Deck 21: Genomics

Question 1

The most common microsatellite in humans is ________.

A) (AT)₁₀₀
B) (CA)n
C) (TG)n
D) (CAT)n
E) AUG

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following procedures best determines the relative order,but not precise location,of a series of genes on a chromosome?

A) physical mapping
B) cytogenetic mapping
C) linkage mapping
D) shotgun sequencing

Answer 2

C

Question 3

In a FISH procedure,the probe being used is labeled with a fluorescent tag.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

A site in the genome that varies between members of the population is said to be ________.

A) monomorphic
B) polymorphic
C) trimorphic
D) neomorphic

Question 5

The human genome consists of approximately ________ base pairs of DNA.

A) 100,000
B) 1 million
C) 1 billion
D) 3 billion
E) 2 trillion

Question 6

After a metagenomics researcher collects a mixed sample of DNA,what next step allows this DNA to be studied?

A) The DNA fragments are each ligated into a cloning vector to create a DNA library.
B) The pieces of DNA are ligated together into one complete "genome" so they can be sequenced.
C) The species responsible for each DNA are identified and individually cultured.
D) DNA is reconstructed into chromosomes by using the human genome as a scaffold.

Question 7

What does physical mapping provide that the other types of genetic mapping do not?

A) recombination distances between genes
B) number of nucleotide base pairs between genes
C) relationship of the gene to specific chromosomal banding patterns
D) frequencies of alleles in a population

Question 8

RFLP stands for restriction fragment linked position.

Question 9

Pyrosequencing is an example of a high-throughput,next-generation sequencing technology.What is a crucial detail of the procedure?

A) including the enzyme luciferase
B) mixing the solution of four nucleotides together in even amounts
C) removing nucleotides from the target DNA one at a time
D) using large wells to accommodate multiple beads

Question 10

A microsatellite marker may be used to predict the likelihood that an individual carries a trait for a specific disease.

Question 11

The human genome project's first draft took approximately ________ years.

A) 5
B) 13
C) 3
D) 50

Question 12

One map unit of distance always corresponds to 10⁶ base pairs.

Question 13

________ uses the unique banding patterns of a chromosome to determine the general location of a gene.

A) Physical mapping
B) Cytogenetic mapping
C) Linkage mapping
D) Shotgun sequencing

Question 14

Gene chips are being used for which of the following purposes?

A) to examine patterns of gene expression under various environmental conditions
B) to establish levels of genetic variation
C) to determine gene expression specific to certain cell types
D) to identify species of bacteria
E) All of these choices are possible.

Question 15

Which researcher(s)are using a metagenomic approach?

A) A medical researcher studies the DNA of mixed bacterial populations from the intestines of patients with different diseases.
B) A plant biologist sequences the genomes of broccoli, cauliflower, and other Brassica species to determine which genes are responsible for their different features.
C) A developmental geneticist clones the mutated gene from a Drosophila strain with disrupted wing development.
D) An environmental researcher sequences DNA from collections of microbes living in polluted coastal waters, which cannot be cultured in the lab.
E) A pharmaceutical developer screens through DNA found in soil samples for novel antibiotics.

Question 16

What is in situ hybridization used for?

A) cytogenetic mapping
B) physical mapping
C) linkage mapping
D) sequencing

Question 17

The method of sequencing genomic fragments cloned straight from the genome is

A) cytogenetic mapping.
B) shotgun sequencing.
C) southern blotting.
D) dideoxy blotting.

Question 18

If all members of a population have the identical DNA segment,it is said to be ________.

A) monomorphic
B) polymorphic
C) trimorphic
D) neomorphic

Question 19

Part of the Human Genome Project involved sequencing the genomes of model organisms,including bacteria and a plant.

Question 20

A complex collection of genes from a specific environmental sample is a ________.

A) microgenome
B) metagenome
C) linkage map
D) microarray

Question 21

A small glass chip that contains thousands of microscopic pieces of DNA is called a DNA microarray.

Question 22

Select all advantages of RNA-Seq as compared to DNA microarrays.

A) Better detection of transcripts present at low levels
B) Identifies boundaries of introns and exons to determine splice variants
C) More accurately quantifies the amount of each transcript
D) Does not require isolation of RNA from the cell
E) Does not require cDNA synthesis

Question 23

Gene knockouts in mice can be useful because

A) they can be used to develop models of human disease.
B) they identify DNA binding proteins.
C) they limit mRNA production both from the knockout as well as the normal allele in diploids. 
D) only genes that are actively transcribed in the embryo are susceptible to being knocked out.

Question 24

To identify novel DNA binding sites for a protein,it would be best to use ________.

A) pyrosequencing
B) microsatellites
C) chromatin immunoprecipitation
D) ChIP-chip

Question 25

________ make it possible for researchers to study how an entire genome responds to an environmental stimuli.

A) Gene knockouts
B) PCR reactions
C) DNA microarrays
D) Shotgun sequences

Question 26

The experimental process of determining the relative location of genes or other segments of DNA along individual chromosomes is called

A) mapping.
B) metagenomics.
C) DNA sequencing.
D) proteomics.

Question 27

The term gene knockout refers to a gene alteration that inhibits the genes that are adjacent to it.

Question 28

In the screening of a DNA microarray,detection of a fluorescent signal from one of the genes indicates which of the following?

A) The labeled cDNA hybridized to that particular gene.
B) The labeled cDNA did not hybridize to that particular gene.
C) The experiment was not conducted correctly.
D) None of these choices are correct.

Question 29

cDNA uses chromosomal DNA as its template.

Question 30

An application of FISH technique,where multiple DNA probes are labeled with different fluorescent molecules that bind to a chromosome,is called ________.Using this technique,researchers can determine the sites of the DNA segments along the chromosome.

A) chromosome painting
B) Giemsa staining
C) pyrosequencing
D) physical mapping

Question 31

Shotgun sequencing is precise enough to achieve a complete genomic sequence without the need for other mapping methods.

Question 32

In sequencing by synthesis (SBS)methods,the sequence of a sample is directly determined as nucleotides are incorporated into a DNA strand by DNA polymerase.

Question 33

In shotgun sequencing,how is a complete sequence of a genome reconstructed?

A) The entire genome is directly sequenced chromosome by chromosome.
B) The genome is fragmented and sequences of each fragment are arranged so that overlapping regions are identified.
C) The sequences of a large number of individuals is obtained and "averaged" to obtain the complete sequence.
D) The position of each marker and gene are first mapped relative to regions for which the genomic sequence is not known.

Question 34

A researcher isolates mRNA from healthy and diseased liver biopsies.  Each mRNA sample is converted into cDNA and subjected to next-generation sequencing.Select all statements that describe this experiment and the possible results.

A) The researcher can identify transcripts that are more abundant in healthy liver than in diseased liver, which are candidate genes for further study.
B) The researcher can identify transcripts that are less abundant in healthy liver than in diseased liver, which are candidate genes for further study.
C) This is an RNA-Seq experiment.
D) This is a DNA microarray analysis.
E) Some genes' transcripts may be present in both samples but have different splice forms in healthy and diseased liver.