Deck 12: Leadership in Organizational Settings

Question 1

Which of these statements about shared leadership is FALSE?

A)It suggests that leadership is plural,not singular.
B)Shared leadership lacks formal authority.
C)Shared leadership calls for a collaborative organizational culture.
D)Shared leadership is a concept rooted in socialism and the cooperative movement.
E)A US government leader who introduced Medicare and public broadcasting once wrote that the "vitality" of large organizations depends on shared leadership.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

According to recent writing on the subject,which of the following competencies is characteristic of effective leaders?

A)High need for achievement.
B)Motivation to lead others.
C)Positive self-concept.
D)High integrity
E)All of these are leadership competencies.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Which of the following competencies is NOT a characteristic of effective leaders?

A)Effective leaders have a high need for social acceptance.
B)Effective leaders have a strong belief in their leadership abilities.
C)Effective leaders have a high level of emotional intelligence.
D)Effective leaders have a high degree of integrity.
E)Effective leaders have above average cognitive intelligence.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

How does self-monitoring personality relate to leadership?

A)It is easier to be an effective leader when subordinates have low self-monitoring personalities.
B)Leaders are more likely to be effective if they have a low self-monitoring personality.
C)It is easier to be an effective leader when subordinates have high self-monitoring personalities.
D)High self-monitors are more likely to emerge as effective leaders.
E)None of these statements is accurate.

Question 5

The competency perspective takes the view that:

A)effective leadership involves being both task-oriented and people-oriented.
B)the best leadership style depends on the situation.
C)introducing specific environmental conditions can replace the need for leaders.
D)leadership is a characteristic of the person.
E)people tend to inflate the importance of leadership in explaining organizational events.

Question 6

Unlike earlier research on leadership traits,recent writing on leadership competencies has:

A)focused on a broader range of personal characteristics,such as skills,knowledge and aptitudes.
B)concluded that leadership cannot be determined from an individual's competencies.
C)taken a contingency approach to leadership traits.
D)focused mainly on the personality traits and physical appearance of great leaders.
E)concluded that personal characteristics identify female leaders but not male leaders.

Question 7

Recent leadership writing suggests that emotional intelligence:

A)is the only trait that distinguishes effective from ineffective leaders.
B)is an important characteristic of effective leaders.
C)is less important than early writing on leadership traits had assumed.
D)is unrelated to effective leadership.
E)is currently unimportant,but will become an important leadership trait as the workforce ages and jobs become less production-oriented.

Question 8

The competency perspective of leadership:

A)is one of the most popular perspectives of leadership.
B)is no longer accepted as an approach to understanding leadership in organizations.
C)takes a contingency approach by identifying the best leadership competencies under different conditions.
D)is both one of the most recently studied perspectives of leadership AND is no longer accepted as an approach to understanding leadership in organizations.
E)None of these statements accurately describes the competency perspective.

Question 9

Which of the following statements is most consistent with the view of shared leadership?

A)Anyone may be a leader if given the chance.
B)Leaders should share their power and responsibility to avoid self-serving bias.
C)Employees throughout the organization need to informally assume leadership responsibilities in various ways and at various times.
D)For organizations to move from autocratic to democratic institutions,shared leadership must be implemented.
E)Leadership is broadly distributed rather than assigned to one person,such that people with the team and organization lead each other.

Question 10

Which of the following best summarizes research on the competency perspective of leadership?

A)Effective leaders tend to have a few common aptitudes and personal characteristics,such as drive,intelligence and integrity.
B)Competencies have no importance in identifying effective leaders.
C)Leadership scholars have identified at least two dozen competencies that are clearly related to effective leadership.
D)The competency perspective of leadership has evolved into a sophisticated contingency-oriented model.
E)A few physical appearance traits (e.g.height)are good predictors of leadership effectiveness.

Question 11

Competency,behavioural,contingency,implicit,and transformational represent five of the main:

A)sources of organizational power.
B)perspectives of leadership.
C)perspectives of shared leadership.
D)anchors of organizational behaviour.
E)contingencies of influence.

Question 12

Which of these is NOT explicitly identified in the textbook as a leadership perspective?

A)Attitudinal.
B)Contingency.
C)Transformational.
D)Implicit.
E)Competency.

Question 13

The view that effective leaders need to be aware of,feel comfortable with,and act consistently with their vales,personality,and self-concept it called:

A)values-based leadership.
B)competencies leadership perspective.
C)emotional intelligence.
D)authentic leadership.
E)consistency leadership.

Question 14

Which leadership perspective takes the view that leadership is a characteristic of the person?

A)Transactional perspective of leadership.
B)Competency perspective of leadership.
C)Behavioural perspective of leadership.
D)Path-goal leadership.
E)All of these take the view that leadership is a characteristic of the person.

Question 15

Drive,integrity,and emotional intelligence are identified in the textbook as:

A)substitutes for leadership.
B)the main elements of situational leadership theory.
C)competencies of effective leaders.
D)contingencies in path-goal theory.
E)the characteristics of female leaders that are not found in male leaders.

Question 16

Which of these statements about leadership is FALSE?

A)Anyone may be a leader at an appropriate time and place.
B)Leaders use power and persuasion to get others to achieve organizational objectives.
C)In the 1940s,leadership experts identified seven competencies that are consistently associated with effective leadership.
D)Effective leaders provide an environment for followers to achieve team or organizational objectives.
E)Organizational behaviour scholars have studied leadership from several different perspectives.

Question 17

What is the relevance of emotional intelligence in leadership?

A)Emotional intelligence is one of the most frequently identified contingencies of employees when choosing the best leadership style.
B)Emotional intelligence is one of the competencies of effective leaders.
C)Emotional intelligence is the psychological condition that makes people want to believe that leaders make a difference.
D)Researchers who conduct leadership studies tend to have a higher level of emotional intelligence than researchers who study other organizational behaviour topics.
E)Emotional intelligence is not relevant to the study of leadership.

Question 18

Effective leaders:

A)help groups of people define their goals.
B)use persuasion and other influence tactics to ensure that followers have the motivation and role clarity to achieve specified goals.
C)arrange the work environment so that employees can achieve corporate objectives more easily.
D)do all of these.
E)do none of these.

Question 19

The view that leadership is distributed,rather than assigned to one person,such that people within the team and organization lead each other is called:

A)Democratic leadership.
B)Distributed leadership.
C)Multi-source leadership.
D)Informal leadership.
E)Shared leadership.

Question 20

Which of these statements about leadership is TRUE?

A)Leadership includes the process of influencing others.
B)Leadership includes actions that change the work environment so that employees are better able to achieve team or organizational objectives.
C)Leadership applies to people in any position in the organization,not just those in executive positions.
D)All of these statements are true.
E)None of these statements is true.

Question 21

Which of these statements about servant leadership is FALSE?

A)They have a natural desire or 'calling' to serve others.
B)Servant leaders anchor their decisions and actions in ethical principles and practices.
C)They maintain a relationship with others that is humble egalitarian,and accepting.
D)Servant leaders tend to be highly spiritual.
E)All of the above statements about servant leadership are true.

Question 22

Servant leadership is most closely associated with:

A)path-goal leadership.
B)the implicit leadership perspective.
C)the competency perspective of leadership.
D)the people-oriented leadership style.
E)transformational leadership.

Question 23

Path-goal theory argues that:

A)leadership is relatively unimportant in organizations.
B)participative leadership is the most effective style of leadership.
C)supportive leadership is best where the employee's job is highly satisfying.
D)great leaders are born,not made.
E)the most effective leader behaviour depends on the situation.

Question 24

Which of the following is a leadership style identified in path-goal theory?

A)Achievement-oriented leadership.
B)Selling style of leadership.
C)Transformational leadership style.
D)Task-oriented leadership style.
E)All of these are leadership styles identified in path-goal theory.

Question 25

Which leadership style identified in the path-goal theory is the same as people-oriented leadership?

A)Directive.
B)Particapative.
C)Supportive.
D)Achievement-oriented.
E)none of the above.

Question 26

One problem with the competency perspective of leadership is that:

A)research doesn't find any evidence that effective leaders have specific competencies.
B)competencies reflect the leader's performance rather than potential.
C)most leadership competencies are too specific,leaving no opportunity to interpret their meaning broadly.
D)it implies a universal rather than contingency approach to leadership.
E)researchers haven't yet considered physical appearance in the list of possible leadership traits.

Question 27

According to the behavioural perspective of leadership:

A)all great leaders are highly task-oriented and much lower in terms of people-oriented behaviours.
B)leadership behaviours are clustered into either participative or achievement-oriented groups.
C)leadership behaviours are clustered into people-oriented and task-oriented groups.
D)the best leadership style depends on the employee's behaviour at the time of interaction.
E)leadership style is related to the individual's personality,and,therefore,organizations should engineer the situation to fit the leader's dominant style.

Question 28

Which of the following is NOT identified as a contingency model of leadership?

A)Fiedler's contingency theory.
B)Hersey-Blanchard's situational theory.
C)Path-goal theory.
D)Servant leadership theory.
E)Leadership substitutes theory.

Question 29

Which leadership theory or perspective explicitly includes the participative style?

A)Competency perspective.
B)Transformational leadership theory.
C)Implicit leadership perspective.
D)Path-goal theory.
E)Behavioural perspective.

Question 30

Servant leadership emphasizes the notion that:

A)employees are paid to serve their leaders.
B)leaders should have servants to perform the work.
C)employees are servants in the organization,so they should place organizational objectives above their personal needs.
D)that servants can be leaders too.
E)Servant leadership emphasizes none of these.

Question 31

Which leadership style in path-goal theory is most closely associated with goal setting and positive self-fulfilling prophecy?

A)Directive.
B)Supportive.
C)Participative.
D)Achievement-oriented.
E)None of these relates in any way to goal setting and positive self-fulfilling prophecy.

Question 32

According to research on the behavioural perspective of leadership,task-oriented leaders tend to:

A)set goals that are too challenging.
B)develop mutual trust and respect for subordinates.
C)listen to employee suggestions.
D)establish well-defined best work procedures.
E)do all of these things.

Question 33

According to the path-goal theory of leadership:

A)great leaders are born,not made.
B)the best leaders possess high levels of emotional intelligence.
C)directive leadership is ineffective when employees are experienced and work in routine jobs.
D)leaders are considered effective by followers when they act and look consistently with the perceptions and stereotypes that followers hold of ideal leaders.
E)achievement-oriented leadership is the most effective style of leadership.

Question 34

Which of these statements about people-oriented and task-oriented leadership styles is FALSE?

A)The two dimensions of the Leadership Grid $\rarr$ are similar to the people-oriented and task-oriented leadership styles.
B)People-oriented and task-oriented leadership styles are at opposite ends of a behavioural continuum.
C)Task-oriented leaders tend to devote more energy towards defining and structuring work roles.
D)Task-oriented leadership is associated with lower job satisfaction.
E)People-oriented leaders show more mutual trust and respect for subordinates than do task-oriented leaders.

Question 35

According to path-goal theory,supportive leadership is most appropriate when:

A)the job is routine.
B)the employee works in a highly cohesive team.
C)the employee lacks experience in the job.
D)the employee has an internal locus of control.
E)Leaders should always be supportive under all conditions.

Question 36

Which leadership perspectives or theories explicitly consider the leader's task-oriented and people-oriented styles?

A)Competency.
B)Behavioural.
C)Path-goal.
D)Competency,behavioural,and path-goal all consider task-oriented and people-oriented styles.
E)Both behavioural perspective and competency consider task-oriented and people-oriented styles.

Question 37

Some leadership styles in path-goal theory are derived from:

A)transformational leadership.
B)implicit leadership theory.
C)behavioural leadership theory.
D)leadership competencies.
E)Path-goal theory does not mention any leadership styles.

Question 38

The behavioural perspective of leadership identified which two clusters of leadership behaviours?

A)Task-oriented and people-oriented.
B)Transformational and transactional.
C)Supportive and achievement-oriented.
D)Transformational and implicit.
E)Task-oriented and competency-based.

Question 39

Which of the following statements about path-goal theory is TRUE?

A)Path-goal theory considers seven different leadership competencies.
B)Path-goal theory is based on the idea that leadership is a stable personality trait,so it is easier to change the situation to match the person's leadership style.
C)Path-goal theory considers the subordinate's ability and experience when determining the best leadership style for the situation.
D)Path-goal theory assumes that managers can apply only one leadership style in a given situation.
E)The main objective of path-goal theory is to encourage leaders to develop highly people-oriented and task-oriented behaviours whenever they interact with subordinates.

Question 40

Spiller Oil Ltd expects all of its executives and supervisors to act as coaches,stewards and facilitators to employees.Their main objective is to make it easier for employees to perform their jobs.Spiller Oil is mainly encouraging which of the following?

A)Transformational leadership.
B)Implicit leadership.
C)Servant leadership.
D)Competency perspective of leadership.
E)Leadership substitutes.

Question 41

Which of the following has become more important as organizations remove supervisors and shift toward team-based structures?

A)Task-oriented behaviours.
B)Implicit leadership.
C)Leadership substitutes.
D)Hersey and Blanchard's situational leadership theory.
E)Fiedler's contingency model of leadership.

Question 42

According to path-goal theory,which leadership style would be most detrimental when people are skilled and experienced in the job?

A)Task-oriented leadership.
B)Achievement-oriented leadership.
C)Directive leadership.
D)Participative leadership.
E)Supportive leadership.

Question 43

Path-goal theory states that directive leadership is NOT an effective leadership style when:

A)the employee's job is highly structured.
B)the employee likes to be told what to do.
C)the employee's job is highly complex.
D)the employee doesn't know what is expected of him or her.
E)Directive leadership is mostly dependent on the employee's experience and skills,not the task structure.

Question 44

Which of the following would be a leadership substitute?

A)Skilled employees.
B)Employees with strong self-leadership competencies.
C)Performance-based reward systems.
D)Supportive colleagues.
E)All of these are leadership substitutes.

Question 45

One problem with path-goal theory is that:

A)it has very little research support.
B)a few contingencies have limited research support.
C)it ignores the possibility that the best leadership style depends on the situation.
D)it overlooks the two dimensions of leadership identified in the behavioural perspective of leadership.
E)it ignores team dynamics as a possible contingency of leadership.

Question 46

Which leadership theory explicitly argues that people have a preferred leadership style based on their personality,so organizations should move leaders into situations that fit their preferred style?

A)Path-goal theory.
B)Transformational leadership.
C)Implicit leadership perspective.
D)Leadership competencies perspective.
E)Fiedler's contingency model of leadership.

Question 47

Which leadership theory or perspective adopts the view that leaders are agents of change?

A)Transformational perspective.
B)Path-goal theory.
C)Implicit leadership perspective.
D)Behavioural perspective.
E)Leadership substitutes.

Question 48

According to the textbook,which of these leadership concepts or theories has little or no research support?

A)Hersey and Blanchard's situational leadership theory
B)Emotional intelligence and integrity as leadership competencies
C)Transformational leadership
D)Leadership substitutes theory
E)Path-goal leadership theory

Question 49

Managerial leadership is most closely related to:

A)creating a vision.
B)performing daily activities.
C)inspiring employees using charisma.
D)"B" and 'C' only.
E)None of the above.

Question 50

Hersey and Blanchard's situational leadership model states that the best leadership style depends on:

A)the cognitive abilities of followers.
B)the availability of leadership substitutes.
C)the leader's capacity to walk the talk.
D)the ability and motivation of followers.
E)none of these conditions.

Question 51

Fiedler's contingency model of leadership states that the best leadership style depends on:

A)the leader's emotional intelligence.
B)the level of situational control.
C)the leader's level of servant leadership.
D)the leader's knowledge of the employee's job
E)all of these conditions.

Question 52

Charismatic leadership refers to:

A)the same thing as transformational leadership.
B)the same features as transactional leadership.
C)personal traits that provide referent power over others.
D)an over-exaggerated estimation of a leader's competencies.
E)any situation where followers attribute positive things to leaders who do not really deserve this credit.

Question 53

Fiedler's contingency model of leadership has made an important and lasting contribution to the study of leadership because it:

A)is the only leadership theory to adopt a contingency approach.
B)was the first theory to recognize the existence of leadership substitutes.
C)suggests that leaders tend to rely mainly on one style that is most consistent with their personality and values.
D)discovered that effective leaders do not have a common set of competencies.
E)is the only theory to adopt the implicit leadership perspective.

Question 54

Suppose Axel was the new supervisor of a unit of employees who work in non-routine jobs.These employees are highly experienced and confident in their work.According to path-goal theory,which leadership style would be most appropriate for Axel to use in this situation?

A)Directive.
B)Participative.
C)Supportive.
D)Abusive.
E)None of these would be appropriate in this situation.

Question 55

Transformational leadership states that effective leaders:

A)alter mundane activities such as meeting agendas to move the organization in a new direction.
B)create a vision of where the company should be going.
C)establish new goals and expectations for the organization.
D)mobilize commitment for organizational change by acting as role models.
E)do all of these things.

Question 56

Which of the following statements about the leadership substitutes model is FALSE?

A)Some situational conditions substitute for task-oriented or people-oriented leadership styles.
B)Some leadership substitutes are incorporated into the path-goal leadership theory.
C)Leadership substitutes neutralize or replace transformational rather than transactional leadership.
D)Leadership substitutes include characteristics of the employee,task or organization that either limit the leader's influence or make it unnecessary.
E)Leadership substitutes take a contingency-oriented view of leadership.

Question 57

Path-goal theory states that leaders should apply the participative style when:

A)the employee has an external locus of control.
B)the employee lacks job experience.
C)the task is routine.
D)all of these conditions exist.
E)none of these conditions exist.

Question 58

Managerial leadership involves:

A)building a strategic vision to change the organization.
B)helping employees become more proficient and satisfied in the current situation
C)represent an unrealistic stereotype that followers have of great leaders.
D)possess all of the competencies of great leaders.
E)are/do none of these.

Question 59

Telling,selling,participating,and delegating represent the four leadership styles identified in:

A)path-goal theory.
B)transformational leadership theory.
C)leadership competencies theory.
D)Hersey and Blanchard's situational leadership theory.
E)implicit leadership theory.

Question 60

According to Fiedler's contingency model of leadership:

A)everyone has the same capacity to become an effective leader.
B)effective leaders are able to change their style to fit the situation.
C)the best leadership style depends on the availability of leadership substitutes.
D)Fiedler's theory states all of these.
E)Fiedler's theory states none of these.

Question 61

Which of the following is a limitation of the transformational perspective of leadership?

A)It focuses too much on how leaders improve organizational efficiency.
B)It is typically presented as a contingency rather than universal perspective.
C)Researchers tend to define transformational leaders in terms of their success,rather than by whether they engage in specific behaviours.
D)All of these are limitations of the transformational perspective.
E)The transformational perspective does not yet have any known limitations.

Question 62

Attribution theory is a major component of which of these leadership perspectives?

A)Trait perspective.
B)Implicit leadership theory.
C)Contingency perspective.
D)Transformational perspective.
E)Behaviour perspective.

Question 63

Leadership prototypes refer to:

A)preconceived beliefs about the features and behaviours of effective leaders.
B)factors that substitute for ideal leadership.
C)a theoretical construct that encompasses all the qualities of leadership.
D)leadership stereotypes.
E)an amalgam of the least effective leadership characteristics we should avoid.

Question 64

People tend to evaluate female leaders slightly less favourably than male leaders because:

A)women aren't as skilled at leading people.
B)they tend to rely on gender stereotypes and prototypes of leaders.
C)people don't have many examples of women in leadership roles.
D)women tend to use one leadership style whereas effective leaders use many styles.
E)of all of these reasons.

Question 65

Compared to male leaders,female leaders tend to make relatively greater use of the:

A)task-oriented style.
B)people-oriented style.
C)participative style.
D)people-oriented style AND participative style.
E)Male and female leaders do not differ in their leadership styles.

Question 66

Shared leadership calls for a collaborative rather than internally competitive culture.

Question 67

Which of these statements about gender and leadership is FALSE?

A)The leadership ratings of women have decreased relative to the ratings men receive.
B)Scholars suggest that women are possibly more participative because their upbringing has made them more egalitarian and less status oriented.
C)Popular opinion among leaders and employees is that men and women lead differently.
D)Early OB research concluded that female leaders are evaluated less favourably than equivalent male leaders due to sex stereotype bias.
E)Recent surveys report that women are rated higher than men on coaching,teamwork and empowering employees.

Question 68

Leadership is the ability to influence,motivate,and enable others to contribute to organizational effectiveness.

Question 69

Which of the following would NOT be considered transformational leadership?

A)Do things that are consistent with the new corporate vision.
B)Show employees how to perform the job more efficiently.
C)Use metaphors and unique language to symbolize the new vision.
D)Create a new setting or arrangement to mark a change in direction for the organization.
E)Work with employees to develop a common mental model of the organization's desired future.

Question 70

When people have leadership prototypes,they:

A)attribute the actions of leaders to external causes.
B)give leaders more credit or blame than they are due because of our need to believe that life's events are caused mainly by human agents.
C)believe that effective leaders are infallible.
D)believe that leaders are effective only if they behave consistently with their own preconceptions of how an effective leader should act.
E)tend to observe the leader's performance rather than physical features and other traits.

Question 71

'Walking the talk' refers to which of the following?

A)The leader uses metaphors to symbolize the vision.
B)The leader frames the vision around a grand purpose.
C)The leader provides specific instructions to help employees understand the task requirements.
D)The leader behaves in ways that symbolize the vision.
E)None of these refers to 'walking the talk'.

Question 72

Which of the following is an example of the effect of culture on leadership?

A)In some cultures leadership is discouraged.
B)Cultural values shape the expectations that followers have of their leaders.
C)Culture shapes the leader's values and norms,which in turn influence his or her decisions and actions.
D)All of above are examples of the effect of culture on leadership.
E)'B' and 'C' only.

Question 73

The implicit theory of leadership states that:

A)everyone is capable of being an effective leader.
B)the best leadership style depends on both the characteristics of employees and the environment in which they work.
C)leadership is a perception of followers,not just actual behaviours and competencies of people called leaders.
D)there is no such thing as leadership.
E)leaders are people who change organizations.

Question 74

Which of the following statements about leadership and gender is TRUE?

A)Male leaders tend to use the participative style more often than do female leaders.
B)Male and female leaders generally do not differ in their use of task-oriented and people-oriented leadership.
C)Male and female leaders generally do not differ in their levels of participative leadership.
D)Sex stereotypes influence the evaluations that subordinates assign to their leaders.
E)All of these statements are true.

Question 75

Organizational behaviour takes the view that leaders are people in management and other 'leadership' positions in the organization.

Question 76

Shared leadership is the view that anyone in the organization may be a leader in various ways and at various times.

Question 77

Transformational leaders 'frame' their vision by:

A)encouraging employees to participate in the search for a new corporate strategy.
B)describing the strategic vision in the form of a quantitative formula.
C)behaving in ways large and small that symbolize the values that he or she is articulating.
D)acting persistently and consistently towards the strategic vision.
E)None of these things refer to how transformational leaders 'frame' their vision.

Question 78

How do women differ from men in their use of leadership styles?

A)Women tend to use more of the people-oriented leadership style than do men
B)Women tend to use more of the participative leadership style than do men.
C)Women tend to use more of the task-oriented leadership style than do men.
D)Women and men use all leadership styles to about the same extent.
E)Organizational behaviour research has not studied the relative tendency of men and women to use certain leadership styles.

Question 79

Research on gender and leadership suggests that:

A)female leaders are less task-oriented than male leaders.
B)male and female leaders adopt equal degrees of task-oriented,people-oriented and participative leadership.
C)male leaders are less people-oriented than are female leaders.
D)female leaders are less participative than are male leaders.
E)all of these statements are false.

Question 80

The concept of leadership prototypes is a main part in which leadership theory?

A)Competency theory.
B)Implicit leadership theory.
C)Fiedler's contingency perspective.
D)Transformational perspective.
E)Path-Goal theory of leadership.