Deck 9: Intergovernmental Organizations and Nongovernmental Organizations

Question 1

Which of the following is true of IGOs?

A) Successor organizations always try the same approach to performing their functions as their predecessors.
B) Powerful states must align their policies to benefit from membership in an IGO.
C) IGOs both enlarge the possibilities for foreign policy and constrain states' ability to conduct and implement foreign policy.
D) States do not use IGOs as instruments of foreign policy.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following is always true when states must share collective goods?

A) Conflict will result over who controls the collective good.
B) States can suffer negative consequences as a result of the actions of other states.
C) Market mechanisms will ensure that the collective good is preserved.
D) The collective good will be divided between the states.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The United States sought the support of the Organization of American States (OAS)during the Cuban missile crisis in 1962 because

A) the OAS was an ally of Cuba at the time.
B) the United Nations General Assembly passed a resolution requiring it to do so.
C) the OAS was the owner of the missiles in Cuba.
D) IGOs can legitimate a state's viewpoints and policies.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

All international problems can be analyzed through the lens of collective goods problems.

Question 5

Functionalist logic argues that states can cooperate only on technical issues; they will not be able to cooperate on political or military issues.

Question 6

The European Coal and Steel Community (the predecessor to the European Economic Community)was formed with a functionalist logic in mind.

Question 7

The functionalist view of cooperation between states argues that

A) cooperation to solve problems on technical,nonpolitical issues will spill over into political and military cooperation between states.
B) the need to ensure their own security in an anarchic international system will lead states to cooperate in political and military affairs.
C) cooperation will occur on technical,nonpolitical issues,but states will never cooperate in political and military affairs because there is no pressing need to do so.
D) states will cooperate on political and military affairs to help ensure their security,but will not cooperate on technical issues because there is no pressing need to do so.

Question 8

Among the benefits that IGOs provide to states is the

A) equal distribution of power they create.
B) contribution they make to habits of cooperation and their role in socializing states through regular interactions.
C) guaranteed security for weaker states.
D) equal distribution of world resources.

Question 9

Constructivists do not think that IGOs and NGOs can exert much influence over states.

Question 10

Goods that are jointly provided for,but that no one owns or is individually responsible for,are called ________ goods.

A) comparative
B) capital
C) compellent
D) collective

Question 11

How are states constrained by IGOs?

A) States are subject to binding regulations set by such organizations.
B) States must align their policies to norms and rules of behavior created by IGOs if they are to benefit from membership in these organizations.
C) States must have democratic elections in order to be members.
D) States must renounce the use of force against other member states.

Question 12

Over time the United Nations' mandate has shrunk from a broad notion of human security,including providing food and shelter for refugees,to the narrow realm of classical security,such as protecting national territory.

Question 13

Theorists adopting the collective goods approach suggest which solution to the tragedy of the commons problem?

A) increase the size of the commons
B) increase the size of the group
C) tax those who do not cooperate to restructure their preferences
D) provide aid to those who do not cooperate to lessen their need to adopt actions that negatively affect others

Question 14

The members of the EU are often split on major foreign policy issues.

Question 15

While NGOs are usually associated with the greater social,economic,or political good,they can also be formed for malevolent purposes.

Question 16

Which of the following is true of the League of Nations?

A) It was founded based on the idea of collective security.
B) It was formed after World War II,and successfully prevented war until it ceded power to the United Nations in the 1960s.
C) It was the successor to the United Nations.
D) The United States was the first to join the organization.

Question 17

The United Nations General Assembly has five permanent members that have veto power over the resolutions it passes.

Question 18

The notion that individually rational behavior may NOT benefit the group as a whole is illustrated by the

A) "tragedy of the commons."
B) invisible hand of the market.
C) New International Economic Order.
D) anarchical society.

Question 19

The manner and extent to which different IGOs carry out particular functions varies.

Question 20

Like liberals,realists believe NGOs play an important role in international relations.

Question 21

Which of the following is true of the European Union?

A) Despite the aspirations of the founders,the European Court of Justice plays a very small institutional role in European regionalism.
B) The European Union does not touch on political issues,only economic ones.
C) The members of the European Commission are expected to represent their states' national interests.
D) If member states do not uphold EU law,they can be fined or sanctioned.

Question 22

How has the European Union changed over time?

A) It has repeatedly expanded its membership.
B) It has expanded from one policy area to another with no public opposition.
C) Its attempts at military cooperation have been met with increasing failure.
D) The European Union has remained relatively unchanged since its founding.

Question 23

Over which issue has the United States most frequently exerted its veto in the UN Security Council?

A) the 2003 war in Iraq
B) China's actions in the South China Sea
C) the Arab-Israeli-Palestinian conflict
D) sanctions against Russia

Question 24

The United Nations is based on the principle that its primary concern should be international peace and security.How has this principle changed over time?

A) More and more issues are being defined as security issues,forcing the United Nations to intervene in domestic affairs.
B) Because the United Nations has no army,while it was able to ensure the security of its members during the Cold War,it is no longer able to ensure the security of its member states.
C) The United Nations has been unable to deal with criminals guilty of war crimes.
D) The United Nations has refused to deal with new threats like terrorism.

Question 25

What is one example of how the structure of the EU has changed over time?

A) The European Commission has lost the ability to undertake infringement proceedings against member states.
B) The European Parliament has increased in power as it has gained greater legislative and supervisory roles.
C) The Council has moved away from a qualified majority voting system toward requirements for unanimity.
D) The European Court of Justice no longer serves as a court of appeals.

Question 26

Which of the following is true of the United Nations Security Council?

A) All members of the Security Council (both permanent and nonpermanent)have the ability to veto a resolution.
B) The Security Council was deadlocked by the frequent vetoes of the Soviet Union during the Cold War.
C) All states in the Security Council are members on a rotating basis.
D) Since the 1970s,the Soviet Union/Russia has used its veto power more times than any other permanent member.

Question 27

Which part of the UN Charter authorizes the Security Council to take enforcement measures,such as economic sanctions or military force,to protect international peace and security?

A) Chapter I
B) Chapter VI
C) Chapter VII
D) Chapter XXI

Question 28

Which of the following is true of the United Nations?

A) It played a significant role in decolonization.
B) Unlike with the World Trade Organization,there is not a North-South divide in the UN.
C) Since the end of the Cold War,the Security Council has not authorized enforcement measures,even when peace and security was threatened.
D) Peacekeeping missions have yet to be successful.

Question 29

Which of the following is true of the election of the UN Secretary General who came to power in 2017?

A) For the first time,a woman was elected secretary general.
B) For the first time,all candidates appeared before the General Assembly to present platforms and answer questions,as the election was highly contested.
C) For the first time,the election was won by a candidate that was not from Western Europe.
D) For the first time,the winner had not previously held a position in the UN.

Question 30

The idea behind the European Coal and Steel Community was a ________ one,with the idea that cooperative ventures in nonpolitical issue areas would spill over to issues of national security.

A) realist
B) federalist
C) collective goods-inspired
D) functionalist

Question 31

The Westphalian idea of the sovereign equality of member states is

A) the basis for the structure of the UN Security Council.
B) the basis for each state having one vote in the UN General Assembly.
C) the basis for the veto power of the five permanent members of the Security Council.
D) the basis for the role of certain states in the UN budget negotiations.

Question 32

Which of the following activities have UN peacekeepers never been tasked with?

A) monitoring ceasefires
B) ensuring free trade to help states coming out of a civil war to stimulate their economies
C) providing a buffer between warring parties
D) providing humanitarian aid

Question 33

The United Nations was founded on which of the following principles?

A) Only international problems are within the jurisdiction of the United Nations.
B) The United Nations ensures equal representation of all member states in the Security Council.
C) The United Nations' primary responsibility is promoting global economic growth.
D) All United Nations decisions are legally binding on states.

Question 34

Which of the following is true of UN peacekeeping missions?

A) To date,they have only been used to deal with civil conflicts.
B) To date,they have only been used to deal with interstate conflicts.
C) They have been involved in both civil and interstate conflicts.
D) They are not sent once a conflict has broken out; they are sent only to prevent conflicts.

Question 35

Which country does not currently have a permanent seat on the Security Council?

A) the United States
B) Russia
C) China
D) Germany

Question 36

Which of the following is an example of a success of the League of Nations?

A) Its settlement of territorial disputes between several different sets of states.
B) Its actions against the aggression of Japan in the 1930s.
C) The fact that it delayed the outbreak of World War II.
D) Its decisive actions against the aggression of Italy in the 1930s.

Question 37

Which of the following is true of foreign policy making and the European Union?

A) The member states no longer take individual foreign policy decisions; all decisions are coordinated through the EU.
B) The EU members were unified over placing sanctions on Russia after it annexed Crimea in 2014.
C) The EU members were divided over the 2003 Iraq War.
D) The EU members have not yet been able to coordinate on any foreign policy actions.

Question 38

Which of the following is true of the General Assembly of the United Nations?

A) Debates are only permitted on certain topics under its purview.
B) It is the epicenter of UN power since the end of the Cold War.
C) All member states vote individually; they do not coordinate in coalitions.
D) Its work has become increasingly marginalized since the end of the Cold War.

Question 39

Since its inception,how has membership of the Security Council been reformed?

A) Germany was added as a permanent member.
B) Japan was added as a permanent member.
C) Brazil was added as a permanent member.
D) No new countries have been added as permanent members.

Question 40

Which of the following terms is used to refer to actions by UN peacekeepers that involve trying to maintain law and order in failing or disintegrating societies?

A) refugee aid
B) traditional peacekeeping
C) non-refoulement
D) peacebuilding

Question 41

Which country with a majority-Muslim population has had extensive discussions about joining the European Union,but is not yet a member?

A) Iran
B) Poland
C) Turkey
D) Croatia

Question 42

Which of the following is true of the Organization of American States (OAS)?

A) It focuses only on economics,not political issues.
B) It has not taken actions against coups in the region.
C) It was founded after the Cold War to match European integration.
D) It is the only regional organization that includes a hegemonic member from the "North" as well as a constituency of states from the "South."

Question 43

Which statement best depicts the realist view of NGOs?

A) NGOs are becoming key actors in international relations.
B) NGOs are important to solving the problem of anarchy in the international system.
C) NGOs show the importance of private individuals in shaping international relations.
D) NGOs are not independent actors; they derive their power from states.

Question 44

What role do constructivists see IGOs and NGOs playing?

A) They represent the interests of states.
B) They represent the interests of private individuals.
C) They serve as norm entrepreneurs that socialize states and teach them new norms.
D) They are created through state actions in the international system.

Question 45

Which of the following corresponds to the liberal view of IGOs and NGOs?

A) They facilitate states' ability to engage in collective action.
B) IGOs are beginning to replace NGOs as the most important institutions in the international system.
C) NGOs are beginning to replace IGOs as the most important institutions in the international system.
D) They have no influence in international politics.

Question 46

Which of the following is a reason NGOs have increased in power as actors in international politics since the 1990s?

A) The issues NGOs have seized on can easily be solved by individual states,allowing NGO lobbying to be effective.
B) NGOs have ceased to be politically independent from governments,allowing them to use government resources to command obedience.
C) NGOs began to organize conferences on transnational issues in parallel to those organized by states and IGOs.
D) NGOs all became open to mass membership.

Question 47

Which statement is true about the African Union?

A) Founded in the 1950s,the African Union was one of the first regional organizations to develop.
B) The African Union has committed itself to good governance and democratic principles.
C) The African Union focuses only on economic issues,not political ones.
D) Though it has many powers,the African Union cannot intervene in states' domestic affairs,even if major crimes against humanity are occurring.

Question 48

What was one of the reasons for leaving cited by those supporting Britain's exit from the European Union?

A) They wanted the British Parliament to be able to control its trade relationships again.
B) They did not want to accept Serbia as a member.
C) They wanted to draw closer political ties with the United States,which other states of the EU were refusing to do.
D) They wanted to draw closer political ties with Russia,which other states of the EU were refusing to do.

Question 49

Which of the following is a source of NGOs' power in the international system?

A) their rigid structure
B) new communication technologies which allow them to build coalitions
C) their voting power in the United Nations
D) their consistent access to funding

Question 50

Which of the following is true about nongovernmental organizations?

A) NGOs became key actors in international politics only after the Cold War.
B) NGOs have been important participants in UN-sponsored conferences addressing global issues.
C) NGOs,by definition,depend exclusively on private funding.
D) NGOs have an exclusively international dimension.

Question 51

Which of the following is true of NGOs?

A) States have ceased to restrict the activities of NGOs in the twenty-first century,increasing the power of NGOs in the international system.
B) NGOs are completely separate from governments,not receiving any funds from them.
C) Some NGOs have taken the place of states by performing government functions that inept or corrupt governments are not providing.
D) Malevolent groups are not considered NGOs because they are not formed for purposes of providing benefits and collective goods to people.

Question 52

Which of the following is an example of an NGO?

A) Doctors Without Borders
B) the European Union
C) Walmart
D) the Russian military

Question 53

The League of Arab States ________.

A) disintegrated in the aftermath of the Arab Spring in 2011.
B) took decisive action in response to the conflict between Israel and Hamas in Gaza in 2014.
C) has never deployed a multilateral mission.
D) has sometimes interfered in the domestic politics of a state.

Question 54

To increase their influence,NGOs have begun to focus on working with which of the following?

A) national governments only,allowing them to avoid the slow decision making of IGOs
B) IGOs only,allowing them to remain free from limitations placed on them by state governments
C) regional organizations only,allowing them to remain free from government manipulation either directly or through IGOs
D) national governments,IGOs,and regional organizations

Question 55

What are nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)?

A) local and regional units of states
B) subunits of the United Nations
C) international institutions composed of states
D) private,voluntary organizations whose members come together to achieve a common purpose

Question 56

The campaign to ban land mines was led by

A) governments.
B) one key NGO.
C) a coalition of NGOs and governments.
D) the United Nations Security Council.

Question 57

During the Arab Spring of 2011,the League of Arab States took the unusual move to

A) criticize Israel.
B) suspend Libyan and Syrian membership.
C) call for democracy across all Arab states.
D) organize an oil boycott of countries opposing reform.

Question 58

Which of the following statements best represents the theoretical perspectives' view of IGOs and NGOs?

A) Constructivists argue that IGOs and NGOs are not important in international politics.
B) Realists argue that IGOs are replacing states as the primary actors in the international system.
C) Realists argue that IGOs and NGOs socialize states to certain norms of action,facilitating cooperation.
D) Neoliberal institutionalists argue that IGOs and NGOs facilitate interactions that can lead to more cooperative behavior by states.

Question 59

While NGOs have distinct advantages over individuals,states,and IGOs,they also have some disadvantages.Which of the following is such a disadvantage?

A) They often have poor reputations.
B) They often have to compete for funding.
C) They are so well funded that they are chronically plagued by waste and corruption.
D) They exist only in strong democracies.

Question 60

Theorists from which perspective would argue that IGOs such as the United Nations are ineffective?

A) realism
B) liberalism
C) constructivism
D) idealism

Question 61

The United Nations has played a key role in international relations both via traditional peacekeeping and complex peacekeeping.Compare and contrast these different types of peacekeeping missions.Which of these types of peacekeeping do you think is most relevant in the international system today,and why?

Question 62

Discuss the ways in which intergovernmental organizations (IGOs)are created,as well as some ways in which these might facilitate or constrain state interests and policies.On the whole,do you believe IGOs are good or bad for encouraging international cooperation? Explain.

Question 63

NGOs have power and influence,but they are also limited in important ways.In the twenty-first century,describe where you think their power and influence come from,and what limitations NGOs face.Do you think NGOs are going to become more limited or more powerful in the future? Why? Provide examples to back up your argument.

Question 64

Compare and contrast the realist,liberal,and constructivist views of NGOs.Which of these perspectives do you think best explain the role of NGOs in the international system today? Provide examples to back up your argument.

Question 65

Some scholars argue that cooperation in technical issue areas can lead to cooperation in more political issues.Do you agree? Why or why not? Provide real-world illustrative examples to back up your argument.