Deck 4: Consciousness: Sleep, Dreams, Hypnosis, and Drugs

Question 1

The sleep-wake cycle is a/an __________ rhythm,normally occurring every 24 hours.

A)annual
B)monthly
C)circadian
D)nocturnal

Answer 1

circadian

Question 2

Which of the following are responsible for acting as a facilitator of communication between neurons?

A)motor neurons
B)interneurons
C)sensory neurons
D)efferent neurons

Answer 2

interneurons

Question 3

In which stage of sleep is a person who is very difficult to awaken?

A)Stage One
B)Stage Two
C)Stage Three
D)Stage Four

Answer 3

Stage Four

Question 4

Which sense does NOT send signals to the cortex via the thalamus?

A)hearing
B)smell
C)taste
D)vision

Question 5

The suprachiasmatic nucleus instructs the __________ gland to release ____________.

A)pineal; melatonin
B)pineal; serotonin
C)pituitary; melatonin
D)pituitary; serotonin

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of REM sleep?

A)paralysis of voluntary muscles
B)increased heart rate
C)slower,deeper breathing
D)increased body temperature

Question 7

Three-year-old Sara watches her dad and his buddies throw a miniature football around as they get set to watch the Grey Cup.Once the game starts,Sara picks up the football and starts tossing it around the house.What might we expect to find with respect to Sara's sleep pattern that night?

A)more NREM sleep
B)less NREM sleep
C)less REM sleep
D)more REM sleep

Question 8

The point at which the sensory nerves from the left side of the body cross over into the right side of the brain,and vice versa,is the:

A)reticular formation.
B)pons.
C)medulla.
D)cerebellum.

Question 9

What is the relationship between long winter nights,melatonin,and serotonin?

A)Long winter nights decrease the production of melatonin and serotonin.
B)Long winter nights increase serotonin and decrease melatonin.
C)Long winter nights increase melatonin and decrease serotonin.
D)Long winter nights increase the production of melatonin and serotonin.

Question 10

Which theory of why we sleep explains why we sleep when we do?

A)restorative theory
B)adaptive theory
C)reactive theory
D)REM theory

Question 11

Which of the following does NOT have a role in determining when we sleep?

A)light and dark information
B)body temperature
C)digestion
D)serotonin

Question 12

Which of the following is the section of the brain located at the rear and bottom of each cerebral hemisphere and contains the visual centres of the brain?

A)occipital lobe
B)parietal lobe
C)temporal lobe
D)frontal lobe

Question 13

Which of the following are tiny sacs in a synaptic knob that release chemicals into the synapse?

A)synaptic vesicles
B)synaptic nodes
C)terminal buttons
D)synaptic gaps

Question 14

Which endocrine gland controls all the other endocrine glands?

A)thyroid
B)adrenal
C)thymus
D)pituitary

Question 15

The area of the frontal lobe that is devoted to the production of fluent speech is ______ area.

A)Broca's
B)somatosensory cortex
C)Wernicke's
D)right hemisphere

Question 16

Which of the following is the upper part of the brain consisting of two cerebral hemispheres and the structures that connect them?

A)occipital lobe
B)cerebrum
C)corpus callosum
D)cerebellum

Question 17

When our mental activity undergoes a change in quality or pattern,this is called a/an:

A)waking consciousness.
B)altered state of consciousness.
C)transient state of consciousness.
D)hallucination.

Question 18

The branchlike structures that RECEIVE messages from other neurons are called:

A)axons.
B)nerve bundles.
C)dendrites.
D)synapses.

Question 19

Every deliberate action you make,such as pedalling a bike,walking,scratching,or smelling a flower,involves neurons in the ______ nervous system.

A)sympathetic
B)somatic
C)parasympathetic
D)autonomic

Question 20

What is the main identifying feature of sexsomnia?

A)increased REM
B)a history of sleepwalking behaviour
C)sleep deprivation and alcohol consumption
D)an abrupt elevation from deep sleep

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT one of the steps in inducing hypnosis?

A)putting the person to sleep
B)telling the person to relax
C)telling the person to use vivid imagination
D)telling the person to "let go"

Question 22

Hypnosis has been successfully used to:

A)give a person superhuman strength.
B)recall memories accurately and completely.
C)reduce sensations of pain.
D)regress a person back to infancy.

Question 23

Larger and larger doses of amphetamines can lead to a severe mental disturbance and paranoia called:

A)amphetamine neurosis.
B)amphetamine psychosis.
C)amphetaminism.
D)amphetamine toxicity.

Question 24

What are two signs of physical dependency?

A)drug tolerance and psychological cravings
B)psychological cravings and withdrawal
C)drug tolerance and withdrawal
D)psychological cravings and nausea

Question 25

Which of the following is NOT one of the three signs of cocaine abuse?

A)withdrawal
B)compulsive use
C)loss of control
D)disregard for consequences

Question 26

According to Hobson and McCarley,the ___________ area of the brain sends signals to the ___________,creating what we interpret as dreams.

A)cerebellum; forebrain
B)forebrain; cerebellum
C)cortex; pons
D)pons; cortex

Question 27

Acting out your nightmares is a rare condition called:

A)sleep apnea.
B)night terrors.
C)narcolepsy.
D)REM behaviour disorder.

Question 28

The tendency to act as though your behaviour is out of your control and involuntary is called the:

A)hypnosis effect.
B)basic involuntary effect.
C)basic suggestion effect.
D)none of the above

Question 29

Several of Marnie's friends suspect that she is using some sort of drug.She is very thin,stays awake for long periods of time,and is often jittery,nervous,and somewhat paranoid.If Marnie is using a drug,it is likely to be:

A)alcohol.
B)an amphetamine.
C)sleeping pills.
D)benzodiazapine.

Question 30

Which dream theory states that dreams are simply the brain's way of explaining random neural activity while sleeping?

A)Freudian dream theory
B)dreams for survival theory
C)activation-synthesis hypothesis
D)Hall's dreams as reflections of everyday life

Question 31

In the ___________ theory of hypnosis,the person has a part of the mind that is not hypnotized and that is fully aware of the proceedings.

A)social-cognitive
B)dissociative
C)role-playing
D)expectancy

Question 32

Shelia once had a dream in which she was trying to reach something important but couldn't.The harder she tried,the less she could move-it was like moving in molasses.This is most likely explained by:

A)anxiety.
B)REM paralysis.
C)Stage Four paralysis.
D)a night terror.

Question 33

Caffeine replaced __________ in patent medicines and over-the-counter preparations in the early 1900s.

A)cocaine
B)morphine
C)opium
D)nicotine

Question 34

The ___________ lobes "shut down" during dreaming,explaining the often bizarre nature of dreams.

A)frontal
B)temporal
C)occipital
D)parietal

Question 35

Which of the following is bad advice for someone suffering from insomnia?

A)Do not watch television or read in bed.
B)Avoid coffee,tea,and other caffeine-containing products before bed.
C)Do not study or work in bed.
D)Lie in bed until you fall asleep,even if it takes several hours.

Question 36

The "date rape" drug,Rohypnol,is one of the:

A)major tranquilizers.
B)barbiturates.
C)minor tranquilizers.
D)opiates.

Question 37

Nightmares occur in ___________ sleep,whereas night terrors occur in ___________ sleep.

A)Stage One; Stage Two
B)REM; NREM
C)Stage Four; Stage One
D)NREM; REM

Question 38

In Freud's theory,the symbolic content of dreams is called:

A)manifest content.
B)latent content.
C)symbolic content.
D)hidden content.

Question 39

In which disorder does breathing stop for nearly half a minute or more?

A)sleep apnea
B)night terrors
C)sleepwalking
D)narcolepsy

Question 40

About one-third of hypnotized Canadian students could recall a previous life,but few could answer simple questions regarding this previous life.This finding supports the ___________ theory of hypnosis.

A)expectancy
B)role-playing
C)social-cognitive
D)dissociative

Question 41

Consciousness is:

A)a state of arousal involving facial and bodily changes.
B)the awareness of ourselves and the environment.
C)our memory of personally experienced events.
D)an advanced or enriched state of personal development.

Question 42

All narcotics are derived from:

A)cannabis.
B)opium.
C)mescaline.
D)morphine.

Question 43

Which of the following is NOT an altered state of consciousness?

A)concentration
B)meditation
C)daydreaming
D)intoxication

Question 44

What term do psychologists use to designate our personal awareness of everything that is going on around us?

A)thinking
B)cognition
C)conscience
D)consciousness

Question 45

Our awareness of everything that is going on around him or her at any given moment is called:

A)consciousness.
B)waking consciousness.
C)intelligence.
D)self-awareness.

Question 46

Mental activities that differ noticeably from normal waking consciousness are known as:

A)hyper consciousness.
B)unconscious states.
C)transitory consciousness.
D)altered states of consciousness.

Question 47

This drug was at first hailed as the new wonder drug because the impurities that supposedly caused many of the addictive and unpleasant side effects of the previous version had been removed.In fact,__________ was even more addictive and deadly.

A)laudanum
B)heroin
C)morphine
D)ergot

Question 48

What do we call a state of consciousness that can result from the use of alcohol,drugs,or hypnosis?

A)intoxication
B)diminished consciousness
C)impaired consciousness
D)altered state of consciousness

Question 49

The state we are in when we are awake and reasonably alert is called:

A)altered state of consciousness.
B)waking consciousness.
C)focused consciousness.
D)daytime cognizance.

Question 50

What used to be called "the gentle tyrant"?

A)drugs
B)dreams
C)sleep
D)alcohol

Question 51

A circadian cycle is about ______ hours long.

A)8
B)12
C)6
D)24

Question 52

Which of the following statements best explains why we get tired at night?

A)There is no physical reason why; we have been psychologically and socially conditioned to feel tired and sleep at night.
B)Our body temperature and heart rate drop at night,causing us to feel tired.
C)Our pineal gland stops producing melatonin at night,causing us to feel tired.
D)There is a nucleus in the brain that is sensitive to light and tells us when to wake and sleep.

Question 53

Which of the following statements about marijuana is TRUE?

A)Marijuana is not physically addictive.
B)It is safe to drive under the influence of marijuana.
C)Marijuana is more healthful than tobacco.
D)Short-term memory is enhanced by smoking marijuana.

Question 54

Which of the following is a long-term effect of marijuana use?

A)lung cancer
B)asthma
C)immune system damage
D)all of the above

Question 55

A biological cycle,or rhythm,that is approximately 24 hours long is called a/an ______ cycle.

A)infradian
B)circadian
C)sleep/wake
D)waking/altered consciousness

Question 56

Of the following,which comes from the peyote cactus?

A)mescaline
B)psilocybin
C)marijuana
D)ergot

Question 57

Daydreaming,meditation,intoxication,sleep,and hypnosis are all types of ______________ consciousness.

A)transformed
B)transitory
C)waking
D)altered states of

Question 58

Which of the following hallucinogens is NOT a synthetically created drug?

A)psilocybin
B)LSD
C)PCP
D)MDMA

Question 59

Our sleep-wake cycle follows a/an ______ rhythm.

A)infradian
B)diurnal
C)circadian
D)ultradian

Question 60

Which of following has not been associated with a medical use of marijuana?

A)reduced swelling of the eye in glaucoma
B)decreased nausea and vomiting in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy
C)decreased spasms in persons with multiple sclerosis
D)increased memory retention in Alzheimer's disease

Question 61

The hormone melatonin reaches peak levels in the body during the:

A)morning.
B)early evening.
C)afternoon.
D)night.

Question 62

Circadian rhythms are controlled by the:

A)pineal gland.
B)suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN).
C)thalamus.
D)hippocampus.

Question 63

Which of the following can be an emotional symptom of sleep deprivation?

A)hyperactivity
B)cheerfulness
C)depression
D)nausea

Question 64

The sleep-wake cycle is ultimately controlled by the part of the brain called the:

A)cerebellum.
B)frontal lobe.
C)hypothalamus.
D)temporal lobes.

Question 65

Melatonin is a:

A)hormone.
B)neurotransmitter.
C)depressant.
D)stimulant.

Question 66

In 1984,Dr.Rosenthal and his colleagues described a variant of major depression,associated with feelings of worthlessness and helplessness.What did they call this condition?

A)"jet lag" depression
B)seasonal affective disorder
C)sleep apnea
D)reactive depression

Question 67

Melatonin is to ___________ as an aspirin is to ____________.

A)anxiety; nightmare
B)dreaming; blood clots
C)insomnia; headache
D)sleep apnea; blood thinner

Question 68

According to research on sleep deprivation,a moderate amount of sleep loss is:

A)still a serious problem.
B)not a problem at all.
C)not a problem for people in the 21-38 year age groups.
D)only a problem for young children and older adults

Question 69

How were the symptoms of seasonal affective disorder unique,compared to those of other types of depression?

A)Symptoms consistent with depression would only occurred after travelling to a different time zone.
B)Symptoms consistent with depression would generally appear during the summer months and disappear in the winter months.
C)Symptoms consistent with depression would generally appear during the autumn or winter months and disappear in the spring and summer months.
D)Symptoms consistent with depression would only occurred after travelling to a different time zone during the summer months.

Question 70

All of the following result from sleep deprivation EXCEPT:

A)droopy eyelids.
B)irritability.
C)hyper-alertness.
D)cognitive impairment.

Question 71

Why is it possible that Canadians would suffer a greater chance of SAD than perhaps someone living in the state of Florida in the USA?

A)Depression is connected to vitamin C,and Florida produces an abundance of oranges; therefore,vitamin C is plentiful.
B)Due to the abundance of sunlight in Florida,the internal clock,the suprachiasmatic nucleus,would not be affected; therefore,SAD would not develop.
C)The long winter nights in Canada increased the production of melatonin,which results in decrease production of serotonin,causing an increase risk of depression.
D)There is no statistical difference regarding the probability of SAD developing more in Canada than in Florida.

Question 72

Periods of REM sleep alternate with periods of non-REM sleep in a cycle that recurs about every ______________ minutes or so.

A)30
B)90
C)150
D)210

Question 73

According to this theory,sleep is a product of evolution.

A)restorative theory
B)adaptive theory
C)Genome theory
D)Darwin's theory

Question 74

Where is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)located?

A)thalamus
B)cerebellum
C)basal ganglia
D)hypothalamus

Question 75

According to this theory,sleep is necessary for growth and repair of the body.

A)restorative theory
B)adaptive theory
C)genome theory
D)dream theory

Question 76

________________,a hormone involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms,is secreted by the pineal gland.

A)Serotonin
B)Testosterone
C)Estrogen
D)Melatonin

Question 77

SCN stands for:

A)sleep cycle norms.
B)suprachiasmatic nucleus.
C)serotonin controlled nucleus.
D)sleep controlling nucleus.

Question 78

The hypothalamus controls:

A)appetite and body temperature.
B)the sleep-wake cycle.
C)dreaming and daydreaming states.
D)muscles and muscle relaxation.

Question 79

Sid is taking part in research on the effects of sleep deprivation; he has been without sleep for 75 hours.Right now researchers have asked him to sit in front of a computer screen and hit a button each time he sees the letter S on the screen.A few days ago,Sid was a whiz at this task; however,he is doing very poorly today.How are sleep researchers likely to explain Sid's poor performance?

A)Due to the sleep deprivation,Sid does not understand the task.
B)Microsleeps are occurring due to the sleep deprivation and he is asleep for brief periods of time.
C)He is determined to ruin the research because of the suffering he is enduring at the hands of the researchers.
D)He is probably dreaming that he is somewhere else and has no interest in responding to the "here and now."

Question 80

Which statement is correct concerning how much sleep people need?

A)Most people need at least 10 hours.
B)Men need more sleep than women.
C)Most people need between 7 to 8 hours of sleep.
D)Women need more sleep than men.