Deck 2: Victimization and Criminal Behavior

Question 1

Freud proposed a psychoanalytic theory that crime is caused by unconscious drives and forces.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Research shows that the number of women being arrested has decreased significantly in recent times.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Similar to men,women who engage in criminal activity disproportionately come from poor families.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Marxism is an example of a social conflict theory.

Question 5

Victims are generally to blame for the crime that occurred against them.

Question 6

Cesare Lombroso's medical training led him to believe that certain people are born criminals.

Question 7

Lifestyle-exposure theory is based on the idea that different kinds of people have different kinds of experiences with crime.

Question 8

Most theories about crime are based on men.

Question 9

Fear of crime is the greatest in urban areas.

Question 10

Reduction in crime rates reduces the fear of crime.

Question 11

Victimology has always been at the heart of criminology.

Question 12

A state of anomie is one in which rules or norms that guide behavior have been strengthened or reinforced.

Question 13

Classical criminology argues that criminal behavior is irrational.

Question 14

Positivist criminologists believe that science can be used to discover the causes of crime and to treat deviants.

Question 15

The intangible costs of crime are small.

Question 16

Television has no real relationship to people's fears of victimization.

Question 17

Most theories about crime focus on both the poor and the wealthy.

Question 18

Race is a key factor in exposure to crime.

Question 19

The tangible costs of crime are large.

Question 20

Emile Durkheim believed that crime was an unnatural part of social life.

Question 21

Crime has many kinds of costs,including economic,psychological,and emotional.

Question 22

Crime victims may not file lawsuits against the offenders who injured them.

Question 23

According to your text,which of the following statements best reflects racial victim crime statistics?

A)Most violent crime is interracial.
B)Whites are most likely to be the victims of violent crimes.
C)Most victims and offenders are from different social classes.
D)African Americans and other minorities are most likely to be the victims of violent crimes.

Question 24

"Criminal behavior is rational" is a view held by those supporting a biological explanation of crime.

Question 25

Murder is most frequently committed by

A)African Americans.
B)white people.
C)men.
D)someone of a different race from the victim.

Question 26

According to recent statistics,which of the following crimes do Americans fear the most?

A)Mugging
B)Murder
C)Identity theft
D)Terrorism

Question 27

According to the lifestyle-exposure model,which of the following people are most likely to be victimized because of where they live and how they spend their leisure time?

A)Elderly white females
B)Elderly white males
C)Elderly African American females
D)Young African American males

Question 28

As the status of women changes,some believe that women will commit more crimes.

Question 29

Wilson and Herrnstein's book Crime and Human Nature (1985)argued that certain biological factors such as sex,age,body type,and intelligence predispose some people to crime.

Question 30

The Justice for All Act of 2004 created legislative guarantees of victim rights in eight different categories.

Question 31

If crime is learned behavior,policies to promote stable families should exist.

Question 32

The fear of crime is greatest in

A)rural areas.
B)suburban areas.
C)urban areas.
D)the workplace.

Question 33

Theories of crime causation do not affect laws and crime policies.

Question 34

Labeling is an example of a social process theory.

Question 35

Cesare Lombroso proposed a biological explanation of crime when he postulated that physical traits distinguish criminals.

Question 36

Repetitive victimization refers to individuals who are victimized by crime more than once during a relatively brief period of time.

Question 37

Wealthy city dwellers are the victims of crime more often than low-income city dwellers because thieves target those with wealth.

Question 38

Which of the following is true about crime in America?

A)Crime rates are increasing and Americans are not fearful of crime.
B)Crime rates are decreasing and Americans are not fearful of crime.
C)Crime rates are increasing and Americans are fearful of crime.
D)Crime rates are decreasing and Americans are fearful of crime.

Question 39

Who is most likely to be the victim of a violent crime?

A)An 18-year old white male
B)A 16-year old white female
C)A 12-year old African American male
D)A 20-year old white male

Question 40

Public opinion polls indicate that as many as 60% of Americans are afraid to walk in their neighborhoods at night.

Question 41

Freud's psychoanalytic theory focuses on

A)adult experiences causing criminal behavior.
B)social explanations of crime.
C)biological explanations of crime.
D)unconscious drives and forces explaining crime.

Question 42

What two things must a theory explain if it does a good job of explaining gender differences in offending?

A)The gender gap and the differences in types of offenses committed by men and women
B)The fact that women are more criminal than men and that they commit more serious crimes
C)The role of victimization in offending and the disparate treatment of minority offenders
D)The income inequality between men and women and the fact that women are more likely to live with their children

Question 43

In relation to men,women commit _____ crime.

A)more
B)the same amount of
C)less
D)more violent

Question 44

As more women pursue careers in business,what kinds of crime do sociologists expect them to commit more often?

A)Occupational crimes
B)Victimless crimes
C)Violent crimes
D)Political crimes

Question 45

The fear of crime is fed by

A)television.
B)news media.
C)personal communication in social networks.
D)All of these are correct.

Question 46

________ theory,a type of social process theory,stresses that social links keep people in line with accepted norms.

A)Labeling
B)Learning
C)Control
D)Normal

Question 47

Most female criminals come from __________ families.

A)upper-class
B)middle-class
C)lower-class
D)upper-middle-class

Question 48

A ________ explanation of criminal acts argues that behavior is shaped by social group.

A)biological
B)psychological
C)sociological
D)physiological

Question 49

Which type of criminology uses science to study the body,mind,and environment of the offender?

A)Classical
B)Neoclassical
C)Positivist
D)Victimology

Question 50

______________ explanations believe that criminal behavior results from a mental condition,a personality disturbance,or limited intellect.

A)Biological
B)Psychological
C)Criminogenic
D)Sociological

Question 51

Psychoanalytic theory explains criminal behavior as resulting from a(n)

A)overdeveloped id.
B)perfectly developed ego.
C)underdeveloped or overdeveloped superego.
D)underdeveloped or overdeveloped ego.

Question 52

What are the three social process theories?

A)Learning,control,and labeling
B)Biological,psychological,and sociological
C)Id,ego,and superego
D)Critical,radical,and Marxist

Question 53

Which theory assumes that criminal law is designed mainly to control society's poor and have-nots?

A)Social conflict
B)Learning
C)Social structure
D)Labeling

Question 54

Which theory views family and peers as primary influences on criminal activity?

A)Control theory
B)Labeling theory
C)Learning theory
D)Conflict theory

Question 55

Which theory contains the idea that any person,regardless of education,class,or upbringing,can become a criminal?

A)Biological theory
B)Social process theory
C)Social conflict theory
D)Social structure theory

Question 56

This theorist argued that a criminal could be identified by physical attributes.

A)Sigmund Freud
B)James Q.Wilson
C)Cesare Lombroso
D)Edwin Sutherland

Question 57

Which theorist argued that the women's movement increased the role of women in criminal activity?

A)Sigmund Freud
B)Freda Adler
C)Edwin Sutherland
D)Richard Herrnstein

Question 58

Which stage of life is the most significant according to Sigmund Freud's theory of personality?

A)Fetal development
B)Early childhood
C)Early adulthood
D)Middle age

Question 59

If a person is criminogenic,he or she

A)became a criminal as an adult.
B)was born a criminal.
C)became a criminal as a result of a traumatic experience.
D)will never become a criminal.

Question 60

Which of the following is not a main principle of classical criminology?

A)Criminal behavior is rational.
B)People who commit crimes weigh the costs and benefits.
C)Fear of punishment keeps most people in check.
D)Punishment should be tailored to each individual person.

Question 61

Jeff and his coworkers frequently visit a local bar on their way home from their second-shift factory jobs.They are anxious to reach the bar on this particular night because their favorite NFL team is playing.Jeff hopes they will arrive in time to view the fourth quarter of the game.As he enters the bar,he notes a group of noisy,obnoxious rival fans who have had too many drinks.Jeff asks the group to quiet down so he can hear the game.He is immediately approached by members of the group who ask if he wants to make an issue of the game.Before Jeff can answer,one member of the group throws a punch.Within minutes,a full bar brawl ensues.Jeff ends up with a fractured skull,which results in brain damage. What type of lawsuit will Jeff be able to file against his aggressors?

A)Criminal
B)Tort
C)Civil
D)Motion

Question 62

Jeff and his coworkers frequently visit a local bar on their way home from their second-shift factory jobs.They are anxious to reach the bar on this particular night because their favorite NFL team is playing.Jeff hopes they will arrive in time to view the fourth quarter of the game.As he enters the bar,he notes a group of noisy,obnoxious rival fans who have had too many drinks.Jeff asks the group to quiet down so he can hear the game.He is immediately approached by members of the group who ask if he wants to make an issue of the game.Before Jeff can answer,one member of the group throws a punch.Within minutes,a full bar brawl ensues.Jeff ends up with a fractured skull,which results in brain damage. The theory that Jeff's habit of going to bars late at night leads to crime is called _________ theory.

A)social exposure
B)routine activities
C)social control
D)learning

Question 63

The role of victims in fostering the context or triggering the action that leads to their own victimization is referred to as

A)victim precipitation.
B)revictimization.
C)repetitive victimization.
D)victim notification.

Question 64

Dominic is currently a successful high school teacher.When Dominic was 17 years old,he was recruited by a gang,which he joined to establish a sense of belonging.His initiation process culminated with a "duty" to rob a local gas station at gunpoint.When Dominic went into the store,he noticed that his old high school football coach was standing in line to check out.Dominic's conscience got the better of him; he approached the coach,who was a father figure to him,and warned him of the robbery.The coach thought quickly to defuse the situation and ultimately helped Dominic get out of the gang,begin a new school in a different county,and earn his college degree.In his interactions with high school students today,Dominic often thinks about what would have happened if his coach hadn't intervened. A theory that Dominic's body type made him more likely to commit crimes utilizes the theory of ____ traits.

A)criminogenic
B)psychoanalytic
C)antisocial
D)sociopathic

Question 65

Which of the following is most closely linked to exposure to crime?

A)Having a higher income
B)Living in a rural area
C)Living in a suburban area
D)Living in a city

Question 66

Christina is a single mother of two children.She grew up in a home filled with violence.Her mother was frequently high on crack cocaine as Christina entered her teen years.Christina's dad has not been a part of her life since she was four years old.She vowed to herself that she would never allow her children to be raised as she was.Christina married her high school boyfriend and had a son and a daughter.She worked as a nursing assistant and life was going well for her until her husband left her for a man.Christina fell into massive depression that was only relieved with alcohol and illegal drugs.She started selling drugs and engaging in prostitution to maintain her habit but was arrested by an undercover officer.She is currently serving a six-year prison sentence. After her release from prison,Christina eventually moved to an upscale neighborhood and began a committed,stable relationship.She is now a different person and has no interest in crime.Which major theory of criminality would best explain this change?

A)Psychological theory
B)Social contract theory
C)Social process theory
D)Social structure theory

Question 67

Herbert Needleman connected juvenile delinquency with

A)malnutrition.
B)environmental lead.
C)poverty.
D)omega-3 in fish.

Question 68

Women's share of arrests is the highest for which type of crime?

A)Robbery
B)Rape
C)Murder
D)Larceny/theft

Question 69

Which of the following foods has been found to reduce hostility in young people?

A)Salmon
B)Pie
C)Ice cream
D)Pizza

Question 70

Which is not a reason that poorer individuals are at greater risk of being victimized by crime?

A)They cannot afford to hire private security companies.
B)They cannot afford to move to urban areas.
C)They cannot afford to install home security systems.
D)They often work third shifts that require them to travel to or from work at night.

Question 71

Christina is a single mother of two children.She grew up in a home filled with violence.Her mother was frequently high on crack cocaine as Christina entered her teen years.Christina's dad has not been a part of her life since she was four years old.She vowed to herself that she would never allow her children to be raised as she was.Christina married her high school boyfriend and had a son and a daughter.She worked as a nursing assistant and life was going well for her until her husband left her for a man.Christina fell into massive depression that was only relieved with alcohol and illegal drugs.She started selling drugs and engaging in prostitution to maintain her habit but was arrested by an undercover officer.She is currently serving a six-year prison sentence. The concept that Christina's criminal behavior can be traced to her childhood is called

A)psychological theory.
B)social contract theory.
C)social process theory.
D)social structure theory.

Question 72

Which of the following is not a right guaranteed by the Justice for All Act in federal criminal cases?

A)The right to be questioned by the accused
B)The right to reasonable notice of any court proceeding,parole proceeding,release,or escape of the accused
C)The reasonable right to confer with the federal prosecutor
D)The right to proceedings free of unreasonable delay

Question 73

Christina is a single mother of two children.She grew up in a home filled with violence.Her mother was frequently high on crack cocaine as Christina entered her teen years.Christina's dad has not been a part of her life since she was four years old.She vowed to herself that she would never allow her children to be raised as she was.Christina married her high school boyfriend and had a son and a daughter.She worked as a nursing assistant and life was going well for her until her husband left her for a man.Christina fell into massive depression that was only relieved with alcohol and illegal drugs.She started selling drugs and engaging in prostitution to maintain her habit but was arrested by an undercover officer.She is currently serving a six-year prison sentence. If Christina's depression led to her criminal behavior,this would be an example of

A)gender theory.
B)life course theory.
C)sociological theory.
D)psychological theory.

Question 74

Dominic is currently a successful high school teacher.When Dominic was 17 years old,he was recruited by a gang,which he joined to establish a sense of belonging.His initiation process culminated with a "duty" to rob a local gas station at gunpoint.When Dominic went into the store,he noticed that his old high school football coach was standing in line to check out.Dominic's conscience got the better of him; he approached the coach,who was a father figure to him,and warned him of the robbery.The coach thought quickly to defuse the situation and ultimately helped Dominic get out of the gang,begin a new school in a different county,and earn his college degree.In his interactions with high school students today,Dominic often thinks about what would have happened if his coach hadn't intervened. Dominic was encouraged to participate in gang behavior by his peer group.Edwin Sutherland would refer to this as

A)anomie.
B)strain.
C)differential association.
D)process.

Question 75

Which of the following is not a feature of the positivist criminology approach?

A)Human behavior is controlled by physical,mental,and social factors and not by free will.
B)Human behavior is determined by free will.
C)Criminals are different from noncriminals.
D)Science can be used to discover the causes of crime and to treat deviants.

Question 76

Jeff and his coworkers frequently visit a local bar on their way home from their second-shift factory jobs.They are anxious to reach the bar on this particular night because their favorite NFL team is playing.Jeff hopes they will arrive in time to view the fourth quarter of the game.As he enters the bar,he notes a group of noisy,obnoxious rival fans who have had too many drinks.Jeff asks the group to quiet down so he can hear the game.He is immediately approached by members of the group who ask if he wants to make an issue of the game.Before Jeff can answer,one member of the group throws a punch.Within minutes,a full bar brawl ensues.Jeff ends up with a fractured skull,which results in brain damage. Because Jeff was the first individual to speak with authority to the group that eventually harmed him,his actions are called

A)victim precipitation.
B)revictimization.
C)repetitive victimization.
D)victimization.

Question 77

Dominic is currently a successful high school teacher.When Dominic was 17 years old,he was recruited by a gang,which he joined to establish a sense of belonging.His initiation process culminated with a "duty" to rob a local gas station at gunpoint.When Dominic went into the store,he noticed that his old high school football coach was standing in line to check out.Dominic's conscience got the better of him; he approached the coach,who was a father figure to him,and warned him of the robbery.The coach thought quickly to defuse the situation and ultimately helped Dominic get out of the gang,begin a new school in a different county,and earn his college degree.In his interactions with high school students today,Dominic often thinks about what would have happened if his coach hadn't intervened. Dominic moved on from the gang at a crucial point in his life.Which theory would Dominic's case best support?

A)Psychological theory
B)Life course theory
C)Sociological theory
D)Gender theory

Question 78

Jeff and his coworkers frequently visit a local bar on their way home from their second-shift factory jobs.They are anxious to reach the bar on this particular night because their favorite NFL team is playing.Jeff hopes they will arrive in time to view the fourth quarter of the game.As he enters the bar,he notes a group of noisy,obnoxious rival fans who have had too many drinks.Jeff asks the group to quiet down so he can hear the game.He is immediately approached by members of the group who ask if he wants to make an issue of the game.Before Jeff can answer,one member of the group throws a punch.Within minutes,a full bar brawl ensues.Jeff ends up with a fractured skull,which results in brain damage. Jeff has never had a bar fight before.Therefore,Jeff is an example of

A)patron aggression.
B)victimization.
C)situational victimization.
D)revictimization.

Question 79

Christina is a single mother of two children.She grew up in a home filled with violence.Her mother was frequently high on crack cocaine as Christina entered her teen years.Christina's dad has not been a part of her life since she was four years old.She vowed to herself that she would never allow her children to be raised as she was.Christina married her high school boyfriend and had a son and a daughter.She worked as a nursing assistant and life was going well for her until her husband left her for a man.Christina fell into massive depression that was only relieved with alcohol and illegal drugs.She started selling drugs and engaging in prostitution to maintain her habit but was arrested by an undercover officer.She is currently serving a six-year prison sentence. Freda Adler would theorize that Christina committed crimes because she does not have

A)equality.
B)transition.
C)financial gain.
D)structure.

Question 80

Jeff and his coworkers frequently visit a local bar on their way home from their second-shift factory jobs.They are anxious to reach the bar on this particular night because their favorite NFL team is playing.Jeff hopes they will arrive in time to view the fourth quarter of the game.As he enters the bar,he notes a group of noisy,obnoxious rival fans who have had too many drinks.Jeff asks the group to quiet down so he can hear the game.He is immediately approached by members of the group who ask if he wants to make an issue of the game.Before Jeff can answer,one member of the group throws a punch.Within minutes,a full bar brawl ensues.Jeff ends up with a fractured skull,which results in brain damage. An agency offers to help Jeff navigate the court system free of charge.This group is referred to as

A)inmate protection assurance.
B)legal aid assistance.
C)an offender support coalition.
D)a victim assistance program.