Deck 11: Culture and Health

Question 1

According to Kleinman et al.(2006),views of health in many Western countries have been heavily influenced by what many call the _____ of health and disease.

A)pathological model
B)biomedical model
C)pathogenic model
D)phenomenological model

Answer 1

biomedical model

Question 2

Mulatu and Berry (2001)argued that health perspectives do not differ between individuals from the dominant or mainstream culture and those of the nondominant social and ethnocultural group.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

From anthropological and sociological perspectives,_____ refers to a malfunctioning or maladaptation of biologic and psychophysiologic processes in an individual.

A)disorder
B)sickness
C)illness
D)disease

Answer 3

disease

Question 4

According to Yurkovich and Lattergrass (2008),the Circle of Wellness is a model of health as conceptualized by Native Americans.

Question 5

In China,the concept of health,based on Chinese religion and philosophy,focuses on the principles of yin and yang,which represent _____,respectively.

A)negative and positive energies
B)positive and negative energies
C)dissenting and consenting synergies
D)consenting and dissenting synergies

Question 6

Which of the following is a social dimension of a biopsychosocial model?

A)Quality of relationships
B)Positive thinking
C)Emotions
D)Feelings of despair

Question 7

Which of the following is a definition of health according to the World Health Organization (WHO)?

A)It is a state of integrating and experiencing meaning in life through one's connectedness with self,nature,and literature.
B)It is a state of being sound in body,mind,and spirit.
C)It is a state of being able to enjoy a positive outlook toward life.
D)It is a state of complete physical,mental,and social well-being,and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

Question 8

_____ refers to the average number of years a person is anticipated to live from birth.

A)Birth asphyxia
B)Life support
C)Life expectancy
D)Birth rate

Question 9

According to the National Center for Health Statistics (2011),what were the life expectancies in 2011 of European Americans and African Americans in the United States when ethnicity was taken into account?

A)The life expectancy for European Americans was 79 years and for African Americans was 75 years.
B)The life expectancy for European Americans was 95 years and for African Americans was 85 years.
C)The life expectancy for European Americans was 62 years and for African Americans was 92 years.
D)The life expectancy for European Americans was 72 years and for African Americans was 95 years.

Question 10

There seems to be a positive correlation between the wealth of a country and the average life expectancy.

Question 11

Despite globalization and continued migration,our views on health and how best to promote good health have not changed since prehistoric times.

Question 12

According to MacLachlan (1997),a type of balance,common in theories of disease in many Latin American cultures,concentrates on _____.

A)hot and cold
B)masculine and feminine energies
C)negative and positive energies
D)good and evil

Question 13

According to Yip (2005),from the Chinese perspective,the concept of health is not confined to an individual but encompasses the surrounding relationships and environment-a view of health that is:

A)economical.
B)refined.
C)holistic.
D)balanced.

Question 14

Yurkovich and Lattergrass (2008)were the first to point out that the definition of health by World Health Organization (WHO)includes spiritual well-being alongside physical,mental,and social well-being.

Question 15

The biomedical model was strongly criticized by _____,who proposed a biopsychosocial model to understand health and disease.

A)MacLachlan
B)Kleinman
C)Engel
D)Mathews

Question 16

According to MacLachlan (1997),the notion of _____,at least within the body,is a common concept across cultures.

A)good and bad
B)balance and imbalance
C)health and illness
D)harmony and dissonance

Question 17

The concept of _____ refers to maintaining steady,stable functioning in our bodies when there are changes in the environment.

A)acculturation
B)stability
C)homeostasis
D)meta-equilibrium

Question 18

What are the three indicators of health used worldwide?

A)Life expectancy,infant mortality,and subjective well-being
B)Lifespan,death rate,and emotional stability
C)Levels of happiness,death rate,and lifespan
D)Financial,physical,and spiritual well-being

Question 19

A theory first developed by _____ suggests that the body is comprised of four humors: blood,phlegm,yellow bile,and black bile.

A)Plato
B)Socrates
C)Hippocrates
D)Aristophanes

Question 20

_____ is a growing field that incorporates medical and health care systems and practices that are not considered conventional medicine to treat illness and promote health.

A)Therapeutic and Conventional Medicine
B)Traditional and Modern Medicine
C)Occupational and Clinical Medicine
D)Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Question 21

Because different cultural ways of living both punish and replenish the body,they are associated with different risk factors and rates for different disease processes.

Question 22

The study by Triandis and his colleagues (1988)was important because it was the first to:

A)incorporate social support into its analysis.
B)incorporate the cultural dimension of individualism and collectivism.
C)examine the relationship between economic and cultural differences.
D)examine the relationship between cultural dimensions and the incidence of a particular disease state.

Question 23

According to Triandis and his colleagues (1988),people who live in more _____ cultures may have access to stronger and deeper social ties with others than do people in _____ cultures.

A)traditional;modern
B)collectivistic;individualistic
C)individualistic;collectivistic
D)modern;traditional

Question 24

According to The World Factbook (2014),a comparison of 223 countries showed that the country with the longest average life expectancy is _____.

A)Japan
B)Australia
C)Monaco
D)Switzerland

Question 25

Subjective well-being is _____ related to physical health.

A)negatively
B)positively
C)adversely
D)ambiguously

Question 26

The World Health Organization's definition of overweight is body-mass index (BMI;calculated as the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters)at or above _____;for obesity,it is a BMI at or above _____.

A)120;125
B)25;30
C)40;45
D)125;135

Question 27

Individuals of a particular racial or cultural background are not consistently genetically similar to other individuals of the same racial or cultural background.

Question 28

According to Singh-Manoux,Marmot,& Adler (2005),one's objective perception of socioeconomic status (SES)appears to better predict health and change in health rather than a subjective assessment of SES.

Question 29

Although the reach of culture may seem omnipresent,it would be a mistake to think that it plays a role in the maintenance of health and the production of disease processes.

Question 30

Compared to other industrialized countries,infant mortality rates in the United States are among the highest.

Question 31

According to the findings of Matsumoto and Fletcher (1996)on the relationship between the four cultural dimensions and incidence of diseases,higher power distance was equated with:

A)higher rates of infections and parasitic diseases.
B)higher rates of malignant neoplasms and heart disease.
C)lower rates of infections and parasitic diseases.
D)lower rates of cerebrovascular disease and respiratory disease.

Question 32

The results of the Alameda County study (Berkman and Syme,1979)clearly demonstrates that _____.

A)culture plays no role in the maintenance of health and the production of disease processes
B)individuals with the highest social ties suffered the highest mortality rate
C)psychosocial factors have enormous impact in the maintenance of physical health
D)people who report being lonely in their lives age slower on a number of indicators including body mass index and maximum oxygen consumption

Question 33

As per the Alameda County study (Berkman and Syme,1979),individuals with the fewest social ties:

A)suffered the highest mortality rate.
B)aged slower than others.
C)reported better health.
D)maintained an active lifestyle.

Question 34

In the context of sociocultural influences on physical health and disease,hotter climates such as those in countries nearer the equator foster the spread of organisms responsible for infectious and parasitic diseases.These countries also tend to be more _____.

A)communistic
B)capitalistic
C)collectivistic
D)individualistic

Question 35

According to Triandis and his colleagues (1988),people who live in individualistic cultures may not have access to the same types or degrees of social relationships as those in collectivistic cultures;therefore,they may have less of a buffer against stress and are more susceptible to heart disease.

Question 36

_____ are differences in health outcomes by groups,for instance,between males and females,people of different ethnicities,and people of lower and higher socioeconomic status (SES).

A)Social health differences
B)Cultural health differences
C)Health disparities
D)Cross-cultural disparities

Question 37

The Human Genome Project has spawned a renewed interest into whether racial/ethnic/cultural groups may differ in their genetic makeup and whether some groups are more genetically vulnerable to certain diseases compared to others.

Question 38

A person's perceptions and self-judgments of his or her health and well-being that includes feelings of happiness and life satisfaction is referred to as _____.

A)life expectancy
B)subjective well-being
C)relative deprivation
D)self-efficacy

Question 39

According to MacDorman and Mathews (2008),which of the following ethnic groups has the highest infant mortality rate in the United States?

A)Mexicans
B)African Americans
C)Asian/Pacific Islanders
D)Native Americans

Question 40

According to Matsumoto and Fletcher (1996),culture influences human emotion and human physiology,particularly with respect to autonomic nervous system activity and the immune system.

Question 41

Many studies have pointed to profound and traumatic large-scale _____ as a key determinant of suicidal behavior,such as forced migration of an entire cultural group and eradication of cultural heritage,practices,and language.

A)organizational changes
B)sociocultural changes
C)economic changes
D)physiological changes

Question 42

According to Kelleher,Chambers,Corcoran,Williamson,and Keeley (1998),data from suicide rates reported to the _____ showed that countries with religions that strongly condemned the act of suicide had lower reported rates of suicide than countries without religions that strongly condemned suicide.

A)United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)
B)Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
C)World Health Organization (WHO)
D)United Nations Educational,Scientific,and Cultural Organization? (UNESCO)

Question 43

According to Rudmin,Ferrada-Noli,and Skolbekken (2003),in addition to sociocultural change,_____ predict suicide incidence rates.

A)specific political factors
B)specific cultural dimensions
C)inconsistently correlated economic dimensions
D)inconsistently correlated social elements

Question 44

What was the outcome of the study conducted by Rudmin and colleagues on suicide incidence rates?

A)They found that the cultural dimension of uncertainty avoidance was positively correlated with rates of suicide.
B)They concluded that cultural dimensions are not linked to suicide.
C)They found that cultural dimension of individualism was negatively correlated with rates of suicide.
D)They found that the cultural dimension of masculinity was negatively correlated with rates of suicide.

Question 45

The process of individual change and adaptation as a result of continuous contact with a new,distinct culture is called _____.

A)collective narcissism
B)acculturation
C)emigrant paradox
D)cultural reinforcement

Question 46

According to Lester (2006),the _____ associated with forced social and cultural changes have been implicated in the suicide rates of many indigenous cultural groups around the world.

A)complex trauma
B)social anxiety disorder
C)borderline personality disorder
D)physical and psychological trauma

Question 47

Differences across cultures in _____ play a role in contributing to the striking differences in rates of overweight and obesity.

A)ethnicities
B)lifestyles
C)gender roles
D)religious practices

Question 48

Which of the following statements is true in terms of the national health system?

A)A national health system in a country is largely unaffected by social trends.
B)Cultural differences are related to the type of national health system a country is likely to adopt.
C)A country's national health system is solely a product of its economic development.
D)National health systems across cultures do not vary in their beliefs about the cause of diseases.

Question 49

The _____ refers to the way immigrants tend to show better physical health compared to nonimmigrants despite the many challenges of adapting and adjusting to a new country.

A)immigrant paradox
B)nonimmigrant conflict
C)assimilation dilemma
D)assimilation dissonance

Question 50

According to Roemer (1991),which of the following is a type of national health system?

A)Cumulative
B)Collective
C)Comprehensive
D)Captive