Deck 15: Psychological Disorders

Question 1

The biological approach to psychological disorders is most likely to focus on

A)the influence of factors such as marriage,socioeconomic status,ethnicity,gender,and culture on psychological disorders.
B)the influence of childhood experiences or personality traits in the development and course of psychological disorders.
C)the brain,genetic factors,and neurotransmitter functioning in the development of psychological disorders.
D)the interactions between political and social factors that affect an individual.

Answer 1

the brain,genetic factors,and neurotransmitter functioning in the development of psychological disorders.

Question 2

Jenna constantly experiences feelings of hopelessness and worthlessness.Jenna's doctor,Jacob,advises her to start taking anti-depressant drugs that contain serotonin and dopamine.According to Dr.Jacob's diagnosis,Jenna's depression is a result of the imbalance and improper functioning of the neurotransmitters in her brain.In the context of the theoretical approaches to psychological disorders,this diagnosis conforms to the

A)sociocultural approach.
B)biological approach.
C)psychological approach.
D)social cognitive approach.

Answer 2

biological approach.

Question 3

Amok is a psychological disorder that is associated with the culture of the people living in

A)the United States.
B)the Philippines.
C)China.
D)Japan.

Answer 3

the Philippines.

Question 4

Harry,a behavioral psychologist,is in the process of analyzing his patient Maria Valentine's report.Maria has been diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder (DID).According to Harry,severe physical abuse in childhood can serve as a plausible explanation for Maria's psychological disorder.Maria is emotionally damaged and forms alternate identities in order to shut out past memories and to cope with the trauma.In the context of theoretical approaches to psychological disorders,it can be inferred that Harry's explanation of Maria's condition conforms to the _____ approach to psychological disorders.

A)psychological
B)biological
C)cognitive
D)sociocultural

Question 5

Marilyn is suffering from bipolar disorder.Dr.Henderson tells Marilyn that her condition is typically characterized by a chemical imbalance in the brain.It can be inferred that Dr.Henderson's view on the factors affecting Marilyn's psychological disorder supports the _____ model of psychological disorders.

A)medical
B)behavioral
C)sociocultural
D)cognitive

Question 6

Which of the following is a culture-related disorder that is most likely common among individuals residing in China?

A)koro
B)amok
C)taijin kyofusho
D)anorexia nervosa

Question 7

Jackie,a young American,is obsessed about losing weight.She is paranoid about consuming calories and often starves herself.Despite being dangerously underweight for her age,Jackie refuses to eat as she is terrified of the possibility of gaining weight.Which of the following culture-related disorders best fits the description of Jackie's condition?

A)anorexia nervosa
B)amok
C)koro
D)taijin kyofusho

Question 8

Which of the following is true of koro,a culture-related disorder?

A)It involves a relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation and can eventually lead to death.
B)It involves the terrifying belief that one's genitalia are retracting into one's abdomen.
C)It is predominant in Malaysia,the Philippines,and Africa.
D)It is predominant in the Western cultures,especially in the United States.

Question 9

In the context of psychological disorders,a sociocultural researcher is most likely to stress the role of

A)family relationships.
B)neurotrasnmitters.
C)cognitions.
D)personality characteristics.

Question 10

Which of the following culture-related disorders is most likely common among individuals residing in the United States?

A)taijin kyofusho
B)amok
C)koro
D)anorexia nervosa

Question 11

Which of the following statements is true of abnormal behavior?

A)Abnormal behavior typically involves personal distress over a relatively short period of time.
B)Abnormal behavior conforms to what is considered acceptable in a culture or society.
C)Atypical behavior is the only criterion that needs to be present for behavior to be labeled "abnormal."
D)Abnormal behavior interferes with a person's ability to function effectively in the worlD.

Question 12

According to the biopsychosocial model of psychological disorders,abnormal behavior can be influenced by

A)genes
B)childhood experiences
C)gender
D)all of these

Question 13

Derek has been diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder (APSD).Derek's counselor,Mary,believes that Derek's poor relationship with his alcoholic stepfather is a factor that contributed to Derek's psychological disorder.Which of the following theoretical approaches to psychological disorders conforms to Mary's beliefs in this scenario?

A)the biological approach
B)the anthropological approach
C)the sociocultural approach
D)the cognitive approach

Question 14

Keith,10-year-old,is diagnosed with conduct disorder.Leah,Keith's psychologist,says that his abnormal behavior is most likely caused due to exposure to chronic parental conflict.Which of the following approaches to psychological disorders is best exemplified in this scenario?

A)biological approach to psychological disorder
B)medical approach to psychological disorder
C)sociocultural approach to psychological disorder
D)cognitive approach to psychological disorder

Question 15

Tipah lives in a small village in Malaysia.According to the local villagers,Tipah suffers from a mental disorder. He often experiences sudden,uncontrolled outbursts of anger.Tipah has attacked and injured many people during these fits of rage.His family claims that Tipah usually seems emotionally withdrawn before the onset of these attacks.Which of the following culture-related disorders best fits the description of Tipah's mental disorder?

A)taijin kyofusho
B)anorexia nervosa
C)koro
D)amok

Question 16

Nina has the habit of eating non-food substances.Nina's behavior is considered abnormal because

A)it is deviant.
B)it is adaptive.
C)it cannot be observed.
D)it cannot be measureD.

Question 17

Which of the following is most likely emphasized by the psychological approach to psychological disorders?

A)genetics
B)cultural norms
C)emotions
D)social context

Question 18

In the context of abnormal behavior,which of the following is true of deviant behavior?

A)A person who engages in deviant behavior typically poses a greater threat to himself than to others.
B)The context of a behavior may determine whether it is deviant or not.
C)A person who engages in deviant behavior invariably poses a great threat to society.
D)An individual engaging in deviant behavior always finds it personally satisfying.

Question 19

According to Dr.Sullivan,a well-known psychologist in Konesia,the lack of emotions experienced by psychopaths can be attributed to amygdala dysfunction.In the context of the theoretical approaches to psychological disorders,Dr.Sullivan's view supports the

A)social cognitive approach.
B)psychological approach.
C)sociocultural approach.
D)biological approach.

Question 20

Which of the following is a criteria that is used to distinguish normal from abnormal behavior?

A)behavior that is deviant
B)behavior that is adaptive
C)behavior that is statistically significant
D)behavior that is unobservable

Question 21

The _____ is a theory suggesting that preexisting conditions,such as genetic characteristics,personality dispositions,or experiences,may put a person at risk of developing a psychological disorder.

A)medical model
B)diathesis-stress model
C)five-factor model
D)elaboration likelihood model

Question 22

A professor is explaining autism spectrum disorders to his students.He is most likely to state that

A)they are also known as attention deficit/hyperactivity disorders.
B)they are caused when children experience rejection from their parents.
C)they refer to a range of neurodevelopmental disorders.
D)they are caused due to childhood vaccinations.

Question 23

_____ is a psychological disorder,commonly diagnosed in childhood,in which an individual exhibits one or more of the following symptoms: a lack of concentration,excitability,and impulsivity.

A)Borderline personality disorder
B)Autism spectrum disorder
C)Depression
D)Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Question 24

_____ is an anxiety disorder that is marked by persistent anxiety for at least six months,and in which the individual is unable to specify the reasons for the anxiety.

A)Aerophobia
B)Generalized anxiety disorder
C)Social anxiety disorder
D)Agoraphobia

Question 25

Which of the following is a change that is part of the newest formulation of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)for the somatic symptom disorder?

A)The focus is on symptoms that indicate a decline in cognitive abilities.
B)The focus is on the fact that the symptoms are not physically real.
C)The focus is on the experience of distressing thoughts and feelings related to the symptoms.
D)The focus is on fact that no medical explanations can be found for the related symptoms.

Question 26

Which of the following is true of autism spectrum disorder?

A)Those suffering from this disorder are a diverse group,and their level of disability can be relatively mild to quite severe.
B)Autism spectrum disorder can be associated with a single cause.
C)Autism spectrum disorder is usually associated with aging and is often observed in adults experiencing cognitive decline.
D)The symptoms of autism spectrum disorder include trichotillomania but not skin picking.

Question 27

The main criticism of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)is that it

A)takes an overly sociocultural view of psychological disorders.
B)has very few categories of psychological disorders.
C)does not rely on social norms and subjective judgments.
D)mainly reflects the medical model.

Question 28

An individual diagnosed with an anxiety disorder is most likely to experience

A)episodes of unrealistic excitement and euphoriA.
B)hallucinations-that is,seeing or hearing things that are not there.
C)motor tension,apprehensive expectations,and thoughts.
D)recurrent thoughts of death and suicide.

Question 29

Nate is always on edge and often experiences dizziness,a racing heart,and jumpiness.Over the years,these symptoms have worsened.In this case,Nate is most likely to be diagnosed with

A)depressive disorder
B)bipolar disorder
C)anxiety disorder
D)dissociative disorder

Question 30

Mathew is a critic of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM).Which of the following statements will Mathew agree to?

A)It treats psychological disorders as if they are medical illnesses.
B)It avoids relying on social norms and subjective judgments.
C)It reflects the sociocultural approach,emphasizing only on factors such as poverty,unemployment,and trauma.
D)It focuses on destigmatizing psychological disorders and fails to highlight the problems associated with them.

Question 31

An individual suffering from generalized anxiety disorder

A)experiences recurrent,sudden onsets of intense terror,often without warning and with no specific cause.
B)has low levels of lactate.
C)is likely to have problems in regulating the sympathetic nervous system.
D)has elevated levels of the neurotransmitter GABA.

Question 32

Robert's teacher,Martha,has complained about his behavior on several occasions.According to Martha,Robert cannot focus in class and is constantly distracted.She also mentioned that Robert is extremely active and very impulsive by nature.If Robert were to be taken by his teacher to a psychiatrist he is likely to be diagnosed with

A)attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
B)borderline personality disorder.
C)autism spectrum disorder.
D)mild neurocognitive impairment.

Question 33

Which of the following statements is true of the biopsychosocial model?

A)According to the biopsychosocial model,biological,sociocultural,and psychological factors are independent of one another and operate distinctly in producing abnormal behavior.
B)The biopsychosocial model states that biological,psychological,and sociocultural factors are all equally significant ingredients in producing both normal and abnormal behavior.
C)According to the biopsychosocial perspective,a specific gene or a particular experience will inevitably lead to the development of a psychological disorder.
D)The biopsychosocial model gives more importance to biological factors over psychological and sociocultural factors in producing normal and abnormal behavior.

Question 34

One of the reasons for the concerns raised by the critiques of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)is that

A)prescribing psychoactive drugs for a patient will become very difficult even if it necessary for the patient's survival.
B)the DSM will disregard social norms and subjective judgments.
C)the DSM will overlook the biological factors involved in psychological disorders.
D)generally U.S.insurance companies will only reimburse for treatments of diagnoses that appear in DSM-5.

Question 35

Which of the following statements is true of the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)?

A)It is the only diagnostic system.
B)It relies on procedural norms and objective judgments.
C)It includes new diagnoses such as binge eating disorder and gambling addiction.
D)It was published by the World Health Organization (WHO).

Question 36

Which of the following disorders is related to the experience of anxiety,but has NOT been classified by the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)as an anxiety disorder?

A)panic disorder
B)social phobia
C)fear of nonpoisonous snakes
D)post-traumatic stress disorder

Question 37

Karen has been suffering from a disorder that is characterized by exaggerated and irrational worry that tends to interfere with her daily functioning.She can't sleep properly and often complains of stomach aches.In spite of being constantly nervous and restless,Karen,however,cannot seem to find the specific cause of her worry. These symptoms have lasted for almost six months now.Which of the following disorders is Karen most likely to be diagnosed with?

A)social anxiety disorder
B)generalized anxiety disorder
C)obsessive-compulsive disorder
D)bipolar disorder

Question 38

Janet is worried about her son,Patrick.She finds him restless and impulsive.At times,Janet finds it exhausting to handle him because he is high-strung and shows very little concentration while studying.She has also received several complaints from Patrick's teachers regarding his poor performance in class and his lack of focus.In the context of psychological disorders,it can be inferred that Patrick is exhibiting the symptoms of

A)obsessive-compulsive disorder.
B)mild neurocognitive impairment.
C)attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
D)schizophrenia.

Question 39

Which of the following biological factors plays a role in the development of generalized anxiety disorder?

A)enlarged fluid-filled spaces in the brain
B)elevated levels of lactate
C)deficient levels of the neurotransmitter GABA
D)elevated levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine

Question 40

A critic of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)is most likely to state that

A)it does not take social norms into account.
B)too few new categories of disorders have been added.
C)it focuses strictly on problems.
D)it mainly reflects the sociocultural model.

Question 41

_____ is an anxiety disorder in which an individual experiences recurrent,sudden onsets of intense terror,often without warning and with no specific cause.

A)Bipolar disorder
B)Kleptomania
C)Panic disorder
D)Paranoid personality disorder

Question 42

Alex has been diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder.Which of the following,if true,might have played a role in the development of his disorder?

A)Alex has very sensitive and mild parents.
B)Alex is unambitious and has low self-standards.
C)Alex has respiratory system abnormalities.
D)Alex suffered head injury as a chilD.

Question 43

Dr.Davenport,a psychiatrist,is in the process of diagnosing Kelly's psychological disorder.He asks Kelly a series of questions regarding her symptoms.Kelly reveals that she often experiences overwhelming fear all of a sudden,which is accompanied by pains in the chest and a feeling of helplessness.During these instances,she finds it difficult to breathe,has severe palpitations,and feels like she's going to die of cardiac arrest.In the context of psychological disorders,Dr.Davenport is most likely to diagnose Kelly with

A)schizophreniA.
B)social anxiety disorder.
C)paranoid personality disorder.
D)panic disorder.

Question 44

Nina has an irrational fear of flying.She avoids flying at any cost.She cancels any traveling plans if she cannot take a train to the destination or reach the destination by road.In this case,Nina is most likely to be diagnosed with

A)acrophobiA.
B)aerophobia.
C)amaxophobia.
D)algophobia.

Question 45

Which of the following statements is true of specific phobia?

A)All disorders that involve repetitive behavior,such as hoarding disorder,excoriation,and trichotillomania,are related to specific phobiA.
B)All people who have a specific phobia also suffer from obsessive-compulsive disorder.
C)Specific phobia is a disorder that develops through exposure to a traumatic event that overwhelms a person's abilities to cope.
D)Many explanations of specific phobias view these disorders as based on experiences and learned associations.

Question 46

_____ is an anxiety disorder in which an individual has an irrational,overwhelming,persistent fear of pain

A)Mysophobia
B)Cynophobia
C)Algophobia
D)Melissophobia

Question 47

Which of the following statements is most likely true of individuals suffering from panic disorder?

A)They have an intense fear of social interactions.
B)They display overgeneralization of fear learning.
C)They repeat their behavioral routines,sometimes hundreds of times a day.
D)They display a vicious cycle of avoidance learning.

Question 48

John often experiences unanticipated attacks of intense fear.During these episodes,he feels like he is going to faint and has trouble catching his breath.John cannot identify the source of his feelings and worries that he might die of heart failure.In the context of psychological disorders,John is exhibiting the symptoms of

A)disruptive mood regulation disorder.
B)paranoid personality disorder.
C)panic disorder.
D)social anxiety disorder.

Question 49

Bency has an abnormal fear of marriage and commitment.She has never been in a committed relationship and is terrified of getting married.In this case,she is most likely to be diagnosed with

A)gamophobiA.
B)aerophobia.
C)hydrophobia.
D)xenophobia.

Question 50

Which of the following statements is most likely true of individuals with social phobia?

A)They have the compulsion of picking at their own skin,sometimes to the point of injury.
B)They often feel that their anxiety prevents them from letting others know who they really are.
C)They repeat their behavioral routines,sometimes hundreds of times a day.
D)They constantly think about their appearance and compare their appearance to that of others.

Question 51

Lola often experiences abrupt,brief episodes of overwhelming fear.She does not know what triggers them,but she has these attacks in the grocery store,in busy restaurants,and even while driving.During these attacks,Lola's heart pounds and she has difficulty breathing.She fears that she may go crazy or have a heart attack.In the context of psychological disorders,it can be inferred that Lola may have

A)catatoniA.
B)somatoform disorder.
C)aerophobia.
D)panic disorder.

Question 52

Who among the following is most likely to be diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder?

A)Katy,who suffers from recurrent,sudden onsets of intense terror,often without warning and with no specific cause
B)Kim,who has had a fear of spiders since childhood
C)Jack,who gets nervous when appearing for school tests
D)Zeenath,who has been suffering from persistent nervousness for no specific reason for over a year

Question 53

Brad has been in a state of incessant worry for almost half a year now.He has trouble sleeping and breathing. Dr.Simons,a psychiatrist,asks Brad detailed questions about his symptoms and medical history.Brad tells Dr.
Simons that he cannot stop worrying and is constantly nervous.Brad also complains of muscular tension and stomach problems.After conducting a quick examination of Brad's symptoms,Dr.Simons discovers that Brad's incessant worry does not have a particular cause,but it has taken a physical toll on Brad's health.Which of the following disorders is Dr.Simons most likely to diagnose Brad with?

A)generalized anxiety disorder
B)schizophrenia
C)bipolar disorder
D)obsessive-compulsive disorder

Question 54

Anxiety disorders involve fears that are

A)uncontrollable.
B)disproportionate to the actual danger the person might be in.
C)disruptive of ordinary life.
D)all of these.

Question 55

Alison had sustained severe injuries after being brutally attacked by a mad dog as a child.After that incident,Alison has been experiencing an overwhelming sense of fear and paralysis every time she sees a dog.The fear is so intense that it keeps Alison from leaving her house.Alison believes that as long as she's inside her house,the chances of encountering a dog are slim.In the context of psychological disorders,Alison is most likely to be diagnosed with

A)social anxiety disorder.
B)specific phobia.
C)obsessive-compulsive disorder.
D)generalized anxiety disorder.

Question 56

Eric has an extreme fear of being humiliated in public.As a result,he avoids public gatherings and functions. The thought of speaking in front of a crowd induces panic in him.Which of the following best describes Eric's disorder?

A)obsessive-compulsive disorder
B)generalized anxiety disorder
C)algophobia
D)social phobia

Question 57

A fear becomes a phobia when

A)it occurs without warning
B)an individual will go to any length to avoid the situation that he or she fears
C)an individual fears a specific object or situation for more than eighteen months
D)it occurs without any known cause

Question 58

_____ is an anxiety disorder in which an individual has an irrational,overwhelming,persistent fear of death.

A)Thanatophobia
B)Acrophobia
C)Algophobia
D)Cynophobia

Question 59

_____ is an anxiety disorder in which an individual has an intense fear of being humiliated or embarrassed in public.

A)Thanatophobia
B)Xenophobia
C)Social phobia
D)Gamophobia

Question 60

_____,a brain chemical that plays a role in brain metabolism,is elevated in individuals with panic disorder.

A)Prolactin
B)Serotonin
C)GABA
D)Lactate

Question 61

Who among the following is most likely to be diagnosed with excoriation disorder?

A)Mia,who has the compulsive habit of checking herself in the mirror and cannot stop thinking about herself
B)Karen,who has the compulsive habit of pulling her hair from her scalp and eyebrows
C)Kyle,who has the habit of collecting items and finds it difficult to discard those items
D)Natalie,who has the habit of picking her skin to the extent that it causes bleeding and bruises

Question 62

Jerome was held hostage by gunmen along with 30 others in a 5-star hotel.He had witnessed the gunmen shoot other hostages and was denied food and water for two whole days.Since then,Jerome has had trouble sleeping and focusing on his work.Sometimes,Jerome loses track of where he is and feels like he is back at the hotel.These flashback episodes terrify Jerome and disturb his peace of mind.In the context of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders,it can be inferred that Jerome is showing symptoms suggestive of

A)schizophreniA.
B)obsessive-compulsive disorder.
C)post-traumatic stress disorder.
D)social anxiety disorder.

Question 63

Jillian cannot bear to leave her home without sweeping the floors,vacuuming the carpets,and organizing everything in her cupboards.She knows that her behavior is extreme,but when she tries to go to work without doing all of these things,she is overcome with such overwhelming dread that she never makes it all the way to the office.In the context of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders,it can be inferred that Jillian suffers from

A)obsessive-compulsive disorder.
B)generalized anxiety disorder.
C)a phobia.
D)panic disorder.

Question 64

_____ is a psychological disorder that develops through exposure to a direful event,a severely oppressive situation,cruel abuse,or a natural or an unnatural disaster.

A)Bipolar disorder
B)Obsessive-compulsive disorder
C)Post-traumatic stress disorder
D)Autism spectrum disorder

Question 65

_____ refers to a psychological disorder in which an individual has anxiety-provoking thoughts that will not go away and urges to perform repetitive,ritualistic behaviors to prevent or produce some future situation.

A)Dissociative identity disorder
B)Bipolar disorder
C)Obsessive-compulsive disorder
D)Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Question 66

Kelly experiences a great deal of anxiety over her physical appearance.She believes that her head is too big and her nose is asymmetrical.This troubling preoccupation with her physical features interferes with Kelly's occupational and social functioning.She spends hours in front of the mirror and isolates herself from her friends.In the context of OCD-related disorders,Kelly can be most likely diagnosed with

A)excoriation
B)trichotillomania
C)hoarding disorder
D)body dysmorphic disorder

Question 67

Since the war eight months ago,Henry,a 35-year-old soldier,has been experiencing flashbacks that causes him to relive the grievous experiences that he went through during the war.Henry is terrified of these flashback episodes and tries to avoid all reminders of the war.He refuses to talk about his feelings and avoids looking at his uniform.This anxiety interferes with Henry's sleep and social functioning.In the context of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders,it can be inferred that Henry is exhibiting the symptoms of

A)obsessive-compulsive disorder.
B)specific phobia.
C)post-traumatic stress disorder.
D)antisocial personality disorder.

Question 68

Martha believes that if she doesn't keep checking the stove in the kitchen,a gas leakage may occur and may cause an explosion.Consequently,Martha keeps checking whether the stove has been turned off over and over again,sometimes over fifty times a day.This practice interferes with her sleep and disturbs her thoughts. In the context of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders,Martha's recurrent thoughts about the possibility of an explosion are called

A)delusions.
B)compulsions.
C)hallucinations.
D)obsessions.

Question 69

Peter is compelled by the need to save things regardless of their value.Over the years,he has collected numerous newspapers,magazines,bags,clothes,and other things in his house.Despite his family's best efforts,he is unwilling to get rid of these things.Peter also has poor organization and decision-making skills,and his house now poses a severe fire hazard.In the context of disorders related to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD),Peter is most likely to be diagnosed with

A)trichotillomaniA.
B)excoriation.
C)hoarding disorder.
D)body dysmorphic disorder.

Question 70

In the context of disorders related to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD),individuals who find it difficult to throw things away and are troubled by the feeling that they might need those things at a later time are most likely to be diagnosed with

A)excoriation disorder
B)trichotillomania
C)body dysmorphic disorder
D)hoarding disorder

Question 71

_____ is an OCD-related disorder that involves a distressing preoccupation with imagined or slight flaws in one's physical appearance.

A)Excoriation
B)Trichotillomania
C)Body dysmorphic disorder
D)Hoarding disorder

Question 72

In cases of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD),_____ frequently accompany obsessions and appear to serve the function of reducing the anxiety created by disturbing thoughts.

A)manias
B)hallucinations
C)compulsions
D)delusions

Question 73

Each time Harry feels anxious,he compulsively pulls hair from his scalp or eyebrows.This compulsive urge to pull his hair has made him partially bald.Harry is most likely to be diagnosed with which of the following OCD-related disorders?

A)hoarding disorder
B)trichotillomania
C)excoriation
D)Body dysmorphic disorder

Question 74

Which of the following statements is true of individuals diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?

A)Individuals with OCD are not likely to be bothered by lingering doubts about whether they have avoided an unpleasant or dreaded outcome.
B)Individuals with OCD feel extraordinarily relieved if they do not act out their compulsions.
C)Individuals with OCD show a cognitive bias associated with overestimating threats,especially when such threats are personally relevant.
D)Individuals with OCD have the ability to turn off negative,intrusive thoughts by ignoring or effectively dismissing them.

Question 75

Sean has a compulsion to do everything in sequence.For instance,he has to follow a seven-step procedure when he takes a shower.If he misses a step,he has to start from the beginning.This behavior affects his everyday life as he takes a long time to complete his daily routines.In this case,Sean is most likely to be diagnosed with

A)amaxophobia
B)obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
C)ophidiophobia
D)attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Question 76

Identify a true statement about post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

A)An individual has to show symptoms immediately after a traumatic event to be diagnosed with PTSD.
B)PTSD can occur in those who witness a traumatic event and also in those who only hear about it.
C)An individual has to show symptoms within a week after a traumatic event to be diagnosed with PTSD.
D)Only those individuals who directly experience a trauma can show symptoms of PTSD.

Question 77

Seven months ago,Sandra was involved in a serious car accident.Even though she recovered fully from her injuries,she is still troubled by nightmares and flashbacks of the accident.Now,Sandra refuses to drive and insists only on using public transport.She is in a constant state of anxiety and has trouble sleeping.In the context of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders,it can be inferred that Sandra is showing symptoms suggestive of

A)social anxiety disorder
B)bipolar disorder
C)post-traumatic stress disorder
D)obsessive-compulsive disorder

Question 78

Alex cannot control his impulse to wash his hands every five minutes.He washes his hands almost 100 times a day because he is terrified of being contaminated by germs.If Alex doesn't wash his hands,he experiences overwhelming anxiety.In the context of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders,it can be inferred that Alex is most likely to be diagnosed with

A)autism spectrum disorder.
B)obsessive-compulsive disorder.
C)post-traumatic stress disorder.
D)attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Question 79

Brenda is constantly in the habit of arranging and rearranging the things in her house.She feels very anxious when things are not arranged symmetrically and engages in this behavior to dismiss her negative feelings. Consequently,Brenda forbids children from entering her house because she is afraid that they will disturb the balance of orderliness.In the context of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders,Brenda is most likely to be diagnosed with

A)paranoid personality disorder
B)attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
C)post-traumatic stress disorder
D)obsessive-compulsive disorder

Question 80

According to research,_____ in the brain pathways are linked with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

A)high levels of serotonin
B)high levels of dopamine
C)high levels of GABA
D)high levels of glutamate