Deck 16: Sex,Gender,and Personality

Question 1

The study of sex differences in psychology became popular in the early:

A)1920s.
B)1950s.
C)1970s.
D)1990s.

Answer 1

1970s.

Question 2

The social interpretation of what it means to be a man or a woman is referred to as:

A)sex.
B)gender.
C)social learning theory.
D)social role theory.

Answer 2

gender.

Question 3

The fact that men are,on average,taller than women is best described by the term:

A)sex differences.
B)gender differences.
C)adaptive problems.
D)gender stereotypes.

Answer 3

sex differences.

Question 4

A statistical method for summarizing the findings of large numbers of individual studies is known as _____.

A)factor analysis
B)meta-analysis
C)gender analysis
D)qualitative analysis

Question 5

The idea that men are not capable of being nurturing exemplifies:

A)sex differences.
B)gender differences.
C)adaptive problems.
D)gender stereotypes.

Question 6

The d statistic is used to express:

A)a difference in standard deviation units.
B)the standard deviation of a sample.
C)the mean difference between samples.
D)a difference score between two samples.

Question 7

In the context of the calculation of effect size,which of the following is a characteristic of psychologists who take a minimalist stance?

A)They believe that the differences that exist between men and women have significant practical importance for behavior in everyday life.
B)They tend to emphasize that the distributions of men and women on any given personality variable show tremendous overlap.
C)They focus equally on the magnitude of sex differences and the magnitude of any other effects in psychology.
D)They are of the view that sex differences tend to be small,large,or moderate in magnitude.

Question 8

The term _____ is best defined as beliefs about how men and women differ or are supposed to differ,in contrast to what the actual differences are.

A)sex differences
B)gender differences
C)adaptive problems
D)gender stereotypes

Question 9

In a classic book,The Psychology of Sex Differences,Eleanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklyn concluded that:

A)men were slightly better than women at verbal tasks.
B)men were more aggressive than women.
C)men and women did not differ significantly in personality.
D)women were slightly better than men at spatial ability.

Question 10

When we examine average sex differences between men and women,regardless of the size of those differences,it is important to remember that:

A)these differences may have political implications and must be interpreted very carefully.
B)these differences do not necessarily have implications for any particular individual.
C)researchers do not want to upset individuals by finding a particular sex difference between men and women.
D)there is generally little overlap between distributions of male and female scores for any particular characteristic.

Question 11

An effect size of -0.82 would indicate _____ difference between two groups.

A)a small
B)a moderate
C)a large
D)no

Question 12

The findings that women score higher in verbal ability and that men score higher in math ability have effect sizes that are considered to be:

A)quite small.
B)moderate.
C)large.
D)very large.

Question 13

The _____ stance argues that the magnitude of sex differences is comparable to the magnitude of many other effects in psychology and should not be trivialized.

A)antifeminist
B)minimalist
C)probabilist
D)maximalist

Question 14

Average differences between men and women on certain characteristics,such as height,body fat distribution,or personality characteristics,with no prejudgment about the cause of the differences are referred to as:

A)sex differences.
B)gender differences.
C)adaptive problems.
D)gender stereotypes.

Question 15

Which of the following statements is true about sex differences in temperament in children ranging in age from 3 to 13?

A)Girls score significantly less than boys on amount of distress.
B)Girls are less sensitive than boys to subtle and low-intensity signals from their external world.
C)Boys score less than girls on activity levels.
D)Boys are less able to control their impulses than girls.

Question 16

In the context of sex differences in temperament in children ranging in age from 3 to 13,which of the following personality traits showed the largest sex difference with girls scoring more than boys?

A)Fearfulness
B)Surgency
C)Inhibitory control
D)Perceptual sensitivity

Question 17

Alice Eagly's views on the importance of sex differences are best characterized by the _____ stance.

A)minimalist
B)undifferentiated
C)maximalist
D)feminist

Question 18

An effect size of 0.51 would indicate _____ difference between two groups.

A)a small
B)a medium
C)a large
D)no

Question 19

_____ views sex differences as small and inconsequential.

A)Social role theory
B)Socialization theory
C)The minimalist stance
D)The maximalist stance

Question 20

When we observe a sex difference where women score higher than men,we can conclude that:

A)most women will score higher than most men.
B)some men will score higher than women.
C)there is a difference between men's average score and women's average score.
D)the difference is due to hormones.

Question 21

In the context of the facets of extraversion that have been examined for sex differences,identify a true statement about women.

A)They interrupt others in conversation more than men do in mixed-sex groups.
B)They score higher on the facets of warmth than men.
C)They tend to value social status and dominance over other people more than men.
D)They score slightly higher on excitement seeking than men.

Question 22

Identify a true statement about the frequency and intensity of basic emotions.

A)In the negative domain,fear shows a slight sex difference,with men scoring higher than women.
B)In the positive domain,pride shows the largest sex difference,with men scoring higher than women.
C)In the positive domain,joy shows no gender difference in intensity and a minimal difference in frequency.
D)In the negative domain,guilt shows a minimal gender difference in intensity and no difference in frequency.

Question 23

According to Bleske-Rechek andA.H.Buss (2001),which of the following statements is true about sexuality?

A)Men are highly unlikely to dissolve opposite-sex friendships if they fail to result in sex.
B)Women are more likely to actually become sexually attracted to their opposite-sex friends.
C)Men are more likely than women to initiate friendship with someone of the opposite sex.
D)Women have more difficulty than men in being friends with the opposite sex.

Question 24

Which of the following facets of conscientiousness has been scrutinized for sex differences?

A)Order
B)Responsibility
C)Dutifulness
D)Competence

Question 25

Sex difference that shows up in social behavior in group contexts refers to the _____ facet of extraversion.

A)activity
B)trust
C)assertiveness
D)impulsiveness

Question 26

In the context of the facets of agreeableness that have been examined for sex differences,which of the following statements is true?

A)Men are slightly more tender-minded than women.
B)Women are more cooperative than men in same-sex social interactions.
C)Men smile more often than women as opposed to popular beliefs.
D)Women are more modest than men in general.

Question 27

Men tend to score higher than women on personality measures of:

A)aggressiveness.
B)warmth.
C)neuroticism.
D)conscientiousness.

Question 28

In the context of global self-esteem,individuals with high self-esteem _____.

A)tend to take responsibility for their failures
B)tend to take credit for their successes
C)are unable to perform cognitive tasks when faced with negative feedback
D)find it difficult to cope with the stresses and strains of daily life

Question 29

Brebner's international study of the basic emotions found that women experience emotions _____ than men.

A)less frequently and less intensely
B)more frequently and more intensely
C)less frequently and more intensely
D)more frequently and less intensely

Question 30

The overall sex differences in self-esteem have been found to be:

A)relatively small.
B)moderate.
C)large.
D)very large.

Question 31

People who score high on the tender-mindedness facet of agreeableness tend to:

A)lack intelligence.
B)have empathy for others.
C)have a poor grasp of reality.
D)be psychologically fragile.

Question 32

According to De Bolle et al.(2015),which of the following facets of emotional stability shows the largest gender differences across culture,with women scoring more than men?

A)Impulsivity
B)Depression
C)Anxiety
D)Vulnerability

Question 33

Men commit about _____ percent of all homicides that are committed worldwide.

A)60
B)70
C)80
D)90

Question 34

In the context of the people-things dimension,which of the following professions is most likely preferred by people who score toward the "things" end of the dimension?

A)High school teachers
B)Religious counsellors
C)Nurses
D)Farmers

Question 35

The 50-culture study revealed essentially no sex differences in _____,similar to a 55-culture study.

A)extraversion
B)emotional stability
C)agreeableness
D)intellect-openness to experience

Question 36

The level of universal regard that one has for the self as a person is defined as:

A)global self-esteem.
B)domain-specific self-esteem.
C)self-esteem variability.
D)overall self-concept.

Question 37

One of the largest differences in sexuality between men and women is found in their interest in:

A)sex.
B)casual sex.
C)specific sex acts.
D)safe sex.

Question 38

According to the 50-culture study,which of the following Big Five personality traits shows the largest sex difference?

A)Intellect-openness to experience
B)Emotional stability
C)Aggressiveness
D)Extraversion

Question 39

In the context of the facets of aggressiveness that have been examined for sex differences,which of the following statements is true?

A)Women tend to score higher than men on criminal aggressiveness after age 50.
B)Men tend to score higher than women on verbal insults,a form of aggression.
C)The largest sex differences in violent crimes show up just after puberty.
D)Fantasy measures of aggression show negligible sex differences.

Question 40

Women tend to score higher than men on the _____ facet of agreeableness.

A)activity
B)good-natured
C)tender-mindedness
D)cooperative

Question 41

The _____ dimension contains items reflecting assertiveness,dominance,and instrumentality.

A)people-things
B)sociosexuality
C)masculinity
D)femininity

Question 42

The term _____ refers to cognitive orientations that lead people to process social information on the basis of sex-linked associations.

A)gender stereotypes
B)gender schemata
C)sex differences
D)masculinity-femininity dimension

Question 43

A person who is labeled androgynous scores:

A)low on both masculinity and femininity.
B)high on both masculinity and femininity.
C)high on masculinity and low on femininity.
D)high on femininity and low on masculinity.

Question 44

_____ best describes the concept that an ideal scenario is not to use gender at all in one's processing of social information.

A)Undifferentiated gender
B)Masculinity
C)Femininity
D)Gender-aschematic

Question 45

Psychologist Janet Spence suggests that her measure of sex roles actually measures:

A)the personality characteristics of instrumentality and expressiveness.
B)the people-things dimension.
C)gender stereotypes.
D)androgyny.

Question 46

According to Baron-Cohen (2003),_____ refers to tuning in to other people's thoughts and feelings.

A)instrumentality
B)tender-mindedness
C)empathizing
D)rumination

Question 47

Research on sex differences in depression:

A)fails to reveal consistent differences.
B)reveals that women tend to be more depressed than men.
C)reveals that men tend to be more depressed than women.
D)reveals that these differences are due to differences in the people-things dimension.

Question 48

In the context of sex differences in depression,women's greater depression is caused by:

A)increased male happiness due to an increased number of sports channels on television.
B)increased body dissatisfaction around puberty when heterosexual interaction starts to increase.
C)greater levels of hostile masculinity exhibited by males around puberty when heterosexual interaction starts to increase.
D)differences in brain structure between women and men that physiologically predispose women to ruminate.

Question 49

Identify a true statement about the empathizing-systemizing distinction.

A)Men and women score almost equally on empathizing.
B)Men score higher on systemizing than women.
C)Men prefer teaching and helping professions.
D)Men and women equally gravitate toward construction and engineering.

Question 50

Depressed women are more likely than men to _____.

A)become socially withdrawn
B)act aggressively
C)seek treatment
D)commit suicide successfully

Question 51

Pat has a garage full of tools,loves to host dinner parties for friends,is very assertive at work,and is usually self-sufficient.He can spend hours listening to his friends' problems or nurturing students whom he tutors after work.Pat most likely scores high on _____.

A)sociosexuality
B)androgyny
C)masculinity
D)femininity

Question 52

Approximately _____ percent of all women and _____ percent of all men will have at least one depressive episode in their lifetimes.

A)15;5
B)30;20
C)25;10
D)20;20

Question 53

Fraternal twins Jack and Jill have been brought up in the same environment.Jill aspires to become a clinical psychologist,whereas Jack intends to be a mechanical engineer.Their career choices are most likely due to their different scores on the _____ dimension of personality.

A)people-things
B)openness to experience
C)Machiavellianism
D)need for achievement

Question 54

Sex differences in depression are observed:

A)during an entire life span.
B)only in childhood.
C)mostly in adolescence and in adulthood.
D)mostly in old age.

Question 55

Several studies have found that masculinity and femininity consist of a single,bipolar dimension,which means that:

A)a person can be both masculine and feminine.
B)a person cannot score high on both masculinity and femininity.
C)a person must be more masculine or more feminine.
D)we must assume hormonal origins of personality traits.

Question 56

Researchers suggest that _____ is a key contributor to women's great experience of depressive symptoms.

A)hormonal imbalance
B)genetic susceptibility
C)rumination
D)gender difference in the trait of trust

Question 57

_____ consists of personality traits that involve working with objects,getting tasks completed in a direct fashion,showing independence from others,and displaying self-sufficiency.

A)Tender-mindedness
B)Gender schema
C)Expressiveness
D)Instrumentality

Question 58

When individuals repeatedly focus on their depressive symptoms or distress,they most likely are involved in:

A)rumination.
B)recidivism.
C)regression.
D)rehabilitation.

Question 59

The _____ dimension contains items that reflect nurturance,empathy,and expression of emotions.

A)people-things
B)sociosexuality
C)masculinity
D)femininity

Question 60

_____ is the ease with which one can convey emotions,such as crying,showing empathy for the troubles of others,and showing nurturance to those in need.

A)Expressiveness
B)Instrumentality
C)Surgency
D)Rumination

Question 61

High levels of testosterone in women are linked to all of the following behaviors EXCEPT:

A)being the more "masculine" partner in lesbian relationships.
B)having an increased sexual desire just prior to ovulation.
C)being greatly successful in traditionally masculine careers.
D)having frequent disciplinary infractions when incarcerateD.

Question 62

Social learning theory is a variant of _____ theory.

A)socialization
B)social role
C)evolutionary
D)hormonal

Question 63

Classifying all men into "dads" or "cads" is an example of:

A)sex differences.
B)gender differences.
C)social categories.
D)social learning theory.

Question 64

Which of the following is NOT a component of gender stereotypes?

A)Cognitive
B)Affective
C)Behavioral
D)Perceptual

Question 65

Which of the following is a belief held by evolutionary psychologists?

A)Physiological differences have primarily caused boys and girls to diverge over development.
B)Men and women have confronted somewhat different adaptive problems in the domains of mating and sexuality.
C)Sex differences have originated because men and women are distributed differently into different occupational and family duties.
D)Boys and girls have become different because boys are reinforced by society for being masculine and girls for being feminine.

Question 66

Following puberty,there is no overlap between the sexes in their levels of:

A)warmth.
B)self-esteem.
C)sexuality.
D)testosterone circulation.

Question 67

From an evolutionary perspective,an optimal reproductive strategy for men is to:

A)withhold sex until they find a perfect mate.
B)invest heavily in one mate.
C)indulge in casual sex.
D)attempt to mate with a moderate number of women.

Question 68

According to _____,sex differences originate because men and women are distributed differently into different occupational and family duties.

A)social role theory
B)inclusive fitness theory
C)object relations theory
D)social learning theory

Question 69

_____ theory implies a decrease in sex differences as more men assume responsibility for domestic duties now than in the past.

A)Socialization
B)Social role
C)Evolutionary
D)Hormonal

Question 70

The idea that boys learn masculine behaviors by observing men is most indicative of _____ theory.

A)socialization
B)evolutionary
C)hormonal
D)social learning

Question 71

Research on gender stereotypes in 30 countries around the world found that:

A)men were seen as more instrumental than women.
B)men were seen as less instrumental than women.
C)men and women were seen as equally instrumental.
D)the scores differed too much across countries to make generalizations.

Question 72

_____ theory refers to the notion that boys and girls become different because boys are reinforced by parents,teachers,and the media for being "masculine," and girls for being "feminine."

A)Socialization
B)Social role
C)Evolutionary
D)Hormonal

Question 73

Research on stereotypical subtypes has found that:

A)gender stereotypes are univariate constructs.
B)gender stereotypes can be divided into an equal number of subtypes for each sex.
C)the structure and number of male and female gender stereotypical subtypes are very different.
D)stereotypical subtypes are psychologically equivalent for males and females.

Question 74

Young girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH):

A)show deficits in traditional female characteristics,such as empathy.
B)show superiority in traditionally masculine cognitive skills as adults.
C)become hyper-feminized in adulthood.
D)have extreme difficulty with spatial skills as adults.

Question 75

Steve and Charlene's parents assign them different chores at home.The parents assume that Steve will take care of the family farm,so most of his chores are related to the know-how of agriculture.They assume that Charlene will become a homemaker,so they assign her cooking and cleaning chores.The differential treatment that Steve and Charlene's parents give their children is best explained by:

A)social role theory.
B)gender stereotypes.
C)complimentary needs.
D)sex role discrimination.

Question 76

Gender-based discrimination is an example of the _____ component of gender stereotypes.

A)cognitive
B)affective
C)behavioral
D)perceptual

Question 77

The notion that parents encourage their daughters to be dependent best supports _____ theory.

A)socialization
B)social role
C)evolutionary
D)hormonal

Question 78

Research on sex discrimination has found that:

A)discrimination always favors men.
B)women are quoted higher prices than men for exactly the same car.
C)women are more likely to be recommended for coronary bypass surgery.
D)women authors are more likely to get negative reviews.

Question 79

Which of the following theories most likely emphasizes physiological differences as the reason why boys and girls diverge over development?

A)Socialization theory
B)Social role theory
C)Evolutionary theory
D)Hormonal theory

Question 80

Sex discrimination against men has been found:

A)in legal settings.
B)in medical settings.
C)in book reviews.
D)when buying cars.