Deck 9: Dental X-Ray Film Processing

Question 1

The purpose of ____ is to chemically reduce the exposed, energized silver halide crystals into black metallic silver.

A) Developing
B) Fixing
C) Rinsing
D) Washing

Answer 1

Developing

Question 2

The latent image is:

A) Visible to the naked eye.
B) The image on the radiographic film after processing.
C) The image on the radiographic film before processing but after exposure.
D) The image on the radiographic film before exposure.

Answer 2

The image on the radiographic film before processing but after exposure.

Question 3

To maintain freshness, film processing solutions must be changed every ____.

A) Day
B) Week
C) 2 weeks
D) 3 to 4 weeks

Answer 3

3 to 4 weeks

Question 4

During processing, a chemical reaction occurs, and the halide portion of the ____ silver halide crystal is removed.

A) Unexposed, unenergized
B) Exposed, unenergized
C) Unexposed, energized
D) Exposed, energized

Question 5

All excess chemicals are removed from the emulsion during:

A) Development
B) Rinsing
C) Fixation
D) Washing

Question 6

The black metallic silver remains on the film as a result of a(n) ____ reaction.

A) Addition
B) Oxidation
C) Reduction
D) Subtraction

Question 7

The film emulsion is hardened during which of the following stages of the development process?

A) Development
B) Rinsing
C) Fixation
D) Washing

Question 8

Which of the following possibilities is the correct processing order for manual tanks?

A) Rinsing, development, fixation
B) Development, fixation, rinsing
C) Rinsing, fixation, development
D) Development, rinsing, fixation

Question 9

The preservative used in developer solution is:

A) Hydroquinone.
B) Sodium sulfite.
C) Sodium carbonate.
D) Potassium bromide.

Question 10

Which type of silver halide crystals are removed from the film?

A) Unexposed, unenergized
B) Exposed, unenergized
C) Unexposed, energized
D) Exposed, energized

Question 11

Elon is:

A) Not temperature-sensitive.
B) Temperature-sensitive.
C) Also known as metol.
D) Both a and c.

Question 12

The film emulsion is softened during which of the following stages of the development process?

A) Development
B) Rinsing
C) Fixation
D) Washing

Question 13

Normal use of processing chemistry is defined as ____ intraoral films per day.

A) 18
B) 30
C) 50
D) 60

Question 14

____ generates the black tones and the sharp contrast of the radiographic image.

A) Sodium sulfite
B) Sodium carbonate
C) Hydroquinone
D) Elon

Question 15

To maintain freshness, film processing solutions must be replenished:

A) Hourly
B) Daily
C) Weekly
D) Monthly

Question 16

The developer initiates a chemical reaction that reduces the exposed silver halide crystals into black metallic silver, but it leaves the unexposed silver halide crystals unaffected.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second statement is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second statement is true.

Question 17

The optimal temperature for the developer solution is ____ degrees Fahrenheit.

A) 64
B) 68
C) 72
D) 76

Question 18

Elon generates the____ seen on a dental radiograph.

A) Black tones
B) Sharp contrast
C) Many shades of gray
D) Softening of the emulsion

Question 19

The first step in film processing is:

A) Washing
B) Rinsing
C) Development
D) Fixation

Question 20

Concentrated powder and liquid film processing solutions are mixed with ____ before use.

A) Ammonia
B) Vinegar
C) Tap water
D) Distilled water

Question 21

Developer solution has a(n) ____ pH, and fixer solution has a(n) ____ pH.

A) acidic; acidic
B) acidic; basic
C) basic; acidic
D) basic; basic

Question 22

Which of the following is a component of fixer solution, but not developer solution?

A) Potassium bromide
B) Potassium alum
C) Hydroquinone
D) Sodium carbonate

Question 23

A safelight must be placed a minimum of ____ feet away from the film.

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 6

Question 24

If films were processed below 60 degrees Fahrenheit:

A) Hydroquinone and elon would both be inactive.
B) Hydroquinone would be inactive, but elon would be active.
C) Hydroquinone would be active, but elon would be inactive.
D) Hydroquinone and elon would both be active.

Question 25

The acidifier used in fixer solution is:

A) Ammonium thiosulfate.
B) Potassium alum.
C) Acetic acid.
D) Sodium sulfite.

Question 26

Safelighting is a ____-intensity light composed of ____ wavelengths of the visible light spectrum.

A) low; long
B) low; short
C) high; long
D) high; short

Question 27

The hardening agent used in fixer solution is:

A) Potassium bromide
B) Potassium alum
C) Acetic acid
D) Sulfuric acid

Question 28

A fogged film appears:

A) To lack contrast.
B) To have accentuated contrast.
C) Dull gray.
D) Both a and c.

Question 29

Sodium sulfite is the ____ used in fixer solution.

A) Fixing agent
B) Preservative
C) Hardening agent
D) Acidifier

Question 30

The purpose of the fixing agent is to remove all ____ from the film emulsion.

A) Unexposed silver halide crystals
B) Exposed silver halide crystals
C) Unexposed and exposed silver halide crystals
D) Of the emulsion

Question 31

The purpose of the hardening agent is to harden and shrink the:

A) Exposed silver halide crystals.
B) Unexposed silver halide crystals.
C) Gelatin in the film emulsion.
D) Plastic film base.

Question 32

Safelighting is in the ____ portion of the visible light spectrum.

A) Red-orange
B) Orange-yellow
C) Yellow-green
D) Green-blue

Question 33

Which component of fixer solution is commonly known as "hypo"?

A) Sodium thiosulfate
B) Sodium sulfite
C) Potassium alum
D) Acetic acid

Question 34

The purpose of the preservative is to prevent the developer solution from oxidizing in the presence of:

A) Silver halide.
B) Silver bromide.
C) Air.
D) Moisture.

Question 35

Any leaks of white light in the darkroom cause film:

A) To be entirely clear on processing.
B) To become more sensitive to processing chemistry.
C) Fog.
D) To exhibit decreased contrast between light and dark areas.

Question 36

The developing agents are active only in a(n) ____ environment.

A) Basic (alkaline)
B) High pH
C) Acidic
D) Both a and b

Question 37

Which of the following chemicals is the accelerator in developer solution?

A) Hydroquinone
B) Elon
C) Sodium sulfite
D) Sodium carbonate

Question 38

The restrainer stops the development of:

A) Unexposed crystals only.
B) Exposed crystals only.
C) Unexposed crystals more than exposed crystals.
D) Exposed crystals more than unexposed crystals.

Question 39

Which of the following chemicals in developer solution softens the gelatin of the emulsion?

A) Hydroquinone
B) Elon
C) Sodium sulfite
D) Sodium carbonate

Question 40

Potassium bromide functions as which of the following components of developer solution?

A) Developing agent
B) Preservative
C) Accelerator
D) Restrainer

Question 41

The temperatures of the developer and fixer solutions are controlled by the:

A) Ambient room temperature.
B) Aquarium-type heaters in the insert tanks.
C) Use of a mixing valve.
D) Chemical reaction that occurs when they are mixed.

Question 42

Exhausted fixer produces a radiograph:

A) With adequate "clearing" of the film.
B) With proper hardening of the film emulsion.
C) That will turn a yellow-brown color because exhausted fixer does not stop the chemical reaction.
D) That will require longer exposure time to achieve comparable contrast and density.

Question 43

A timer is used to indicate time intervals during which of the following steps of manual processing?

A) 1, 2, 3, 4
B) 2, 3, 4
C) 2, 4
D) 4 only

Question 44

In addition to protecting developing films from exposure to light, the light-tight lid of the processing tank protects the solutions from:

A) Oxidation and evaporation.
B) Imbibing water.
C) Raising the humidity level in the room to levels that would negatively affect processing.
D) Contaminating the water in the master tank.

Question 45

The purpose of a stirring rod is to:

A) Scrape bubbles from the surface of the films when they are in solution.
B) Mix the chemicals and equalize the temperature of the solutions.
C) Mix developer and fixer together in the master tank.
D) Recover the thermometer from the bottom of the master tank.

Question 46

The developer solution becomes depleted from evaporation and the removal of small amounts from the tank on the film hanger and films. With time and use, the developer solution decreases in volume but increases in strength.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second statement is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second statement is true.

Question 47

Deposits form on the inside walls of the insert tanks because of an interaction between mineral salts in water and ____ in the processing solutions.

A) Sodium thiosulfate
B) Carbonate
C) Acetic acid
D) Hydroquinone

Question 48

A mixing valve is used with manual tanks to:

A) Control the temperature of the water bath in the master tank.
B) Dilute concentrated liquid developer and fixer.
C) Reconstitute powder developer and fixer.
D) Agitate and remove bubbles from the delicate emulsion.

Question 49

Film hangers are a device used to:

A) Hold films during processing.
B) Mount films.
C) View films.
D) Open film packets.

Question 50

A thermometer may be clipped to the side of the ____ for manual processing.

A) Developer tank
B) Fixer tank
C) Master tank
D) Both insert tanks

Question 51

The master and insert tanks must be cleaned:

A) Daily.
B) Each time the solutions are changed.
C) Once every 6 months.
D) Yearly.

Question 52

The master tank is filled with:

A) Developer.
B) Fixer.
C) Cold water.
D) Temperature-controlled water.

Question 53

Static electricity may cause film artifacts when:

A) Humidity levels are too high.
B) Humidity levels are too low.
C) Room temperature is too high.
D) Both a and c.

Question 54

Which of the following statements is true of automatic film processors?

A) All automatic film processors are capable of processing a number of different sizes of x-ray film.
B) All automatic film processors may be used in a room with white light.
C) Only automatic film processors with daylight loaders may be used in a room with white light.
D) Both a and c.

Question 55

Films that are exposed to safelight illumination for more than 2 or 3 minutes will appear:

A) Lighter overall than they otherwise would appear.
B) Fogged.
C) To have higher contrast than they otherwise would appear.
D) Unchanged.

Question 56

An exhausted developer produces a radiograph with:

A) Reduced density and increased contrast.
B) Reduced density and reduced contrast.
C) Increased density and increased contrast.
D) Increased density and reduced contrast.

Question 57

Which of the following statements is true of manual processing tanks?

A) Developer and fixer are placed in the master tank.
B) There are two master tanks and one insert tank.
C) The two insert tanks fit in the master tank.
D) Water is placed in the insert tank.

Question 58

Developer solution is typically placed in the:

A) Master tank on the left.
B) Master tank on the right.
C) Insert tank on the left.
D) Insert tank on the right.

Question 59

Developer solution should be changed ____ fixer solution.

A) Twice as often as
B) More often than
C) Less often than
D) At the same time as

Question 60

To maintain adequate freshness, strength, and solution levels, both developer and fixer solutions must be replenished:

A) Daily
B) Weekly
C) Biweekly
D) Monthly

Question 61

Underdeveloped films may result from:

A) Excess development time.
B) Overconcentrated developer solution.
C) High developer temperature.
D) Low developer temperature.

Question 62

Reticulation means the film appears:

A) To have white spots.
B) To have dark spots.
C) Cracked.
D) As thin, black branching lines.

Question 63

Developer cutoff appears as a:

A) Straight white border on the film
B) Straight black border on the film
C) Curved white border on the film
D) Curved black border on the film

Question 64

Overdeveloped films may result from:

A) Inadequate development time.
B) Overconcentrated developer solution.
C) Low developer temperature.
D) Depleted or contaminated developer solution.

Question 65

The major advantage of automatic film processing versus manual film processing is:

A) Less processing time is required.
B) Time is manually controlled.
C) Water temperature is manually controlled.
D) More sophisticated equipment is used.

Question 66

Insufficient fixation time or insufficient rinsing would lead to:

A) Overdeveloped film.
B) Reticulation of emulsion.
C) Yellow-brown films.
D) Fixer cutoff.

Question 67

An extraoral cleaning film is used to:

A) Wipe the rollers off when the processor is disassembled.
B) Clean residual gelatin or dirt from the rollers.
C) Disinfect the daylight loader of the automatic processor.
D) Clean the master tank of a manual processor.

Question 68

Duplicating film:

A) Is placed inside the patient's mouth.
B) Is the same as intraoral film.
C) Is gray on both sides of the film packet.
D) Requires the use of a film duplicator.

Question 69

Which of the following would be the best choice for cleaning the master and insert tanks?

A) Plain tap water
B) A solution of hydrochloric acid and water
C) A powder-type abrasive cleanser
D) A liquid-type abrasive cleanser

Question 70

Which of the following statements is true of automatic processing?

A) Wrapped films are fed into the film feed slot.
B) The developing chemistry may be used interchangeably between automatic and manual film processing.
C) Developer solution for automatic processing is heated to the same temperature as developer solution for manual processing.
D) The film is transported directly from the developer solution into the fixer without a rinsing step.