Deck 10: Stress and Disease

Question 1

Studies have shown a relationship between depression and reduction in lymphocyte proliferation and natural killer activity.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Perceived stress elicits an emotional,anticipatory response that begins in the:

A) prefrontal cortex.
B) anterior pituitary.
C) limbic system.
D) hypothalamus.

Answer 2

limbic system.

Question 3

What effect does epinephrine have on the immune system during stress response?

A) An increase in natural killer cells
B) An increase in immunoglobulins
C) An increase in cytokines
D) An increase in helper T cells

Answer 3

An increase in natural killer cells

Question 4

A person does not have a stress reaction unless the stress exceeds his or her coping abilities.

Question 5

Exhaustion occurs if stress continues and _____ is not successful.

A) fight or flight
B) alarm
C) adaptation
D) arousal

Question 6

Lymphocytes secrete growth hormone,prolactin,adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)and endorphins.

Question 7

Stress-induced sympathetic stimulation of the adrenal medulla causes the secretion of catecholamines,which include:

A) epinephrine and aldosterone.
B) norepinephrine and cortisol.
C) epinephrine and norepinephrine.
D) acetylcholine only.

Question 8

During an anticipatory response to stress,what stimulates the response from the limbic system?

A) The retronucleus of the anterior pituitary
B) The anterior nucleus of the hippocampus
C) The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus
D) The prefrontal nucleus of the amygdala

Question 9

Stress and negative emotions have not been associated with the production of increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines.

Question 10

The _____ is stimulated during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome?

A) adrenal cortex
B) hypothalamus
C) anterior pituitary
D) limbic system

Question 11

While stress generally inhibits the female reproductive system,it increases the production of testosterone.

Question 12

Which hormone increases the formation of glucose from amino acids and free fatty acids?

A) Epinephrine
B) Norepinephrine
C) Cortisol
D) Growth hormone

Question 13

Cortisol circulates in the plasma free (unbound)and bound to protein.

Question 14

Stress has no effect on the development of cancer.

Question 15

During a stress response,which hormone promotes increased anxiety,increased vigilance,and arousal?

A) Norepinephrine
B) Epinephrine
C) Cortisol
D) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 16

For catecholamines to be immunosuppressive,their levels must be chronically elevated.

Question 17

The decrease in insulin during a stress response prevents glucose from being taken up by peripheral tissue so that more glucose will be available for the central nervous system.

Question 18

During a stress response,which hormone decreases lymphocytes,eosinophils,and macrophages and prostaglandin?

A) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
B) Cortisol
C) Prolactin
D) Growth hormone

Question 19

"Flight or fight" occurs in the exhaustion stage in the general adaptation syndrome (GAS).

Question 20

What effect would low serum albumin have on the central stress response?

A) There would be less circulation of epinephrine and norepinephrine.
B) There would be impaired wound healing.
C) There would be less circulation of cortisol.
D) There would be less oncotic pressure.

Question 21

MATCHING
Match the hormone with its effects during a stress response.(Hormones may be used more than once. )
Forms glucose from amino acids and free fatty acids

A)Epinephrine
B)Norepinephrine
C)Cortisol

Question 22

Which statement is true about the differences between stress-induced hormonal alterations of men and women?

A) After injury,females produce more proinflammatory cytokines than males,a profile that is associated with poor outcomes.
B) Androgens appear to reduce a greater degree of immune cell apoptosis following injury,creating greater immunosuppression in injured males than females.
C) Psychologic stress associated with some types of competition decreases both testosterone and cortisol especially in athletes over 45 years of age.
D) After stressful stimuli,estrogen is increased in women,but testosterone is decreased in men.

Question 23

Which cytokines initiate the production of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)?

A) Interleukin 1 (Il-1)and interleukin 6 (Il-6)
B) Interleukin 2 (Il-2)and tumor necrosis factor
C) Interferon and interleukin 12 (Il-12)
D) Tumor necrosis factor ß and interleukin 4 (Il-4)

Question 24

MATCHING
Match the hormone with its effects during a stress response.(Hormones may be used more than once. )
Increases gastric secretions

A)Epinephrine
B)Norepinephrine
C)Cortisol

Question 25

The action of which hormone helps explain increases in affective anxiety and eating disorders,mood cycles and vulnerability to autoimmune and inflammatory diseases in women as a result of stimulation of the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)gene promoter and central norepinephrine system?

A) Progesterone
B) Cortisol
C) Estrogen
D) Prolactin

Question 26

MATCHING
Match the hormone with its effects during a stress response.(Hormones may be used more than once. )
Increases cardiac output by increasing hart rate and myocardial contractility

A)Epinephrine
B)Norepinephrine
C)Cortisol

Question 27

The release of which cytokines is triggered by bacterial or viral infections,cancer,and tissue injury that in turn initiate a stress response?

A) Interleukin 1 (Il-1)and interleukin 2 (Il-2)
B) Interleukin 12 (Il-12),tumor necrosis factor,and colony stimulating factor
C) Interferon,tumor necrosis factor ß,and interleukin 6 (Il-6)
D) Interleukin 4 (Il-4)and interleukin 24 (Il-24)

Question 28

MATCHING
Match the hormone with its effects during a stress response.(Hormones may be used more than once. )
Dilates pupils

A)Epinephrine
B)Norepinephrine
C)Cortisol

Question 29

Which immune cells are suppressed by corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)?

A) B cells and eosinophils
B) Cytokines and neutrophils
C) Cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells
D) Helper T cells and monocyte-macrophage cells

Question 30

Which statement is FALSE about the link between cancer and psychologic stress?

A) Stress and depression are associated with altered secretions from the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)axis.
B) Natural killer activity is inhibited in stress or depressed patients.
C) Stress and depression are associated with inadequate repair of damaged DNA.
D) Stress and depression are associated with altered rates of apoptosis of immune and cancer cells.

Question 31

What is the effect of increased secretions of epinephrine,glucagon,and growth hormone?

A) Hyperglycemia
B) Hypertension
C) Bronchodilation
D) Pupil dilation

Question 32

What effect do androgens have on lymphocytes?

A) Suppression of B cells and enhancement of T cells
B) Suppression of T cells and enhancement of B cells
C) Suppression of both B cells and T cells
D) Enhancement of both B cells and T cells

Question 33

The _____ (gland)regulates the immune response and mediates the apparent effects of circadian rhythms on immunity.

A) anterior pituitary
B) adrenal
C) basal ganglia
D) pineal

Question 34

MATCHING
Match the hormone with its effects during a stress response.(Hormones may be used more than once. )
Constricts peripheral vessels to increase blood pressure

A)Epinephrine
B)Norepinephrine
C)Cortisol

Question 35

What effect does estrogen have on lymphocytes?

A) Depression of B cells and enhancement of T cells
B) Depression of T cells and enhancement of B cells
C) Depression of both B cells and T cells
D) Enhancement of both B cells and T cells

Question 36

MATCHING
Match the hormone with its effects during a stress response.(Hormones may be used more than once. )
Dilates blood vessels of skeletal muscles allowing greater oxygenation

A)Epinephrine
B)Norepinephrine
C)Cortisol

Question 37

What changes are expected in the stress-age syndrome?

A) Decreased catecholamines
B) Decreased adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
C) Decreased cortisol
D) Immunodepression

Question 38

Stress-induced norepinephrine results in:

A) decreased blood flow to the brain and skin.
B) peripheral vasoconstriction.
C) increased glycogen synthesis in the liver.
D) decreased muscle contraction as a result of an energy depletion.

Question 39

Stress-induced cortisol released from the adrenal cortex results in:

A) stimulation of gluconeogenesis.
B) increased lipolysis.
C) stimulation of glycogenolysis.
D) increased peripheral uptake and use of glucose.

Question 40

MATCHING
Match the hormone with its effects during a stress response.(Hormones may be used more than once. )
Decreases glucose uptake in muscles

A)Epinephrine
B)Norepinephrine
C)Cortisol

Question 41

MATCHING
Match the hormone with its effects during a stress response.(Hormones may be used more than once. )
Decreases insulin release

A)Epinephrine
B)Norepinephrine
C)Cortisol