Deck 20: The Last Great Islamic Empires, 1500-1800

Question 1

The Ottoman army was composed largely of

A)a provincial slave levy.
B)an honor corps of Muslim bodyguards.
C)the policymaking body of Muslim religious scholars.
D)a holy war against the enemies of Islam.

Answer 1

a provincial slave levy.

Question 2

Which of the following was among the last great empires of the Islamic world?

A)in diverse locations throughout Muslim-controlled territory.
B)along the southern edge of Muslim-controlled territory.
C)along the northern edge of Muslim-controlled territory.
D)throughout the Arabian peninsula.

Answer 2

along the northern edge of Muslim-controlled territory.

Question 3

What happened to Jews in the Ottoman Empire in 1492?

A)coffeehouse.
B)ulama.
C)millet.
D)nobility.

Answer 3

coffeehouse.

Question 4

Which of these was an arm of the government and single religious authority over Muslim scholars in the Ottoman Empire?

A)wide-ranging reform of the ulama.
B)the suppression of science.
C)Jews took over the theater,destroying the classical style in which two men play all parts.
D)the printing press was introduced.

Question 5

The primary function of the millets under the Ottoman Empire was to

A)ulama
B)Sheriff
C)Grand Mufti
D)None of these answers are correct.

Question 6

In the first half of the eighteenth century,the Ottomans experienced a literary golden age and

A)governmental decentralization.
B)religious fanaticism.
C)military corruption.
D)lack of industrialization.

Question 7

Ottoman power declined for all of the following reasons except

A)They were expelled from Constantinople and many fled to Cairo.
B)Their numbers declined as many converted to Islam or Christianity.
C)Their numbers increased as many Jewish refugees from Spain immigrated.
D)They were required to live in Constantinople and expelled from all other areas of the empire.

Question 8

The devshirme can best be described as

A)derive from military authority.
B)rest on a clear separation between religion and politics.
C)be interdependent with the welfare of the state as a whole.
D)All of these answers are correct.

Question 9

The most appropriate keywords for describing the Islamic and Western experiences in the 1500-1800 period are

A)the Ottoman
B)the Mughal
C)the Safavid
D)All of these answers are correct.

Question 10

Lands that had once been ruled by Muslims but,by 1700,no longer were,were located

A)Constantinople
B)Budapest
C)Belgrade
D)Vienna

Question 11

Süleyman the Magnificent and his Ottoman armies laid siege to which city from 1526 to 1529?

A)initiated a tradition of formal government legislation.
B)combined different legal traditions to create a comprehensive law system.
C)rid the Ottoman law code of religious influences.
D)brought the military under the protection of law.

Question 12

Süleyman was referred to as "the lawgiver" because he

A)the subjugation of religion to the state.
B)the size and loyalty of its armed forces.
C)a highly efficient system of tax collection.
D)the stability of its ruling classes.

Question 13

According to Muslim historians,the power of the Ottoman royal authority was believed to

A)discriminate against non-Muslim residents in the empire.
B)interpret religious laws and teach religious doctrines.
C)take full responsibility for the well being of each member of the community.
D)recruit elite military troops.

Question 14

Members of the Safavid Dynasty were adherents of a militant

A)Sikhs.
B)devshirme.
C)parsis.
D)Qizilbash.

Question 15

The successful expansion of the Ottoman Empire was based primarily on

A)opposed the ruling institution of the state in a civil war.
B)began to recruit both men and women.
C)became a branch of the state under a single religious authority.
D)suffered from a decline in social status.

Question 16

By the 17th century,a common urban culture developed in the disparate parts of the Ottoman Empire because of the rise of the

A)the pope.
B)the patriarch of Constantinople.
C)Austria.
D)Russia.

Question 17

In the 16th century Ottoman Empire,the ulama

A)provincial cavalry.
B)mercenaries.
C)provincial slaves.
D)Mamluk warriors.

Question 18

One of the most important accomplishments of Shah Abbas I (ruled 1588-1629)was

A)their incorporation of Uzbek Turks into the state bureaucracy.
B)the expulsion of Turkoman tribesmen.
C)their conversion to Shi'ite ideology.
D)a permanent alliance with their Ottoman neighbors.

Question 19

The mounted warriors of the Safavid Empire were the

A)opening up trade with the developing Russian state.
B)the centralization of the Safavid military command structure.
C)breaking the Portuguese trade monopoly along Persian shores.
D)launching the successful invasions in Khorasan.

Question 20

After 1774,the protector of Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire was

A)Sunnism.
B)Shi'ism.
C)Sufism.
D)Sikhism.

Question 21

The Ishraqi school of theological-philosophical thought

A)Jahangir
B)Shah Jahan
C)Awrangzeb
D)Shah Abbas I

Question 22

The Safavid Empire declined for all of the following reasons except

A)dominance of Persian culture.
B)religious unity with the Sunni Afghans.
C)the Shi'ite character of the Iranian region.
D)the emergence of a distinctly Shi'ite piety.

Question 23

The following all contributed to the decline of the Mughal Empire except:

A)Jahangir was planning a military attack on England.
B)Jahangir saw himself as a peer to James.
C)Jahangir's saw himself as superior to James.
D)Jahangir wanted to study the religious practices of England.

Question 24

The division between Shi'ite and Sunni states resulted in all of the following except

A)political control by a series of Muslim states.
B)repeated attempts to eliminate foreign commercial competition.
C)ancient trading relationships forged by Hindu and Christian kingdoms.
D)the gradual conversion of much of the population to Buddhism.

Question 25

The monumental architecture during the Safavid period is famous for its

A)rejected Aristotelianism and Platonism.
B)merged Persian Islamic thought with Islamic traditions of Aristotelianism and Platonism.
C)conceived of transcendence in accordance with strict logic.
D)both conceived of transcendence in accordance with strict logic and merged Persian Islamic thought with Islamic traditions of Aristotelianism and Platonism.

Question 26

The authors suggest that Islamization generally correlates with

A)suicide raids on Sunni towns.
B)forming alliances with non-Muslim states.
C)broadening their commercial base in order to finance the struggle against the Sunnis.
D)a purification movement within their own order to purge it of "doctrinal weakness."

Question 27

From 1500-1650,Indian religious life

A)supremacy of faith in God.
B)acceptance of a single,true religion.
C)observance of important holidays and sacraments.
D)recognition of religious hierarchy.

Question 28

The Sikhs

A)turned towards a broad conception of spirituality.
B)became increasingly concerned with the proper application of rituals.
C)was characterized by the growing dominance of Islam.
D)expanded to include many new gods.

Question 29

All of the following were lasting legacies of Safavid rule except

A)the Ishraqi philosophy
B)the Shi'ite ulama
C)the Safavid army
D)the city of Isfahan

Question 30

The Southern-Seas trade was characterized by

A)Hindu traders.
B)Portuguese traders.
C)Indian Buddhists.
D)Spanish conquistadores.

Question 31

What Safavid creation was described as "half the world"?

A)simplicity and lack of embellishment.
B)spontaneity and lack of coherent structure.
C)use of ceramic tiles to decorate in lavish fashion the facades and domes of buildings.
D)"illuminationist" approach to design.

Question 32

In the 16th century,Muslims began to be displaced on the west coast of India by

A)Britain.
B)Denmark.
C)France.
D)the Netherlands.

Question 33

The Safavid Empire succeeded in Iran in large part because of

A)an invasion from North India by the Chaghatay army.
B)economic decline.
C)increasing landholding power of the Shi'ite ulama.
D)pressure from Ottoman and Uzbek armies.

Question 34

The inclusion of an image of King James I of England in a portrait of Mughal Emperor Jahangir suggests that

A)were protected by Awrangzeb.
B)founded their own empire about 1646.
C)rejected Islam in favor of their own moralistic reformist ideals.
D)tried to bridge the gap in doctrine between Shi'ite and Sunni Muslims.

Question 35

In their competition with Sunni states,Safavid Shi'ites resorted to

A)Arabic was no longer considered the language of the Qu'ran.
B)new Persian-language literature was no longer considered part of the shared Islamic culture.
C)the disruption of trading networks.
D)the isolation of Central Asia.

Question 36

According to Guru Arjun,the most important aspect of religion was the

A)was a prominent early supporter of Akbar.
B)encouraged Sufi missions to the South Seas.
C)embraced cultural and religious mixing.
D)rejected Hindu influences.

Question 37

All of the following characterize the Chaghatay Turks except:

A)great builder who dedicated the Taj Mahal to his beloved consort.
B)reformer and person of broad curiosity.
C)foresighted ruler who permitted English merchants to establish trading posts.
D)great conqueror who brought the Deccan Wolby under Mughal control.

Question 38

Sufi reformer Ahmad Sirhindi

A)trade and urbanization.
B)nomadism.
C)Buddhism.
D)militarism.

Question 39

Of the immediate successors of Akbar "the Great," which permitted English merchants to establish a trading post,or "factory," at Surat in Gujarat?

A)they were the founders of the Mughal dynasty.
B)they were the descendants of Tamerlane.
C)they defeated the Uzbek Turks in Transoxiania.
D)they were relatively tolerant of other religions.

Question 40

Akbar can best be described as a

A)the dominance of the British East India Company.
B)the rise of the powerful Hindu state of Ceylon.
C)British and French military victories at Mughal expense.
D)the invasions of Afghan tribal leader Ahmad Shah Durrani.

Question 41

The Mughal conquest of India was led by Akbar "the Great." What were his main policies toward the Hindu population? Why did he succeed and his followers fail in this area? What were his main reforms of the government?

Question 42

In the 16th century,Muslim influence along the maritime rim of Asia declined because of Portuguese

A)Dutch.
B)Portuguese.
C)Ottomans.
D)Hindus.

Question 43

Why were outside powers attracted to the South Seas lands? Why were the European powers able to win out in the long struggle for control in this area? Who were their main enemies and what assistance did these forces receive from other areas of the world?

Question 44

In the 18th century,the main competitors with the state of Acheh were the

A)ceded by the Dutch to Spain in the eighteenth century.
B)controlled by Hindu and Buddhist traders.
C)seized from the Spanish by the Islamic state of Acheh in the seventeenth century.
D)conquered by the Spanish in the sixteenth century.

Question 45

Why has the cultural and intellectual renaissance in Iran during the 16th and 17th centuries been called "the most impressive aspect of Safavid times"? Be specific about advances in the disciplines of painting and architecture.

Question 46

The authors suggest that the Muslim faith spread and endured in southern-seas trading regions mainly because

Question 47

According to Map 20-6,the European power that had the greatest influence in Southeast Asia in the seventeenth century was

A)superior naval power.
B)exploitation of indigenous rivalries.
C)use of terror against all who opposed their objectives.
D)All of these answers are correct.

Question 48

Compare and contrast the experiences of the Islamic empires with those of the West in the period between 1500-1800.What were the main sources of dynamism and growth for each? The main sources for decline and division?

Question 49

What were the most important reasons for the success of the Safavid Empire in Iran? What role did Islamic religion have in this development? Who were the major foes of this empire?

Question 50

The Philippines were

A)Muslim military might had supported forced conversions,and the indigenous populous was afraid to abandon Islam.
B)Muslim traders stayed aloof from the population,while continuing to practice their faith,which made Islam seem alluring.
C)Muslim traders assimilated with the population,while maintaining their faith,which was attractive to the indigenous peoples.
D)European Christians never gained any significant footholds there.

Question 51

Compare and contrast the roles of Shah Abbas I and Akbar the Great in consolidating the power of the monarchy in their respective states.Did they have to contend with similar circumstances,such as ethnic and religious diversity? Was one ruler more successful than the other?

Question 52

What were the common reasons for the rise of the Ottoman,Safavid,and Mughal empires? What were some of their primary accomplishments? What were the reasons for their decline?

Question 53

What role did the kingdom of Acheh play in the East Indies? Why did its power decline by the early twentieth century?

Question 54

Compare and contrast the process of political centralization in the Ottoman and Safavid empires.Did both empires have to contend with similar political and military circumstances? Did specific national and cultural identities emerge from the process?

Question 55

What role did geography play in the political,economic,and religious development of the Islamic world? What limitations did geography place on the rulers of Islamic empires? How successful were they at overcoming these limitations?

Question 56

What were the crucial elements of the "classical" Ottoman order? What were the main reasons for the internal decline of the empire?

Question 57

Why did the Ottoman Empire expand into Europe in the seventeenth century? What brought about this rapid expansion? Why did the empire fail to hold certain areas in Europe?

Question 58

What were the consequences of the Shi'ite and Sunni rift during the 17th and 18th centuries? What political divisions emerged among Muslim states? How was Muslim culture affected by it? How was Central Asia particularly affected?