)the crimes they might commit in the future
C)the classification system developed by a parole board
D)presentence reports provided to the judge by probation officers

Question 49

In which of the following cases did the Supreme Court of Canada uphold the dangerous offender classification?

A)R v.Borden
B)R.v.Sharpe
C)R.v.Lyons
D)R.v.Collins

Question 50

What is the conclusion from the textbook's comparison of "active" dangerous offenders and long-term-supervision offenders?

A)there are more active dangerous offenders than long-term-supervision offenders
B)there are more long-term-supervision offenders than active dangerous offenders
C)the numbers are equal between active dangerous offenders and long-term-supervision offenders
D)active dangerous offenders and long-term-supervision offenders cannot be compared because they are the same thing

Question 51

Curt is a Crown prosecutor and is making an application to the court to have a convicted offender placed in the DNA data bank for pointing a firearm.Which category does this offence fall into?

A)secondary compulsory offence
B)presumptive primary offence
C)listed primary offence
D)generic secondary offence

Question 52

In current legislation,what is the automatic sentence when an offender is designated as a dangerous offender?

A)determinate
B)life sentence
C)indeterminate
D)gradated

Question 53

What is the trend in the number of dangerous offender designations in Canada?

A)numbers have decreased slightly
B)numbers have remained relatively the same
C)numbers have increased slightly
D)numbers have decreased substantially

Question 54

Christy is a Crown prosecutor who wants to designate someone as a dangerous offender.What type of offence must the offender have committed for her application to be successful?

A)a serious primary violent crime
B)a serious personal injury offence
C)a compulsory indictable offence
D)a restricted personal violent crime offence

Question 55

What crime control model attempts to separate high-risk offenders from low-risk offenders?

A)deterrence
B)restorative justice
C)rehabilitation
D)selective incapacitation

Question 56

As a judge,what type of sentence would you give to serious criminals in a selective incapacitation-based criminal justice system?

A)a lengthy determinate sentence
B)a short determinate sentence
C)a lengthy indeterminate sentence
D)a short indeterminate sentence

Question 57

What type of criminal offence must an individual be convicted of in order to make an application for a long-term supervision order?

A)homicide
B)aggravated assault
C)robbery
D)aggravated sexual assault

Question 58

What is the major focus of a rehabilitation-based criminal justice system?

A)sentencing
B)police
C)courts
D)harsh punishments

Question 59

How many years can a long-term supervision order add to an offender's being supervised in the community after completing a minimum 2 years of imprisonment?

A)2
B)5
C)10
D)15

Question 60

The Rand Corporation study Selective Incapacitation received strong attention because the researchers devised a system for which of the following?

A)crime control would be more effective and cost less
B)crime control would be more effective although at a slightly higher cost
C)the crime control budget would be met
D)crime control would be more effective and create employment in the incarceration field

Question 61

Which justice system is concerned about the quality of life in communities?

A)rehabilitation
B)Aboriginal
C)restorative justice
D)selective incapacitation

Question 62

Which of the following is NOT an example of traditional teachings for healing?

A)arts and crafts
B)sharing circles
C)stints in a sweat lodge
D)rain dances

Question 63

Which Supreme Court case commented that the Canadian criminal justice system is in conflict with the Aboriginal perspective and this conflict is rooted in "differing world views"?

A)R.v.Goodwin
B)R.v.Gwen
C)R.v.Graehme
D)R.v.Gladue

Question 64

Which of the following is a goal shared by both Aboriginal and restorative justice systems?

A)the lengthy punishment of the offender
B)the treatment of the offender after conviction
C)the rebuilding of the relationship between victim and offender
D)a greater focus on the criminal act rather than the criminal

Question 65

Which of the following is a component of the approach toward Aboriginal justice?

A)communication is fluid
B)the paradigm is vertical
C)the focus is upon individual rights
D)society is vindicated

Question 66

As an evaluation specialist on punishments,what is the most common failure you have found when deterrence-based punishments are used?

A)the failure to provide strong security measures
B)the failure of prison staff to be properly trained
C)the failure to properly implement programs
D)the failure to identify the most violent offenders

Question 67

Which participants are the key focus for the healing process in the Aboriginal justice system?

A)the elders,the community sentencing panel,and the community mediation committee
B)the victim,the offender,and the community
C)the victim,the offender,and the elders
D)the offender,the elders,the community sentencing panel,and the community mediation committee

Question 68

What type of sentencing is favoured by the rehabilitation approach?

A)determinate
B)indeterminate
C)compulsory
D)incremental

Question 69

While James is incarcerated,the prison is trying to modify his behaviour.He is awarded more leisure time and extra money when he exhibits prosocial behaviour.Which approach to corrections does this exemplify?

A)the rehabilitation approach
B)selective incapacitation
C)deterrence
D)justice model

Question 70

Which of the following is a component of the Western justice approach?

A)talk and discussion is necessary
B)the paradigm is horizontal
C)the paradigm features separation of power
D)the process is corrective

Question 71

What did Meyer say that all Aboriginal justice systems will share?

A)community-run police services
B)fewer alternative sanctions
C)a focus on reparations
D)a system for blaming the offender for the harm caused

Question 72

Samuel is accused of committing a crime involving theft from a local store.In court both the judge and prosecutor read Samuel's presentence report,which shows that Samuel was stealing baby formula for his daughter.Judicial discretion in Samuel's case is key,and the goal is to sentence in his "best interest." Which type of approach does this exemplify?

A)the rehabilitation approach
B)selective incapacitation
C)deterrence
D)justice model

Question 73

David has committed a crime and is involved in the Aboriginal justice process.David realizes that his outcome through this process should be determined by which of the following participants?

A)the elders and the victim(s)
B)the traditional Western judge after he completes the program
C)the sentencing advisory committee and the elders
D)the community where the crime was committed

Question 74

Which Supreme Court case commented that restorative justice can be an approach to bring back harmony that existed prior to the crime?

A)R.v.Goodwin
B)R.v.Gwen
C)R.v.Graehme
D)R.v.Gladue

Question 75

According to Price and Stitt (1986),the rehabilitation system needs to focus on which of the following?

A)the criminal act
B)the punishment of prison
C)the criminal
D)long-term prison sentences

Question 76

What did Roberts (2005)find in a survey of the opinions of Canadians with respect to the purpose of corrections?

A)significantly more Canadians favour punishment
B)significantly more Canadians favour rehabilitation
C)Canadians favour punishment and rehabilitation almost equally
D)Canadians do not favour either punishment or rehabilitation

Question 77

What justice system did the Supreme Court of Canada identify in R.v.Gladue as an approach that will remedy crimes and that views all things as interrelated?

A)deterrence
B)rehabilitation
C)restorative justice
D)selective incapacitation

Question 78

What did Seto's study on released sex offenders demonstrate?

A)treatment performance was not related to serious recidivism
B)treatment performance was related to general recidivism
C)treatment performance was related to serious recidivism
D)treatment performance was not related to therapeutic integrity

Question 79

What is required before a restorative justice system is considered?

A)the Crown prosecutor must approve
B)the offender must plead guilty
C)the victim must submit a victim statement
D)the offender must plead not guilty

Question 80

What did the research conducted by Gendreau and Goggin discover about what leads to better results for rehabilitation-based programs?

A)programs operate with optimal theoretical integrity
B)there is increased certainty of punishment
C)there are threats of longer punishment
D)they tend to ignore known predictions of recidivism