Deck 11: Human Security: Migration, Global Health, and the Environment

Question 1

In addition to positive effects,economic developments in industry and agriculture also have negative effects.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The Kyoto Protocol,an agreement designed to restrict states' greenhouse gas emissions,was ratified by over 150 states,including Russia,China,and the United States.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Globalizing human security issues affect international relations theory and practice by shaping international bargaining,eroding state sovereignty,and challenging international relations scholars' theoretical frameworks.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The expanded idea of security that argues that people's security must be stressed in addition to national security is known as

A) demographic transition.
B) human security.
C) non-refoulement.
D) transnationalism.

Question 5

Which of the following is true of how international law relates to refugees?

A) States have the right to repatriate refugees even if the wars they fled are continuing.
B) Refugees were not dealt with under international law until the refugee crisis in Europe that resulted from the Syrian civil war began.
C) Refugees must be offered temporary protection until their individual cases are heard.
D) There is not yet any international law dealing with refugees.

Question 6

The World Health Organization has not yet had a successful campaign to eradicate a disease.

Question 7

Under international law,refugees can be forced to return to their country of origin.

Question 8

Global governance implies that international actors need a unifying political authority in order to coordinate their interests and actions.

Question 9

Which of the following places hosts the most migrants?

A) Europe
B) China
C) United States
D) Africa

Question 10

If a state is working to prevent the movement of people across its borders,it is pursuing a solution to the challenges posed by refugees and economic migrants that is most closely associated with which theoretical perspective?

A) realism
B) liberalism
C) constructivism
D) dependency theory

Question 11

Which theoretical perspective would highlight the election of President Trump with his campaign to "build the wall" as an illustration of the role domestic politics plays in the formation of states' migration policies?

A) realism
B) liberalism
C) constructivism
D) dependency theory

Question 12

The problems of population growth and decline within states are state problems; they do not have international consequences.

Question 13

Environmental problems related to nonrenewable natural resources such as oil have led to violent conflicts.

Question 14

Which of the following is true of health issues?

A) Health issues not only affect individuals,but also state economies.
B) NGOs are not involved in helping to deal with these issues.
C) Health issues are one of the last areas in which international cooperation has developed.
D) The WHO is the only IGO that deals with health issues.

Question 15

Liberals and realists agree on how to address health issues.They argue that only individual states are responsible for dealing with health issues when they threaten state security.

Question 16

On which aspect of migration would constructivists focus their attention?

A) The domestic politics that determine states' preferences regarding migration policies.
B) The importance of protecting state sovereignty from the challenges posed by migrants.
C) The importance of monitoring borders to prevent the entrance of undocumented migrants.
D) The socially constructed state identities that lead people to see refugees as "others" that threaten their own state's identity.

Question 17

Internally displaced people are

A) people who have been uprooted from their homes but remain in their home country.
B) refugees who have not been granted asylum in the country to which they fled.
C) refugees who have been granted asylum in the country to which they fled.
D) a specific type of refugee fleeing civil war.

Question 18

The idea that refugees cannot be forced to return to their country of origin is known as

A) the Malthusian dilemma.
B) human security.
C) non-refoulement.
D) demographic transition.

Question 19

Which of the following is true of economic migrants under international law?

A) They are prevented from sending money back to their home country.
B) They are treated the same as refugees fleeing war or ethnic strife.
C) They are dealt with under international law only if they remain in their country of origin.
D) They do not have the legal right to asylum in the country to which they are fleeing.

Question 20

Africa is where the most migrants are on the move and most migrants are hosted.

Question 21

Constructivists argue which of the following about the issue of health?

A) While rhetoric can be important in some international issues,it does not play a role in state and international approaches to dealing with health issues.
B) There is only one way to frame international health issues-in terms of the importance of international cooperation.
C) States alone should be tasked with dealing with health issues because they are the only ones equipped to do so.
D) The ability of states to extract resources from their citizens to deal with health issues depends on whether threat rhetoric is more effective than cooperation and prevention rhetoric.

Question 22

Which of the following places is the epicenter of the HIV/AIDS health problem?

A) Africa
B) India
C) United States
D) China

Question 23

The World Health Organization (WHO)

A) provides technical information on diseases,but does not play a direct role in working to eradicate them.
B) has been unsuccessful in all its eradication campaigns.
C) has revised its regulations over time in response to various global health emergencies.
D) has successfully dealt with the recent Ebola outbreak in West Africa.

Question 24

The international community has been increasingly affected by ________,the costly unintended consequences of economic development in agriculture and industry.

A) resource degradation
B) negative externalities
C) unproductive growth
D) sustainable development

Question 25

While states have been relatively effective in stopping ________,they have been less successful at stopping ________.

A) the depletion of the ozone layer; global climate change
B) the negative externalities of agricultural and industrial processes; the depletion of the ozone layer
C) global climate change; the negative externalities of agricultural and industrial processes
D) global climate change; the depletion of the ozone layer

Question 26

Which of the following is true of the Kyoto Protocol?

A) It was ratified by 156 states,including China,India,and the United States.
B) It was not ratified by Russia.
C) It focused on protection of the ozone layer.
D) It did not obligate rapidly developing economies like India and China to restrict their greenhouse gas emissions.

Question 27

What are epistemic communities?

A) doctors who are trying to locate the source of infectious diseases and find cures
B) a network of NGOs trying to use technology to solve environmental problems
C) transnational communities of experts sharing expertise and a set of beliefs
D) groups of states that form a coalition to address a transnational issue

Question 28

Health is a quintessential functionalist issue because

A) virtually everyone desires good health,and this can be achieved by relying on technical experts' advice about how to stop the spread of disease.
B) the spread of disease can be stopped by reducing the size of the group.
C) the spread of disease can best be stopped through coercion and the pooling of sovereignty at a higher level.
D) the spread of disease can best be stopped by changing actors' preferences.

Question 29

________ involves simultaneously advancing our survival and welfare without doing lasting damage to the environment.

A) Viability
B) Functionalism
C) Sustainability
D) Collectivity

Question 30

Which of the following is true of international treaties on the environment?

A) They deal only with issues related to pollution.
B) They set standards for state behavior but do not specify monitoring mechanisms.
C) They do not affect economic interests.
D) They are controversial.

Question 31

The "precautionary principle" specifies that

A) a state cannot initiate policies that cause significant environmental damages to another state.
B) states should take action in their own jurisdictions.
C) action should be taken on the basis of scientific warning before there is irreversible harm.
D) states should pursue sustainable development.

Question 32

What is the Kyoto Protocol?

A) an international agreement geared toward reducing the emission of greenhouse gases
B) a U.S.proposal for slowing the trend toward global warming
C) Japan's declaration that it does not view the emission of greenhouse gases as a major international problem
D) the U.S.Congress's statement of opposition to the UN's plan for reducing greenhouse gas emissions

Question 33

The case of ozone depletion is

A) characteristic of contemporary environmental politics.
B) a testament to the effectiveness of the United Nations.
C) one of many examples of great power leadership.
D) a success story of international cooperation.

Question 34

Why was the manufacturing of generic antiretroviral pharmaceuticals by Brazilian and Indian drug companies to deal with the HIV/AIDS epidemic controversial?

A) Brazil and India did not share the drugs with other countries.
B) They circumvented the World Health Organization in order to do so.
C) By doing so,they prevented NGOs from becoming involved in aiding the treatment.
D) It violated the World Trade Organization's intellectual property protection rules regarding patent restrictions.

Question 35

Each of the international relations perspectives has its own view of how public health problems can best be solved.Which of the following statements correctly represents the theoretical point of view mentioned?

A) Liberals do not focus on international responsibility for solving health problems,turning to individual states to lead actions.
B) Realists stress the importance of the individual state in responding to health issues,especially when state security is threatened.
C) Dependency theorists praise multinational corporations for their role in developing pharmaceuticals to combat infectious diseases.
D) Liberals would not focus on health issues until state security is ensured.

Question 36

Which of the following issues was one of the first historical areas of international cooperation?

A) refugees
B) human rights
C) health
D) nuclear nonproliferation

Question 37

What is the Montreal Protocol?

A) a statement by Canada about the negative impact of greenhouse gas emissions
B) an international agreement designed to limit emissions of carbon dioxide,a greenhouse gas
C) an international agreement designed to limit the emission of ozone-depleting substances
D) an international agreement designed to limit the burning of fossil fuels

Question 38

Which of the following is true about the problem of global climate change?

A) It is an issue related only to industrial emissions.
B) The ozone layer cannot recover.
C) The costs of reducing greenhouse gas emissions are high and immediate,while the benefits are diffuse.
D) The Montreal Protocol has helped to stop greenhouse gas emissions.

Question 39

Which of the following characteristics do ozone depletion and global warming have in common?

A) They are not a source of disagreement between states.
B) They have not been the subject of international negotiations.
C) They are not issues that stem from negative externalities of economic development.
D) They are not issues confined to a single state.

Question 40

The notion of ________ is used as an aid in conceptualizing how to achieve shared benefits that depend on overcoming conflicting individual interests.

A) collective goods
B) functionalism
C) non-refoulement
D) cultural revolution

Question 41

The idea that through various structures and processes,actors at the international level can coordinate interests and needs in the absence of a unifying political authority is known as

A) an epistemic community.
B) global governance.
C) non-refoulement.
D) federalism.

Question 42

International bargaining is affected by issues of human security because

A) the issues must be dealt with separately,allowing for effective negotiations in each issue area.
B) many issues are at stake,allowing for trade-offs to take place.
C) the environment is accepted as the most important human security issue,and also the most important issue over which states bargain in the twenty-first century.
D) migration is accepted as the most important human security issue,and also the most important issue over which states bargain in the twenty-first century.

Question 43

Which of the following is true of the "demographic transition"?

A) The Malthusian dilemma has proven true: population growth rates have outstripped food production.
B) As women have become more educated and people have moved to urban areas,birth rates have dropped dramatically.
C) Population growth rates have continued to increase exponentially.
D) Improvements in economic development have led to higher death rates,and thus a decrease in the population growth rate.

Question 44

Which of the following is true of actions revolving around the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change?

A) The United States administration under President Trump is one of the strongest supporters of the agreement.
B) China has pulled out of the agreement.
C) While the U.S.federal government has pulled out of the agreement,U.S.states such as California are working with the governments of other countries such as Mexico,Canada,and China to push emissions reductions.
D) The United States withdrew from the agreement,leading to its demise.

Question 45

The belief that environmental issues are ripe for international action in the twenty-first century is characteristic of

A) realists.
B) liberals.
C) constructivists.
D) Marxists.

Question 46

Which of the following is true of the relationship between environmental issues and conflict?

A) A majority of empirical studies have found that climate change variables are associated with higher levels of violent conflict.
B) Despite theoretical arguments to the contrary,a majority of empirical studies have shown that population growth is associated with higher levels of violent conflict,but not climate change variables.
C) A majority of empirical studies have found that natural resources are associated with higher levels of violent conflict,but not climate change variables.
D) Despite theoretical arguments to the contrary,a majority of empirical studies have shown that there is no relationship between environmental issues and conflict.

Question 47

Which of the following is true of the role of NGOs' role in environmental issues?

A) NGOs have only become active in environmental issues in the twenty-first century.
B) NGOs do not cooperate with IGOs.
C) NGOs can actually aid in the enforcement of environmental regulations.
D) NGOs work only at the national level to influence environmental policy.

Question 48

Freshwater is a highly politicized natural resource problem because

A) it is concentrated in the Middle East,an area characterized by significant conflict.
B) it is concentrated in Africa,an area characterized by significant conflict.
C) it is unequally distributed and unequally used.
D) human consumption accounts for almost all water usage.

Question 49

Which of the following is true of human security issues?

A) Human security has not yet been connected to state security.
B) Human security and state security are perfectly aligned,making the issue ripe for realist theory to offer insights.
C) Human security issues have become increasingly susceptible to scrutiny and intervention by global actors.
D) Human security issues have not yet become connected to sovereignty issues,although constructivists argue that they should.

Question 50

Certain predictions about population growth trends,put forth by Thomas Malthus and the Club of Rome,proved incorrect in part because they failed to account properly for

A) technological change.
B) the precautionary principle.
C) environmental security.
D) the rise in death rates.

Question 51

How do realists argue human security issues have affected the primacy of the state?

A) They argue that state primacy is being jeopardized by these transnational issues.
B) They argue that the rise of these transnational issues has led to a need for global governance.
C) They argue that human security issues are not transnational in nature.The state is the main actor needed to deal with human security issues.
D) They argue that the increase in relevance of other actors to deal with these transnational issues does not necessarily lead to the elimination of state primacy.

Question 52

The long-standing and widespread belief in the infinite supply of key economic resources was challenged by

A) Marxists.
B) realists.
C) constructivists.
D) behavioralists.

Question 53

Which of the following is true of liberals' view of the development gap?

A) They think the gap is impossible to change.
B) They think closing the gap will occur automatically as a consequence of population growth.
C) They think capitalist countries will work to prevent the closing of the gap.
D) They think closing the gap will lead to a self-reinforcing spiral of economic improvement and demographic balance.

Question 54

Which of the following is true of current conflicts over freshwater?

A) Palestinians are limiting Israel's access to freshwater.
B) Egypt has labeled Ethiopia's construction of a dam on the Nile River,which will limit its access to water,an issue of national security.
C) There are no conflicts over freshwater in Asia because it is plentiful in that region.
D) Desalination plants have solved the problem of freshwater conflict.

Question 55

Realists see which threat emerging from current demographic trends?

A) The developed world is likely to outpace the developing world in terms of population growth,leading to conflict between these two sets of states.
B) States with growing populations and insufficient food might seek to expand their territory and acquire food sources by means of war.
C) The faster population growth in developed states will lead them to be better able to go to war with developing states.
D) Realists do not see threats emerging from current demographic trends.

Question 56

Which of the following observations makes current population growth rates more disturbing?

A) The developed world has much higher growth rates than the developing world.
B) Rapid rates of population growth lead to increased demand for natural resources.
C) Population growth globally has stopped,which raises concerns about finding future workers.
D) Globally,females now far exceed males.

Question 57

Which of the following is true of the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change?

A) States agreed to the mandatory submission of climate plans every five years,but the targets would not be legally binding.
B) States agreed to the mandatory submission of climate plans every five years,with legally binding targets.
C) States agreed to curb greenhouse gas emissions,but were unable to reach an agreement regarding carbon-absorbing sinks,like forests.
D) States agreed to promote carbon-absorbing sinks,like forests,but were unable to agree to curb greenhouse gas emissions.

Question 58

Given difficulties in negotiating a comprehensive,global agreement on global warming,new political attention has focused on which of the following?

A) the UN General Assembly mandating emissions levels
B) the UN Security Council mandating emissions levels
C) getting the top three emitters to come to an agreement among themselves
D) State leaders are still focusing solely on negotiating a comprehensive agreement.

Question 59

The developed countries often blame developing countries and their population explosion for environmental problems.What is a common response by developing countries to these accusations?

A) They agree and have pledged to work to improve the environment.
B) They agree,but refuse to take responsibility for their contribution to environmental problems.
C) They disagree,arguing that the developed countries have been responsible for most environmental excess.
D) They disagree and blame the capitalist international system.

Question 60

Which school of thought emphasizes most clearly that controversies over natural resources may lead to conflict?

A) realism
B) liberalism
C) constructivism
D) dependency theory

Question 61

Do you think human security issues have decreased the primacy of the state and state sovereignty? To answer this question,choose two human security issues and discuss how they have affected the state and state sovereignty.Draw on real-world examples in your explanation.

Question 62

Population growth and population decline are both problems felt in the world today.Why do you think these different problems exist? What challenges do politicians face in seeking to deal with these population issues,and why do you think they face these challenges?

Question 63

Discuss the interconnections between the issues of pollution and climate change,natural resources,and population.Which of these issues is the most important environmental problem and why? What are two specific steps that could be taken at the global level to constructively address this problem?

Question 64

Which theoretical framework do you think faces the greatest challenge in its efforts to accommodate transnational human security issues? For which theoretical perspective do you think this task will prove easiest? Justify your response to each of these questions and support your positions with illustrative examples.

Question 65

Economic and environmental issues are clearly intertwined.Discuss why these issues are so closely connected to each other,and how this creates problems for politicians trying to negotiate international agreements to address environmental issues-both in the developed and developing world.