Deck 3: The Cultural Environment

Question 1

__________, an expert on cross-cultural differences and management, defined culture as "the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one human group from another."

A)David Ricardo
B)Michael Porter
C)Geert Hofstede
D)Raymond Vernon
E)ZviNamenwirth

Answer 1

C

Question 2

_______ form(s) the bedrock of culture.

A)Values
B)Norms
C)Personality
D)Criterion
E)Religion

Answer 2

A

Question 3

According to the opening case McDonalds was able to succeed in India because of:

A)India's love of beef.
B)India's love of pork.
C)relationship networks.
D)customers wanted the "American" experience.
E)collective help

Answer 3

D

Question 4

A __________ is an abstract idea about what a group believes to be good, right, and desirable.

A)criterion
B)value
C)culture
D)norm
E)more

Question 5

The values found in the former Soviet Union toward freedom, justice, and individual achievement were clearly different from the values found in Canada.This is a good example illustrating

A)the alliance of cultural norms.
B)differences in political and economic philosophy.
C)the complacency of philosophy.
D)the social structure of culture.
E)the importance of language

Question 6

Although there are many different aspects of social structure, two main dimensions--_______--stand out when explaining differences between cultures.

A)the degree to which the basic unit of social organization is the group; and the degree to which the basic unit of society is a clique
B)the degree to which the basic unit of social organization is the individual; and the degree to which a society is heterogeneous
C)the degree to which the basic unit of social organization is the extended family; and the degree to which the basic unit of society is heterogeneous
D)the degree to which the basic unit of social organization is the individual; and the degree to which a society is stratified into classes or castes
E)the degree to which there are different languages and the degree to which there are income differences

Question 7

A __________ is a system of values and norms that are shared among a group of people and that when taken together constitute a design for living.

A)society
B)clique
C)fraternity
D)culture
E)more

Question 8

Which of the following are social rules and guidelines that prescribe appropriate behaviour in particular situations?

A)ethics
B)norms
C)principles
D)models
E)folkways

Question 9

_______ are the two major categories of norms.

A)Routines and values
B)Conduct and culture
C)Rites and rituals
D)Values and mores
E)Folkways and mores

Question 10

_______ is an understanding of how cultural differences across and within nations can affect the way in which business is practiced.

A)Cross-cultural literacy
B)Cultural business sensitivity
C)Cross-national awareness
D)Cross-border sensitivity
E)Multicultural sensitivity

Question 11

Folkways and mores are forms of __________.

A)conduct
B)culture
C)norms
D)values
E)society

Question 12

__________ are norms that are central to the functioning of a society and to its social life.

A)Mores
B)Codes
C)Procedures
D)Policies
E)Norms

Question 13

_______ are the two central components of culture.

A)Ethics and laws
B)Values and norms
C)Religious beliefs and family tradition
D)Class consciousness and social mobility
E)Language and religious beliefs

Question 14

Which of the following is not true regarding culture?

A)Culture is static.
B)Culture is evolving.
C)Culture has changed significantly over past decades.
D)Culture involves the knowledge and beliefs of people.
E)None of these answers is correct

Question 15

A group of people who share a common set of values and norms is known as what?

A)Clique
B)Society
C)Organization
D)Anthropocentrism
E)Culture

Question 16

Beth Green, a manager at InSync Corporation, believes in empowerment, upward mobility and motivating her employees.This describes her __________

A)criterion.
B)values.
C)norms.
D)culture.
E)ethics

Question 17

A __________ is a group of people who share a common set of values and norms.

A)cohort
B)society
C)fellowship
D)fraternity
E)community

Question 18

__________ are social conventions concerning things such as the appropriate dress code in a particular situation, good social manners, eating with the correct utensils, neighbourly behaviour, and the like.

A)Rites
B)Rituals
C)Mores
D)Folkways
E)Etiquette

Question 19

An act, as simple as shaking hands when meeting new people is an example of practicing

A)values.
B)customs
C)culture.
D)criterion
E)norms.

Question 20

Appropriate dress code, good social manners, eating with the correct utensils, and neighbourly behaviour are all examples of

A)norms.
B)folkways.
C)values.
D)culture.
E)etiquette

Question 21

The class system in __________ is less extreme than in ___________ and mobility is greater.

A)Germany; Canada.
B)the United States; Great Britain.
C)Japan; the United States.
D)Great Britain; the United States.
E)Great Britain; Canada

Question 22

All societies are stratified on a hierarchical basis into social categories, or:

A)social strata
B)norm based strata
C)social segments
D)norm based associations
E)class based hierarchies

Question 23

Individuals born into a _______________ at the bottom of the hierarchy can work their way up, while individuals at the top can work their way down.

A)class system
B)caste system
C)mobile system
D)indirect system
E)open system

Question 24

Which of the following refers to the extent to which individuals can move out of the strata into which they are born?

A)vertical mobility
B)social potential
C)social mobility
D)vertical potential
E)social democracy

Question 25

Which of the following is an association of two or more individuals who have a shared sense of identity and who interact with each other in structured ways on the basis of a common set of expectations about each other's behaviour?

A)assemblage
B)group
C)norm
D)society
E)community

Question 26

The most rigid system of stratification is a __________ system.

A)degree
B)caste
C)cross-cultural
D)class
E)Indian

Question 27

In contrast to the Western emphasis on the __________, in many other societies the __________ is the primary unit of social organization.

A)individual; group
B)group; clan
C)coterie; individual
D)clan; group
E)individual; karoshi

Question 28

What type of consciousness refers to a condition where people perceive themselves in terms of their class background, and this shapes their relationships with members of other classes?

A)Social
B)Rank
C)Class
D)Norm
E)collective

Question 29

A __________ system is a closed system of stratification in which social position is determined by the family into which a person is born, and change in that position is usually not possible during an individual's lifetime.

A)rank
B)caste
C)criterion
D)position
E)socio-economic

Question 30

Canadians tend to arrive a few minutes early for appointments.This is an example of a __________.

A)norm
B)politeness
C)value
D)folkway
E)more

Question 31

Historically, British society has been divided into three main classes:

A)the upper class, the middle class, and the working class
B)the topmost class, the central class, and the bottom class
C)the preferred class, the medium class, and the lower class
D)the higher class, the central class, and the lower class
E)the monarchy, the aristocracy, and the commoners

Question 32

Although the number of societies with caste systems has diminished rapidly during the 20^th century, one major example still remains.This example is:

A)China
B)Japan
C)Britain
D)India
E)Indonesia

Question 33

A focus on the "individual" rather than the "group" is evident in many __________ cultures.

A)Asian
B)Western
C)South American
D)African
E)Developed country

Question 34

According to our textbook, while groups are found in all societies, societies differ according to the degree to which the group is viewed as:

A)the primary means of social mobility
B)the primary means of determining social psychology
C)the primary means of determining social norms
D)the primary means of interpersonal communication
E)the primary means of social organization

Question 35

A form of __________ in which the position a person has by birth can be changed through his or her own achievements or luck is a class system.

A)horizontal stratification
B)closed stratification
C)open stratification
D)vertical stratification
E)indirect stratification

Question 36

The high level of entrepreneurial activity in the United States can be attributed in part to the high level of emphasis place on the __________ in the American society.

A)group
B)cadre
C)community
D)individual
E)innovation

Question 37

The importance attached to _______ is a central value of the Japanese culture.

A)individualism
B)group membership
C)personal distinctiveness
D)personal individuality
E)haiku

Question 38

In a family, individuals interact together to create a sense of identity and character.A family would be an example of

A)a society.
B)a norm.
C)a group.
D)an assembly.
E)community

Question 39

A society's _________ refers to its basic social organization.

A)"social bureaucracy"
B)"social regime"
C)"social structure"
D)"social hierarchy"
E)"social mobility"

Question 40

Lorenzo Bateman comes from a family in which higher education is extremely important.If Lorenzo refuses to attend college and there is conflict within the family, then there is low

A)family esteem
B)social potential.
C)social segments.
D)norm based associations.
E)social mobility.

Question 41

The country in which the Islamic fundamentalists have been the most successful is _______.

A)China
B)India
C)Iran
D)South Korea
E)Afghanistan

Question 42

As long as international business __________, Islamic countries are likely to be receptive to those businesses.

A)employ Islamic people
B)have property in an Islamic nation
C)behave in a manner that is consistent with Islamic ethics
D)adhere to Islamic beliefs
E)adheres to Sharia law

Question 43

A form of _______________ has been played out in British society in the traditional hostility between-upper-middle class managers and their working class employees.

A)class consciousness
B)denominational awareness
C)social awareness
D)category mindfulness
E)labour unrest

Question 44

In 1904, a German sociologist, __________, made a connection between Protestant ethics and "the spirit of capitalism."

A)Abram Maslow
B)Max Weber
C)George Williams
D)John Wesley
E)Martin Luther

Question 45

The vast majority of Christians live in:

A)Europe and the Americas
B)Asia and Australia
C)North and South America
D)Eastern Europe and Asia
E)Oceania and Africa

Question 46

The relationship between religion and ethical systems on the one hand and business practice on the other is _____________.

A)large compared to the impact of economic policy
B)large compared to the impact of culture
C)small compared to the impact of economic policy
D)small compared to the impact of culture
E)large and growing

Question 47

While there are thousands of different religions in the world, the four that are the largest are:

A)Christianity, Islam, Confucianism, and Shinto
B)Judaism, Islam, Shinto, and Confucianism
C)Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism
D)Confucianism, Shinto, Taoism, and Islam
E)Islam, Judaism, Evangelism, Fundamentalism

Question 48

The most widely practiced religion in the world, according to the textbook, is probably __________.

A)Christianity
B)Buddhism
C)Islam
D)Confucianism
E)Hinduism

Question 49

The largest faith based group in Canada is ____________.

A)Protestantism
B)Islam
C)Judaism
D)Hinduism
E)Roman Catholicism

Question 50

__________ systems refer to a set of moral principles, or values, that are used to guide and shape behaviour.

A)Class
B)Ethical
C)Social
D)Norming
E)moral

Question 51

Which of the following principles is not consistent with the teachings of the Koran?

A)the protection of the rights of private property
B)earning a legitimate profit through trade
C)free enterprise
D)earning profit through the exploitation of others
E)ownership of property is a trust given by God

Question 52

In 1904, Max Weber, a German sociologist, made a connection between Protestant ethics and "the spirit of __________."

A)specialization
B)capitalism
C)communism
D)socialism
E)entrepreneurship

Question 53

With estimates of about 1 billion adherents, __________ is the second largest of the world's major religions.

A)Christianity
B)Confucianism
C)Islam
D)Buddhism
E)Hinduism

Question 54

The Koran __________ of free enterprise and of earning legitimate profit through trade and commerce.

A)speaks approvingly
B)does not address the issue
C)speaks critically
D)forbids the practice
E)limits the use

Question 55

The _________ in Canada is less extreme than in Britain and mobility is greater.

A)social system
B)class system
C)norm system
D)rank system
E)caste system

Question 56

Most of the world's ethical systems are the product of:

A)economic heritage
B)political heritage
C)historicalnorms
D)philosophies
E)religions

Question 57

The system of shared beliefs and rituals that are concerned with the realm of the sacred is referred to as __________.

A)religion
B)persuasion
C)norming
D)divinity
E)spirituality

Question 58

Which of the following lists correctly identifies the world's major religions by size of following (from highest to lowest)?

A)Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Confucianism, Buddhism
B)Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism
C)Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, Confucianism, Buddhism
D)Buddhism, Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, Confucianism

Question 59

_______ is not one of the major principles of Islam.

A)Being pretentious
B)Being generous but not a squanderer
C)Avoiding killing except for justifiable causes
D)Dealing justly and equitably with other
E)Monotheism

Question 60

Who lives in a social structure that is shaped by Islamic values and norms of moral conduct?

A)Buddhist
B)Christian
C)Confucian
D)Muslim
E)Catholic

Question 61

The terms dharma, karma, and nirvana are associated with the __________ religion.

A)Hindu
B)Christian
C)Buddhist
D)Islamic
E)Jewish

Question 62

__________ has approximately 750 million adherents, most of them in the Indian subcontinent.

A)Confucianism
B)Buddhism
C)Islam
D)Hinduism
E)Shintoism

Question 63

Geert Hofstede isolated five dimensions that he claimed summarized different cultures._______ is not one of Hofstede's dimensions.

A)Capitalistic versus socialistic
B)Masculinity versus femininity
C)Power distance
D)Uncertainty avoidance
E)long-term versus short-term

Question 64

Which of the following religions prohibits the payment or receipt of interest?

A)Christianity
B)Islam
C)Confucianism
D)Hinduism
E)Buddhism

Question 65

Buddhists are found primarily in the following areas:

A)The Middle East and Eastern Africa
B)Central and Southwest Asia, China, Korea, and Japan.
C)Western Europe and North America
D)South America
E)Southern Africa and the Persian Gulf region

Question 66

__________ believe there is a moral force in society that requires the acceptance of certain responsibilities, called dharma.

A)Muslims
B)Hindus
C)Christians
D)Confucians
E)Agnostics

Question 67

Central to the __________ system of ethics are the values of loyalty, reciprocal obligations, and honesty.

A)Buddhist
B)Islamic
C)Hindu
D)Confucian
E)Socialism

Question 68

Countries that let inequalities grow over time into inequalities of power and wealth were considered to have

A)low uncertainty avoidance.
B)low power distance.
C)high uncertainty avoidance.
D)high power distance.
E)short-term orientation

Question 69

__________ was founded in India in the sixth century BC by Shiddhartha Gautama, an Indian prince who renounced his wealth to pursue an ascetic lifestyle and spiritual perfection.

A)Confucianism
B)Islam
C)Christianity
D)Hinduism
E)Buddhism

Question 70

The language of international business is increasingly becoming:

A)Spanish
B)English
C)French
D)Japanese
E)Chinese

Question 71

The most able individuals in a business organization may find their route to the higher levels of the organization blocked simply because they come from lower castes, under the teachings of __________.

A)Hinduism
B)Christianity
C)Islam
D)Buddhism
E)Shintoism

Question 72

One economic principle of __________ that has received particular attention is the prohibition of the payment or receipt of interest, which is considered usury.

A)Islam
B)Christianity
C)Hinduism
D)Confucianism
E)Buddhism

Question 73

Based on recent trends in international business, when Japanese and German businesspeople get together to do business, it is almost certain that they will communicate in:

A)French
B)German
C)Japanese
D)English
E)Esperanto

Question 74

The most famous study of how culture relates to values in the workplace was undertaken by:

A)Geert Hofstede
B)Thomas Peters
C)Michael Porter
D)George Baker
E)Sigmund Freud

Question 75

Unspoken language is referred to as:

A)discrete communication
B)nonverbal communication
C)silent communication
D)passive communication
E)invisible communication

Question 76

The religion that is built around a comprehensive ethical code that establishes guidelines for relationships with others is called __________.

A)Buddhism
B)Hinduism
C)Confucianism
D)Christianity
E)Islam

Question 77

The most widely spoken language in the world is:

A)German
B)English
C)French
D)Spanish
E)Chinese

Question 78

What is the world's oldest major religion?

A)Buddhism
B)Islam
C)Confucianism
D)Hinduism
E)Christianity

Question 79

__________ was the official ethical system of China for more than 2,000 years until the 1949 Communist revolution.

A)Buddhism
B)Hinduism
C)Confucianism
D)Christianity
E)Shintoism

Question 80

Individuals that following the teaching of Confucius are found primarily in:

A)North America and Western Europe
B)Eastern Europe and the republics of the former Soviet Union
C)The Middle East and Eastern Africa
D)China, Korea, and Japan
E)Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand