Deck 14: Fluid Balance and Blood Health

Question 1

Which compartment contains the greatest amount of body fluid?

A)intracellular compartment
B)extracellular compartment
C)Both compartments contain the same amount of water

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The consumption of a high-protein, high-sodium diet will tend to ________ ion concentration of the urine.

A)have no effect on
B)increase
C)decrease

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Compared to dry environments, evaporation of sweat is ________ in humid environments, resulting in _______ body cooling.

A)decreased; more
B)decreased; less
C)increased; more
D)increased; less

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The body's temperature regulation mechanism depends on ________.

A)drinking enough water to remove heat by way of the urine
B)water within the body absorbing heat energy, and on the evaporation of perspiration removing heat energy
C)water being delivered to the lungs, where the heat energy will be exhaled as water vapor
D)excretion of body wastes

Question 5

When a semipermeable membrane separates two bodies of fluid, ________.

A)water can pass through the membrane
B)dissolved particles can pass through the membrane
C)water cannot pass through the membrane
D)None of these choices are accurate

Question 6

The sodium-potassium pump uses energy to move ________.

A)potassium ions out of the cell
B)sodium ions out of the cell
C)water out of the cell
D)water into the cell

Question 7

Urea is a major body waste from ________.

A)the catabolism of amino acids
B)the action of the sodium-potassium pump
C)intracellular fluid
D)the excretion of minerals by the kidney

Question 8

About 73% of lean muscle tissue is ________.

A)protein
B)water
C)calcium
D)sodium

Question 9

In an adult of normal body composition weighing 165 lb, approximately ________ lb is water.

A)91
B)55
C)37
D)116 165 lb x 0.55 (percentage of adult body weight that is water) = 90.75 lb

Question 10

Which of the following about water is NOT true?

A)Each water molecule forms a maximum of 2 hydrogen bonds
B)Water is incompressible so it functions well as a lubricant
C)Water is formed in the body when protein, carbohydrate, and fat are oxidized
D)Water in the body helps resist body temperature change

Question 11

The force that develops when two solutions, each with a different concentration of solutes, are separated by a semipermeable membrane is ________.

A)systolic pressure
B)diastolic pressure
C)osmotic pressure
D)atmospheric pressure

Question 12

Which of the following fluids is classified as extracellular fluid?

A)tears
B)gastrointestinal fluid
C)blood plasma
D)lymph
E)All of these choices are accurate

Question 13

Which of the following foods has the highest percent of total weight as water?

A)lettuce
B)bread
C)cottage cheese
D)steak

Question 14

Minerals most involved in fluid balance are ________.

A)calcium and magnesium
B)copper and iron
C)calcium and phosphorus
D)sodium and potassium

Question 15

The human body has more of this substance (by weight) than any other substance.

A)protein
B)glycogen
C)fat
D)water

Question 16

Typical daily urine output in a healthy individual is within the range of ________.

A)400 - 600 milliliters
B)1 - 2 liters
C)2 - 4 liters
D)3 - 5 liters
E)600 - 1000 milliliters

Question 17

Extra water losses from heavy sweating or diarrhea will typically result in ________.

A)increased urine output
B)decreased urine output
C)no change in urine output
D)decreased water loss from the lungs

Question 18

The major cation in the intracellular fluid is ________, whereas the major anion in the extracellular fluid is ________.

A)sodium; chloride
B)potassium; chloride
C)sodium; chloride
D)potassium; phosphate

Question 19

Who should be concerned about dehydration?

A)The child who is ill with fever or diarrhea
B)The athlete participating in a vigorous sport
C)The traveler on a long airplane flight
D)The elderly man hospitalized for a broken hip
E)All of these choices are accurate

Question 20

The AI recommendation for total water intake is ________.

A)1 liter per kcal expended
B)12.4 liters per day
C)8 cups per day
D)15 cups for adult males and 11 cups for adult females

Question 21

Consumption of ______ inhibits the action of antidiuretic hormone causing increased urinary output.

A)one or two cups of coffee
B)alcoholic beverages
C)high-sodium foods
D)high-sugar beverages

Question 22

One teaspoon of salt contains about ________ of sodium.

A)3400 mg
B)1000 mg
C)2400 mg
D)6000 mg

Question 23

Which of the following dairy products has the highest sodium content?

A)cottage cheese, 1 cup
B)cheddar cheese, 2 oz
C)lowfat milk, 1 cup
D)The sodium content does not differ among these 3 foods

Question 24

Which of the following individuals is least likely to benefit from a diet containing less than 1500 mg sodium per day?

A)A 65-year-old Hispanic male in good health
B)A 35-year-old African American female
C)A 40-year-old white male with diabetes and chronic kidney disease
D)A healthy Asian female college student

Question 25

Aldosterone increases ________.

A)potassium retention by the kidneys
B)water excretion by the kidneys
C)sodium retention by the kidneys
D)sodium absorption by the intestinal villi

Question 26

Most of the world's water consumption is for __________.

A)personal consumption for drinking, cooking, and bathing
B)industrial consumption
C)agriculture and irrigation
D)None of these responses are correct

Question 27

A loss of 1-2% of body weight in fluids will cause a person to ________.

A)experience thirst
B)experience a decline in muscle strength and endurance
C)experience decreased heat tolerance and weakness
D)lapse into coma and die

Question 28

Aldosterone is ________.

A)a pituitary hormone that decreases water excretion
B)minerals deposited into bone that give strength and rigidity
C)an adrenal hormone that increases sodium reabsorption in the kidney
D)a protein-calcium complex that influences enzyme activity in cells
E)an enzyme in kidneys formed in response to low blood pressure

Question 29

When blood osmolality increases, ___________ is released by the anterior pituitary and acts on the kidney to increase water retention.

A)antidiuretic hormone
B)renin
C)angiotensin II
D)insulin

Question 30

ADH is ________.

A)a pituitary hormone that decreases water excretion
B)minerals deposited into bone that give strength and rigidity
C)an adrenal hormone that causes sodium reabsorption
D)a protein-calcium complex that influences enzyme activity in cells
E)an enzyme in kidneys formed in response to low blood pressure

Question 31

Most sodium consumed is from ________.

A)table salt added at home
B)naturally occurring sodium in foods
C)tap water and medications
D)processed foods and those purchased at restaurants

Question 32

Water intoxication is associated with ________.

A)headache and blurred vision
B)muscle cramps and convulsions
C)hyponatremia
D)All of these answers are correct

Question 33

Sodium ________.

A)acts as the principal positively charged ion in the intracellular fluid
B)transmits electrical impulses through nerve cells
C)promotes glycolysis
D)releases energy from ATP

Question 34

Table salt is _____ sodium.

A)20%
B)30%
C)40%
D)60%

Question 35

Some North Americans are called "sodium sensitive." For these people, high sodium intake contributes to ________.

A)stomach cancer
B)hypertension
C)gastrointestinal upsets
D)serious fluid imbalances

Question 36

According to FDA labeling rules, the Daily Value for sodium is listed as ________.

A)7 grams per day
B)4 grams per day
C)2.4 grams per day
D)200 mg per day

Question 37

Renin, released from the kidney as a result of a decrease in blood pressure, acts on ________ produced in the liver.This triggers a series of reactions that culminate in the production of _______ in the adrenal glands.

A)angiotensin II, renin
B)aldosterone, angiotensin
C)angiotensinogen, aldosterone
D)antidiuretic hormone, osmosis

Question 38

Renin is ________.

A)a pituitary hormone that decreases water excretion
B)minerals deposited into bone that give strength and rigidity
C)an adrenal hormone that causes sodium reabsorption
D)a protein-calcium complex that influences enzyme activity in cells
E)an enzyme in kidneys formed in response to low blood pressure

Question 39

As dehydration progresses and blood volume decreases, blood pressure will ______ and heart rate will _______.

A)increase; increase
B)remain the same; decrease
C)decrease; decrease
D)decrease; increase

Question 40

Drinking too much water can result in dilution of sodium in the blood, a condition known as ________.

A)hypernatremia
B)hyperkalemia
C)hyponatremia
D)ADH syndrome

Question 41

Factors that can contribute to an increased risk of high blood pressure include ________.

A)advanced age
B)African-American race
C)BMI over 30
D)type 2 diabetes
E)All of these choices are accurate

Question 42

A diet that contains an average of 4,000 mg sodium and 1,500 mg potassium daily is likely to ________.

A)decrease the risk of hypertension
B)result from an eating disorder
C)increase the risk of hypertension
D)have no effect on blood pressure

Question 43

Which of the following situations is/are life threatening?

A)hypokalemia
B)hyperkalemia
C)hypokalemia and hyperkalemia
D)neither hypokalemia nor hyperkalemia

Question 44

Which of the following blood pressures is considered prehypertension?

A)130 mm Hg over 85 mm Hg
B)118 mm Hg over 82 mg Hg
C)142 mm Hg over 95 mm Hg
D)145 mm Hg over 105 mm Hg

Question 45

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the DASH diet?

A)It is rich in the minerals magnesium, potassium, and calcium
B)It is high in fiber
C)It contains 8-10 servings of fruits and vegetables per day
D)It is low in protein

Question 46

The organs that are most likely to be damaged because of hypertension are the ________.

A)liver, pancreas, gastrointestinal tract, and lungs
B)heart, brain, kidney, and eye
C)liver, heart, pancreas, and kidney
D)brain, eye, heart, lungs

Question 47

Joe Smith, age 52, has a blood pressure of 145 mm Hg over 95 mm Hg.This is considered ________.

A)normal blood pressure
B)low blood pressure
C)hypertension or high blood pressure
D)None of these choices are accurate

Question 48

A meal of dried apricots, whole grain cereals, legumes, and liver provides an abundance of ________.

A)potassium
B)fiber
C)beta carotene
D)vitamin A
E)All of these choices are accurate

Question 49

The body regulates its potassium content by ________.

A)absorbing more or less potassium from the gastrointestinal tract
B)excreting more or less potassium in the urine
C)storing more or less potassium in the liver
D)storing more or less potassium in the bone

Question 50

Which of the following groups would be most at risk for potassium deficiency?

A)Infants and young children
B)Pregnant women
C)Patients taking diuretics
D)Breastfeeding mothers

Question 51

Chloride is ________.

A)the main anion in extracellular fluid
B)an intracellular fluid ion
C)a positively charged ion
D)converted to chlorine in the intestinal tract

Question 52

A positively charged ion located in the intracellular fluid is ________.

A)sodium
B)potassium
C)phosphate
D)chloride

Question 53

Which type of dietary iron is most efficiently absorbed?

A)non-heme iron
B)elemental iron
C)heme iron
D)All these forms of iron are absorbed equally

Question 54

The richest sources of iron in the diet are ________.

A)fruits and vegetables
B)nuts and seeds
C)meats and seafood
D)breads and pastries

Question 55

In a healthy person, sodium consumed in excess of body needs is ________.

A)stored in the liver
B)excreted by the kidneys
C)metabolized in cells
D)excreted in the feces

Question 56

Salt substitutes often contain ________.

A)sodium bicarbonate
B)potassium chloride
C)calcium carbonate
D)magnesium sulfate

Question 57

A lifestyle modification to reduce high blood pressure in women is to ________.

A)consume a daily calcium supplement of 1,000 mg
B)consume a multi-vitamin mineral supplement
C)eliminate all caffeine-containing beverages from the diet
D)limit alcohol consumption to no more than 1 drink per day

Question 58

Most of our dietary chloride comes from ________.

A)fresh fruits
B)vegetables
C)meat
D)seed oils
E)table salt

Question 59

An ample intake of potassium-rich foods may help protect against ________.

A)hypertension
B)osteoporosis
C)gastric ulcers
D)diabetes

Question 60

Most of the iron in the body is found as a part of ________.

A)ferritin
B)albumin
C)hemosiderin
D)hemoglobin

Question 61

When body cells need more iron, the number of transferrin receptors on the cell surface ________.

A)increases
B)decreases
C)remains unchanged

Question 62

The proteins ____________ oxidize ferrous iron to ferric iron to allow iron to be transported to body cells.

A)hemosiderin and ferritin
B)heme and non-heme
C)hephaestin and ceruloplasmin
D)ferritin and albumin

Question 63

A major factor contributing to the decline in iron deficiency anemia among poor preschool children in the U.S.is ________.

A)better nutrition education of parents, so that foods children need are actually being served
B)the federal Food Stamp Program (now called SNAP)
C)the nationwide system of food pantries and soup kitchens
D)the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) that distributes iron-fortified formulas and cereals

Question 64

Which of the following population groups is at highest risk of iron-deficiency anemia?

A)post-menopausal women
B)weight-training athletes
C)premature infants
D)male college students

Question 65

Iron-deficiency anemia often causes symptoms of ________.

A)fatigue
B)night blindness
C)dental decay
D)dermatitis

Question 66

Which population group is considered at low risk for iron-deficiency anemia?

A)pregnant women
B)infants and preschool children
C)vegans
D)middle-aged businessmen

Question 67

Approximately ____ of dietary iron is absorbed each day from typical Westernized diets.

A)3%
B)18%
C)65%
D)99%

Question 68

A low serum concentration of hemoglobin is most often associated with a deficiency of ________.

A)zinc
B)iodine
C)copper
D)iron

Question 69

Hemoglobin, cytochromes, and myoglobin all contain ________.

A)selenium
B)zinc
C)iron
D)iodine

Question 70

The transport of iron out of the intestinal cell for incorporation into serum transferrin is aided by the protein ________.

A)insulin
B)myoglobin
C)ferroportin
D)thyroxine

Question 71

Which nutrient increases the absorption of non-heme iron by reducing ferric iron (Fe³⁺) to ferrous iron (Fe²⁺)?

A)vitamin A
B)vitamin C
C)vitamin E
D)vitamin D

Question 72

Iron is stored in the liver as ________.

A)hephaestin
B)heparin
C)ceruloplasmin
D)ferritin

Question 73

Approximately _______ of iron used each day is recovered and recycled.

A)10%
B)25%
C)75%
D)90%

Question 74

Which of the following foods is a good source of non-heme iron?

A)eggs
B)spinach
C)grilled chicken
D)clams

Question 75

Which of the following factors increases iron absorption?

A)high intakes of zinc
B)high stores of iron
C)low gastric acidity
D)increased need for iron

Question 76

Phytic acid and oxalic acid ________ the absorption of dietary iron.

A)increase
B)decrease
C)do not have any effect on

Question 77

Ferritin and hemosiderin are ________.

A)storage forms of iron
B)zinc-containing proteins
C)protein carriers of selenium in the blood
D)iodine-containing enzymes

Question 78

In iron-deficiency anemia, the red blood cells are usually classified as ________.

A)macrocytic and normochromic
B)microcytic and hypochromic
C)normocytic and hyperchromic
D)megaloblastic

Question 79

Ceruloplasmin is ________.

A)a zinc-containing enzyme in the intestinal wall
B)a copper-containing enzyme that oxidizes Fe²⁺ to Fe³⁺
C)the storage form of iron in the liver
D)a component of the electron transport system

Question 80

The hemoglobin molecule ________.

A)contains 4 heme compounds
B)carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues
C)decreases during iron deficiency anemia
D)All of these choices are accurate