Deck 10: Sentences and Dispositions

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT an option available to sentencing circles?

A)peer counselling
B)mediation
C)employment counselling
D)powwows

Answer 1

C

Question 2

According to Zedlewski (1987),what amount of savings would society see in terms of social costs for every $1 spent on incarcerating an offender?

A)$13
B)$15
C)$17
D)$19

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a rationale for punishment imposed by the courts?

A)deterrence
B)rehabilitation
C)reintegration
D)selective incapacitation

Answer 3

C

Question 4

What type of deterrence involves a sentence that is severe enough to stop other people from committing crimes?

A)individual
B)special
C)general
D)specific

Question 5

According to the justice model,what should sentences be based on?

A)the crime committed
B)the protection of the community
C)the social and psychological needs of the offender
D)the possibility of future criminality

Question 6

What type of sentencing focuses upon the crime committed rather than any individual aspects of an offender?

A)the justice model
B)rehabilitation
C)restoration
D)healing

Question 7

What type of sentencing is an effective way to achieve crime prevention?

A)deterrence
B)selective incapacitation
C)rehabilitation
D)restoration

Question 8

Which model is not concerned with treatment success or reduction in the crime rate?

A)rehabilitation
B)healing
C)the justice model
D)selective incapacitation

Question 9

What element of the restoration approach focuses on placing the offenders in positions where they can experience community disapproval?

A)parsimony
B)control
C)reprobation
D)reintegration

Question 10

What type of sentencing focuses upon the social and psychological problems of offenders?

A)rehabilitation
B)selective incapacitation
C)deterrence
D)justice

Question 11

What type of sentencing is predicated on reform in the future rather than on the criminal act?

A)rehabilitation
B)selective incapacitation
C)justice model
D)deterrence

Question 12

John is thinking about committing an armed robbery but decides not to because his friend tells him how terrible a period of incarceration is.What type of deterrence has influenced John not to commit a crime?

A)general
B)specific
C)special
D)generic

Question 13

What is deterrence?

A)the treatment of offenders
B)the protection of society through the prevention of criminal acts
C)a long sentence given to a person who poses a significant risk to society
D)short and alternative sentences in the community

Question 14

Which of the following refers to a process of negotiation and agreement between parties to a conflict?

A)lived experience
B)deterrence
C)rehabilitation
D)selective incapacitation

Question 15

What type of deterrence involves punishing offenders in the hope that they are deterred from committing crimes in the future?

A)symbolic
B)general
C)specific
D)marginal

Question 16

What element of the restoration approach focuses upon criminal justice officials justifying their sentences?

A)parsimony
B)control
C)reprobation
D)reintegration

Question 17

Which model involves a process of negotiation and agreement between parties to a conflict?

A)the justice model
B)healing
C)rehabilitation
D)selective incapacitation

Question 18

Which model favours a sentencing approach with shorter periods of punishment?

A)the justice model
B)healing
C)rehabilitation
D)selective incapacitation

Question 19

What type of sentencing focuses upon incarcerating chronic offenders?

A)deterrence
B)selective incapacitation
C)rehabilitation
D)restoration

Question 20

Matthew is a Black man who is being sentenced for a crime.Which model holds that extralegal factors such as Matthew's race should not be considered?

A)rehabilitation
B)the justice model
C)healing
D)selective incapacitation

Question 21

Which of the following allows offenders to serve their sentences on weekends in order to allow them to keep their jobs?

A)intermittent sentences
B)partial imprisonment
C)restorative sentences
D)flexible sentences

Question 22

What was the median length for a period of custody across Canada in 2011-12?

A)15 days
B)30 days
C)45 days
D)60 days

Question 23

What was the most common length of custody for guilty cases in the adult criminal courts during 2011-12?

A)1 month or less
B)6 months or less
C)greater than 12 months to less than 2 years
D)2 years or more

Question 24

What was the most common sentence in the adult criminal courts during 2011-12 for the violent crime category?

A)custody
B)fine
C)probation
D)conditional sentence

Question 25

What percentage of guilty cases resulted in a sentence to federal custody in 2011-12?

A)42 percent
B)25 percent
C)11 percent
D)4 percent

Question 26

In 2011-12,what percentage of accused were found guilty in the adult criminal courts?

A)32 percent
B)44 percent
C)64 percent
D)83 percent

Question 27

Which of the following refers to an offender who is not considered to have been convicted of an offence?

A)absolute discharge
B)probation
C)fines
D)restitution

Question 28

What was the median prison sentence for break and enter in 2011-12?

A)150 days
B)161 days
C)173 days
D)182 days

Question 29

What category of crime had the greatest percentage of cases in 2011-12?

A)crimes against a person
B)crimes against property
C)other Criminal Code
D)administration of justice

Question 30

What type of offence were fines most frequently imposed for in Canada in 2011-12?

A)impaired driving
B)drug possession
C)theft
D)assault

Question 31

What type of punishment is also referred to as a reparation?

A)restorative justice
B)probation
C)absolute discharge
D)community service

Question 32

In 2011-12,what percentage of cases completed in the adult courts were Criminal Code offences?

A)75 percent
B)83 percent
C)87 percent
D)92 percent

Question 33

What was the median period of incarceration for property offences in 2011-12?

A)75 days
B)60 days
C)45 days
D)30 days

Question 34

By law,what is the maximum limit of intermittent sentences?

A)45 days
B)90 days
C)180 days
D)225 days

Question 35

What was the median length of all probation orders during 2011-12?

A)90 days
B)180 days
C)365 days
D)730 days

Question 36

For which of the following crimes would Peter see the greatest likelihood of a custodial sentence?

A)homicide
B)attempted murder
C)robbery
D)being unlawfully at large

Question 37

In 2011-12,what was the most frequently occurring offence completed in court?

A)theft
B)common assault
C)impaired driving
D)breach of probation

Question 38

What was the median amount for fines in 2011-12?

A)$500
B)$1,000
C)$1,500
D)$2,000

Question 39

Kim is convicted of a drug charge and the judge is suggesting she be referred to a substance abuse or behavioural modification program as her sentence.What sentencing option does this exemplify?

A)community-based sanctions
B)conditional discharge
C)community service
D)conditional sentence

Question 40

According to many Aboriginal people,what is the objective of justice?

A)deterrence
B)healing
C)selective incapacitation
D)rehabilitation

Question 41

How many years with no chance of parole did Justin Bourque receive for killing three members of the RCMP and wounding two others?

A)50 years
B)58 years
C)63 years
D)75 years

Question 42

What type of charge experienced the greatest decrease in the median length of time it took to complete in 2011-12?

A)attempted murder
B)homicide
C)sexual offences
D)impaired driving

Question 43

In which case in March 2012 did the Supreme Court revisit its decision in Gladue?

A)R.v.Ipeelee
B)R.v.Balgowle
C)R.v.Daygorra
D)R.v.Damper

Question 44

Which of the following is an aggravating circumstance at the time of sentencing?

A)the prior record of the offender
B)the employment of the offender
C)the guilty plea
D)the disadvantaged background of the offender

Question 45

Studies by Hagan (1975)and Boldt et al.(1983)found that judges in Canada followed the recommendations by probation officers in what percentage of cases?

A)75 percent
B)80 percent
C)85 percent
D)90 percent

Question 46

Maureen is before the judge to hear what her sentence will be.Before reaching his decision,the judge takes into consideration that Maureen was raised in a disadvantaged setting.What type of circumstance does this exemplify?

A)mitigating
B)aggravating
C)moderating
D)diminishing

Question 47

Which of the following is NOT a fundamental purpose of sentencing under Bill C-41?

A)to assist in rehabilitating offenders
B)to deter the offender but no other persons from committing offences
C)to denounce unlawful conduct
D)to provide reparations for harm done to victims or the community

Question 48

Which case set out the criteria for sentencing circles?

A)R v.Moses
B)R.v.Williams
C)R v.Morin
D)R v.Joseyounen

Question 49

In 2011-12,which province/territory had the lengthiest median of cases completed in adult criminal court?

A)Ontario
B)Quebec
C)Nova Scotia
D)New Brunswick

Question 50

Cameron is before the judge to hear what his sentence will be.Before reaching her decision,the judge takes into consideration that Cameron has affiliation and activity with a gang.What type of circumstance does this exemplify?

A)mitigating
B)aggravating
C)moderating
D)diminishing

Question 51

Which of the following was an objective of Bill C-41 (the Sentencing Reform Bill)?

A)to provide a consistent framework of policy and process in sentencing matters
B)to decrease public accessibility to the law relating to sentencing
C)to denounce unlawful conduct
D)to create a system of sentencing policy and process approved by the province

Question 52

Which of the following restricts the sentencing options of judges?

A)the philosophy of deterrence
B)statutory law
C)the common law
D)the structure of sentencing

Question 53

In R.v.Morin,under what circumstance did the Saskatchewan Court of Appeal state that judges should accept the decisions of sentencing circles?

A)when the Elders are willing to support the offender
B)when the victim did not agree to participate
C)when the victim has deep roots in the community
D)when the community and the police are divided on the appropriate sanction

Question 54

Which of the following is a fundamental principle of Bill C-41 (the Sentencing Reform Bill)?

A)a sentence must be proportionate to the seriousness of the offence
B)a sentence must recognize the harm done to victims and the community
C)a sentence must take into account all of the extralegal factors involved in the case
D)a sentence for a violent crime does not have to be proportionate to the degree of responsibility of the offender

Question 55

What section of the Criminal Code was at issue in R.v.Gladue?

A)s.718.1(f)
B)s.621(a)
C)s.718.2(e)
D)s.721(a)

Question 56

What is considered to be a mitigating circumstance at the time of sentencing?

A)the remorse of the offender
B)the organization of the offence
C)the number of criminal incidents
D)the lack of vulnerability of the victim

Question 57

James has been accused of a crime and expects his trial to be completed in a timely manner as per his fundamental Charter right.Within what length of time should James expect to have his trial completed?

A)10 months
B)12 months
C)14 months
D)18 months

Question 58

In 2011-12,which province/territory had the shortest median of cases completed in adult criminal court?

A)Ontario
B)Quebec
C)Prince Edward Island
D)Northwest Territories

Question 59

What percentage of judges studied by Gabor and Jayewardene (1978)reported following a probation officer's recommendation for a community-based penalty?

A)38 percent
B)41 percent
C)43 percent
D)48 percent

Question 60

On appeal,what sentence did the Supreme Court of Canada impose on Mrs.Gladue?

A)a five-year prison term
B)life imprisonment
C)probation
D)a conditional sentence

Question 61

In the 1990 study by Giliberti,what was the impact of victim impact statements upon participants as compared to nonparticipants?

A)participants reported more crimes to the police in the future
B)participants were more satisfied with how their case was handled
C)the majority of victims held negative attitudes toward sentencing both before and after their cases were heard
D)participants were more involved in the criminal justice system

Question 62

Which type of sentencing approach responds to public concerns that offenders have to be held accountable for their convictions through imprisonment?

A)mandatory maximum sentences
B)restrictive sentences
C)alternative sanctions
D)mandatory minimum sentences

Question 63

The crime reduction strategy of mandatory minimum sentences is a method for achieving which of the following?

A)incapacitation
B)deterrence
C)justice
D)recognition of differences among offenders

Question 64

By 2014,how many wrongful convictions has been documented in Canada?

A)over 20
B)over 30
C)over 40
D)over 50

Question 65

What percentage of cases in the Scheck (2000)study of post-conviction DNA exonerations of the wrongfully convicted involved either police or prosecutorial misconduct?

A)42 percent
B)55 percent
C)63 percent
D)75 percent

Question 66

You witness a crime and are asked to take part in an eyewitness lineup.You are aware of how unreliable they can be,but you hope to help the police apprehend the correct person.What is one of the recommendations you have read about regarding eyewitness lineups?

A)they should be conducted "double-blind"
B)they should always include the person who committed the crime
C)they should be conducted without instruction so as to not bias you
D)they should not be videotaped

Question 67

According to Visher,what occurred in the rate of offences after there was a doubling of the prison population in the United States?

A)it remained almost the same
B)a 2 to 4 percent reduction
C)a 6 to 9 percent reduction
D)a 12 to 15 percent reduction

Question 68

On average,how many years did people serve in prison prior to being exonerated by DNA evidence according to the research by Conway?

A)4 years
B)8 years
C)12 years
D)15 years

Question 69

By 2015,how many exonerations of individuals had occurred across Canada?

A)17
B)23
C)32
D)48

Question 70

In which case did the Supreme Court of Canada rule that Parliament had the right to create mandatory minimum sentences and to have them enforced by judges?

A)R.v.Ferguson
B)R.v Panday
C)R.v.Smith
D)R.v.Oickle

Question 71

You are a victim of a sexual assault and want to present a victim impact statement in court.In which Canadian city would your statement likely have the most significance?

A)Toronto
B)Vancouver
C)Ottawa
D)Kingston

Question 72

What is considered to be the main cause of wrongful convictions?

A)unethical prosecutors
B)eyewitness errors
C)overzealous police officers
D)forensic errors

Question 73

As a victim of a sexual assault,Robin has the right to present a victim impact statement.This is an example of victim statutory rights under which of the following?

A)An Act to Enact the Canadian Victims Bill of Rights Act
B)An Act to Endorse the Canadian Victims Bill of Rights Act
C)An Act to Ensure the Canadian Victims Bill of Rights Act
D)An Act to Certify the Canadian Victims Bill of Rights Act

Question 74

Which of the following invites victims to detail the effects the crime has had upon them?

A)victim impact statements
B)victim-offender guidelines
C)victim facilitative statements
D)judicial allowance procedures

Question 75

You have just been apprehended for breaking and entering to steal a firearm,and this is your second offence.How much time did Bill C-10 propose for your mandatory minimum penalty?

A)one year
B)two years
C)three years
D)four years

Question 76

Which of the following is NOT among the rights a victim of crime now has due to the Royal Assent in February 2015?

A)right to information
B)right to protection
C)right to participation
D)right to sentencing

Question 77

You have been picked up and are being questioned for a crime you did not commit.However,you are not certain you can convince the justice system that you are innocent.Which of the following might be the main cause if you are wrongfully convicted?

A)forensic error
B)eyewitness error
C)community pressure to convict
D)ineffective legal counsel

Question 78

In the Yukon case R.v.Moses,what was noted as a potential benefit of sentencing circles?

A)a reduced sense of responsibility
B)increased monopoly of professionals
C)increased information flow
D)low participation is encouraged

Question 79

According to Ulmer et al.(2007),which of the following were more likely to receive mandatory minimums?

A)Black
B)Hispanic
C)Aboriginal
D)Caucasian

Question 80

In what year were mandatory minimum sentences first introduced into the Criminal Code?

A)1892
B)1926
C)1976
D)1995