Deck 55: Behavioral Biology

Question 1

Interactions with individuals of the same or other species may be competitive or cooperative;collectively they are referred to as __________.

A)aggression
B)social behavior
C)neutrality
D)ecology

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Learning is possible only within the boundaries set by an innate predisposition called _________.

A)instinct
B)free will
C)consciousness
D)ability

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The degree of parental investment required often results in the non-random mating behavior called ___________.

A)sexual selection
B)fidelity
C)mate choice
D)preferability

Answer 3

C

Question 4

All of the following are examples of animal behavioral responses to environmental cues except

A)the feeding frenzy.
B)the mating ritual.
C)bee waggle-dance.
D)resistance to infection.
E)migration.

Question 5

The name of the study of behavior,behavioral genetics,and comparative psychology is _______.

A)ethology
B)demography
C)etiology
D)semanics

Question 6

All of the following disciplines provide logical and natural linkages to the study of animal behavior except

A)genetics.
B)evolution.
C)philosophy.
D)physiology.
E)ecology.

Question 7

Tinbergen is credited with founding the field of behavioral _______,the study of how natural selection shapes behavior.

A)genetics
B)ecology
C)symptomology
D)demographics

Question 8

The genetic basis of behavior is supported by all of the following except

A)hybridization studies.
B)studies on the behavior of twins.
C)artificial selection.
D)studies of supernormal stimuli.
E)imprinting.

Question 9

Animals that acquire energy efficiently during foraging will increase their fitness by having more energy available for ________________.

A)competition
B)defenses
C)respiration
D)reproduction

Question 10

The processing of information and response in a manner that suggests thinking in the animal is called

A)endogenous behavior.
B)environmental induced behavior.
C)instinctive behavior.
D)associative behavior.
E)cognitive behavior.

Question 11

Chemical signals that mediate interactions between two or more members of a given species are called ________________.

A)pheromones
B)alarm signals
C)hormones
D)competitive exclusions

Question 12

A nonassociative learning called __________ can be defined as a decrease in response to a repeated stimulus that has no positive or negative consequences.

A)instinctive learning
B)imprinting
C)desensitization learning
D)habituation learning
E)cognitive learning

Question 13

Animals tend to feed on prey that maximize their net energy intake.This is called the __________ theory.

A)competitive exclusion
B)maximal consumption
C)optimal foraging
D)optimization

Question 14

Current research in behavioral ecology focuses on the overall contribution that behavior makes to an animal's

A)fitness.
B)learning.
C)competitive strategies.
D)foraging efficiency.
E)length of lifE.

Question 15

Artificial selection and hybridization can demonstrate the __________ basis of behavior.

A)cognitive
B)instinctive
C)genetic
D)associational
E)endogenous

Question 16

The signal from the environment that triggers a stereotyped behavior is a

A)conditioned reflex.
B)fixed action pattern.
C)reinforcing stimulus.
D)releasing mechanism.
E)key stimulus (sign stimulus).

Question 17

Animal behavioral researchers have identified some specific _________ that control behaviors.

A)environments
B)instincts
C)taxis
D)conditions
E)genes

Question 18

As an animal matures,it forms attachments to other individuals and develops preferences.This process is called

A)instinct.
B)imprinting.
C)associational learning.
D)habituation.
E)sensitization.

Question 19

Alarm calling seems to be an example of ________,that is,it favors relatives.

A)sociology
B)demography
C)aggression
D)kin selection

Question 20

By evaluating and selecting mates with superior qualities,an animal can increase its

A)reproductive success.
B)learning.
C)competitive strategies.
D)foraging efficiency.
E)length of lifE.

Question 21

Insect workers propagate more of their own alleles by helping their mother reproduce rather than by reproducing themselves;thus,they share a larger fraction of their ___________ with the next generation.

A)food resources
B)time
C)genome
D)ability to defend their nest
E)home

Question 22

Which of the following is an appropriate interpretation for these graphs?
Maternal care (as measured by minutes crouching over offspring and proportion of pups retrieved)in female mice that have the fosB allele is

A)less than the maternal care given by female mice without the fosB allele.
B)greater than the maternal care given by female mice without the fosB allele.
C)the same as the maternal care given by female mice without the fosB allele.
D)less than the maternal care given by female mice without the fosB allele;however,the graphs depict only minor differences,which are most likely not significant.
E)not possible to determine from the data.

Question 23

Young birds see objects flying overhead and respond by crouching down into the nest and remaining still.Over time some objects become familiar and the young birds do not crouch down.This type of learning is referred to as

A)sensitization.
B)associative learning.
C)operant conditioning.
D)habituation.
E)Pavlovian conditioning.

Question 24

If a scientist is conducting a study of how an animal's senses provide a physiological basis for that behavior,she would be asking about the

A)ultimate causation.
B)proximate causation.
C)stereotyped causation.
D)ethnological causation.
E)fixed action pattern causation.

Question 25

In birds,if the offspring require extensive care,usually involving both the male and female,they are called

A)semelparous species.
B)altricial species.
C)precocial species.
D)iteroparous species.
E)sympatric species.

Question 26

Social insect colonies are composed of highly integrated groups called

A)clines.
B)ecotypes.
C)castes.
D)species.
E)filial relatives.

Question 27

Habituation belongs to which of the following types of learning?

A)nonassociative
B)behavior modification
C)conditioning
D)innate release
E)cognitive

Question 28

____________ conducted the now famous "imprinting" experiment on geese.

A)Mendel
B)Russel
C)Lorenz
D)Darwin
E)Raven

Question 29

The scientist who described inclusive fitness as the effect an individual has on propagating its alleles through its own reproduction and through kin selection was

A)Mendel.
B)Darwin.
C)Wallace.
D)Tinbergen.
E)Hamilton.

Question 30

Recent research revealed that the development of psychological well-being and growth is influenced by

A)imprinting.
B)physical contact.
C)sensitization.
D)associative learning.
E)pheromone levels.

Question 31

Courtship is often dependent on

A)social releasers.
B)a stimulus/response chain.
C)an alarm call.
D)taxis.
E)size and colors.

Question 32

Chemical messengers used for communication between animal species are called

A)hormones.
B)pheromones.
C)genes.
D)enzymes.
E)immune chemicals.

Question 33

The modification of behavior as a result of experience is called

A)association.
B)behavior modification.
C)habituation.
D)learning.
E)sensitization.

Question 34

Foraging bees communicate with other bees in a waggle dance to give information about the food.The important cue in the dance that conveys information about the required flight direction to the food source relative to the hive-sun direction is the

A)angle between the food source and the hive in reference to the sun.
B)angle between the waggle run and the vertical axis within the hive.
C)angle between the waggle run in reference to the hive-sun angle.
D)angle between the waggle run in reference to the direction north from the hive.
E)speed of the waggle dancE.

Question 35

A behavior that has evolved to aid relatives,although at personal risk,and thus increases the chance of your genes being passed on to the next generation is known as

A)altricial behavior.
B)instinctive behavior.
C)kin selection.
D)operant conditioning.
E)adaptive behavior.

Question 36

All of the following sources are used for orientation by some birds during migration except

A)the sun.
B)the stars.
C)magnetic fields.
D)landmarks.
E)phases of the moon.

Question 37

If an unrelated stimulus,such as the ringing of a bell,was presented at the same time as the meat powder,over repeated trials,a dog would salivate in response to the sound of the bell alone.This kind of response is called

A)behavioral learning.
B)classical conditioning.
C)deviant behavior.
D)operant conditioning.
E)imprinting.

Question 38

One type of evolutionary analysis of behavior pioneered by Tinbergen was the study of the

A)inheritance of behavior.
B)innate releasing mechanisms.
C)neural networks involved.
D)survival value of behavior.
E)timing of rhythmic behavior.

Question 39

If a scientist is conducting a study of how a male bird's song and the female bird's response evolved,she would be asking about the

A)ultimate causation.
B)proximate causation.
C)stereotyped causation.
D)ethnological causation.
E)fixed action pattern causation.

Question 40

An animal learns to associate its behavioral response with a reward or punishment in

A)behavioral learning.
B)classical conditioning.
C)deviant behavior.
D)operant conditioning.
E)imprinting.

Question 41

Which of the following is the best interpretation of the graph below of mussel size (x-axis)versus energy gain (line graph,left y-axis),and number of mussels eaten per day (histogram,right y-axis)?

A)Mussels are selected as food sources by crabs.
B)Crabs select mussels in a way that maximizes their energy gain.
C)Mussel size does not seem to be a good predictor as to which mussel hungry crabs will select.
D)Crabs tend to consume most of the largest mussels.
E)Crabs prefer the mussels with the smallest length for their food resources.

Question 42

The vertical dive of a moth for cover when it hears the ultrasound chirps of an approaching bat is an example of a(n)

A)sign stimulus.
B)fixed action pattern.
C)innate releasing mechanism.
D)supernormal stimulus.
E)kinesis.

Question 43

The area over which an animal moves in the course of daily activity,but which it does not necessarily defend against other animals,is its

A)family home.
B)foraging space.
C)home range.
D)nesting site.
E)territory.

Question 44

Konrad Lorenz demonstrated that newly hatched birds would direct their social behavior toward him if they saw him first after they hatched from their eggs.This is referred to as

A)cross-fostering behavior.
B)operant conditioning.
C)fixed action patterning.
D)habituation behavior.
E)imprinting behavior.

Question 45

In species where the young are precocial,meaning requiring little parental care,males may be more likely to be

A)monogamous.
B)polygynous.
C)polyandrous.
D)polygamous.
E)altricial.

Question 46

In an experiment studying predator and prey relationships,a scientist offers a naïve toad a bumblebee as food.The bee stings the toad when the toad tries to catch and eat the bee.Subsequent feeding trials with the toad reveal that the toad avoids feeding on bumblebees.This is a demonstration of

A)non-associative learning on the toad's part.
B)associative learning on the toad's part.
C)ultimate learning on the toad's part.
D)proximate learning on the toad's part.
E)sign stimulus learning on the toad's part.

Question 47

Living as a member of a group may have all of the following advantages except

A)being more resistant to disease and parasites.
B)the feeding rate may be increased.
C)there may be greater protection from predators.
D)members learn about new food sources from other members.
E)more individuals scan the environment for dangers.

Question 48

A friend of yours is wondering about the differences between the words orientation and navigation when these two terms are used in descriptions of bird migrations.Since you have studied and know something about animal behavior,you tell your friend that

A)orientation is adjusting a bearing,while navigation is actually following a bearing.
B)orientation and navigation are used interchangeably when referring to avian migrations.
C)orientation is following a bearing,while navigation is setting or adjusting a bearing.
D)orientation is following the sun in the day as starling do,while navigation is following a bearing with a small amount of magnetite,which is found in the heads of some migratory birds.
E)orientation is the ability to find true east,navigation is the ability to find a bearing while crossing water.

Question 49

Haldane pointed out that if he received a certain allele,the chance that one of his brothers would receive that allele would be

A)100%.
B)50%.
C)10%.
D)random.
E)0%.

Question 50

The flash pattern used by female fireflies to attract males of their species is an example of

A)a sign stimulus.
B)a fixed action pattern.
C)an innate releasing mechanism.
D)a supernormal stimulus.
E)sexual imprinting.

Question 51

Pea fowl (peacocks and peahens)show sexual dimorphism.Which statement best describes the graphed data?

A)There are no peacocks with less than 140 eyespots.
B)The fewer eyespots that a peacock has in his tail,the more mates he attracts.
C)Actually eyespots have very little to do with mate-attracting activities.
D)The more eyespots that a peacock has in his tail,the more mates he attracts.
E)There are no peacocks with more than 165 eyespots.

Question 52

The evolution of foraging behaviors that maximize the amount of energy gained per unit of time spent foraging is favored by

A)natural selection.
B)artificial selection.
C)specialization.
D)altruism.
E)territoriality.

Question 53

Eusocial (true social)insects include all of the following except

A)honeybees.
B)ants.
C)termites.
D)fruit flies.
E)wasps.

Question 54

Hamilton explained the origin of altruism in selected insect societies with his kin selection model of sex determination.Since males are haploid and females are diploid,the workers share a very high proportion of alleles,theoretically as high as 75%;this model is called

A)diploidy.
B)haploidy.
C)haplodiploidy.
D)parthenogenesis.
E)altruism.

Question 55

The neural pattern that allows a male stickleback fish to orient and behave aggressively towards an inanimate object with a red stripe is an example of a(n)

A)sign stimulus.
B)fixed action pattern.
C)innate releasing mechanism.
D)supernormal stimulus.
E)stimulus-response chain.

Question 56

Foraging behaviors are those having to do with all of the following except

A)what an animal eats.
B)when an animal eats.
C)how an animal finds its food.
D)how much food an animal eats.
E)how an animal avoids becoming the prey of a larger predator.

Question 57

Selection that favors altruism toward relatives is called

A)kin selection.
B)mate choice.
C)group selection.
D)nepotism.
E)reciprocal altruism.

Question 58

Male Mormon crickets choose larger females as mate choices.Which of the following statements best interprets the graph?

A)Larger females live longer and thus produce more eggs.
B)Larger females are capable of storing sperm.
C)Larger females reproduce earlier than smaller females.
D)Larger females lay more eggs.
E)Larger females defend themselves better.

Question 59

Recently the focus of research in behavioral ecology has been on the contribution by behavior to an animal's reproductive success.This is called its

A)average number of mates.
B)fitness.
C)foraging efficiency.
D)longevity.
E)rate of growth to sexual maturity.

Question 60

A friend asks you the following question: "would you please explain the differences between home range and territory?" Which choice would be the best response to your friend's question?

A)Territory is the entire area that an animal can utilize for its resources,such as shelter,food,and mates.Home range is near its nest or den.
B)Territory is the area that an animal can utilize for its resources,such as shelter,food and mates and will defend against other members of its species.Home range is near its nest or den.
C)Territory is the area that an animal can utilize for its resources,such as shelter,food and mates,and will defend against other members of its species.Home range is the area that an animal may roam over on a daily basis.
D)Territory is the area that an animal can utilize for its resources,such as shelter,food and mates,and will defend against others members of its species.Home range is a smaller area within the territory that the animal is found in when it is resting or hiding from predators.

Question 61

The development of normal maternal behavior in female mice depends on interactions between the female and her young and the presence of a gene called fosB.In mice with functional fosB genes a sequence of events occurs.Arrange the following events in their normal sequence and select the event that would occur fourth.

A)fosB genes are activated to produce a protein.
B)Female crouches over and retrieves displaced young.
C)Auditory,olfactory,and tactile signals about the young are sent to the hypothalamus.
D)Female inspects newborns.
E)Neural circuitry within the hypothalamus is modified.

Question 62

Which one of the following examples describes a communication mode that would be best for signaling over the greatest distance in a dark,densely forested environment?

A)display of plumage of a male bird to attract females
B)waggle dance of a honeybee in a colony within the forest
C)pheromones released by a female moth
D)territorial song of a male bird to repel other males
E)flashing of a male firefly to attract conspecific females

Question 63

Which choice best completes the following? Learning that occurs only during a brief period early in life and results in a behavior that is difficult to modify is called

A)imprinting.
B)filial imprinting.
C)innate behavior.
D)instinct.
E)operant conditioning.

Question 64

Choose the letter of the best match from the following:
A.cognition
B.waggle dance
C.navigation
D.filial imprinting
E.fixed action pattern
A form of communication in honeybees.

Question 65

Which of the following statements best defines an altruistic act?

A)benefits the performer and another individual
B)benefits another individual at some cost to the performer
C)benefits another,related individual at some cost to the performer
D)imposes a cost on the performer and another individual
E)imposes a cost on the performer without benefiting another individual

Question 66

Which one of the following is not an example of associative learning?

A)imprinting
B)classical conditioning
C)Pavlovian conditioning
D)operant conditioning
E)cognition

Question 67

Which one of the following statements comparing the naked mole rat social system with social insect societies is false?

A)As with social insect societies,colony members are kin.
B)As with social insect societies,it is based on haplodiploidy.
C)Unlike social insect societies,all colony members are diploid.
D)As with social insect societies,there is one queen and several reproductive males per colony.
E)As with social insect societies,there is a division of labor within the colony.

Question 68

You place an empty dog-food dish across the room from a puppy that then goes over to investigate the dish.You pick the dish up and ten minutes later you place it in a different part of the room,and you keep repeating this pattern.After the fifth time the puppy no longer goes over to the empty dish.Which of the following terms best describes this form of learning?

A)trial and error learning
B)habituation
C)classical conditioning
D)operant conditioning
E)imprinting

Question 69

It is 6:00 PM and the sun is due west of the hive.A honeybee has just returned to its hive from a patch of flowers that are due north of the hive.Which of the following best describes the type of waggle dance that this bee should perform? Note: The waggle run is the straight part of the dance.

A)The waggle run should be straight down the vertical axis.
B)The waggle run should be straight up the vertical axis.
C)The waggle run should be 90 ^$\circ$ to the left of the vertical axis.
D)The waggle run should be 90 ^$\circ$ to the right of the vertical axis.
E)The waggle run should be 45 ^$\circ$ to the right of the vertical axis.

Question 70

Choose the letter of the best match from the following:
A.cognition
B.waggle dance
C.navigation
D.filial imprinting
E.fixed action pattern
Information processing that suggests thinking.

Question 71

In which of the following examples has communication not occurred?

A)A bird signs from the top of a tree in its territory keeping other birds of the same species from trespassing.
B)A queen bee emits a chemical that keeps worker bees from becoming reproductive.
C)A waggle dancing bee feeds some of the nectar she is carrying to bees attending her dance;they now know what type of flowers she has visited.
D)A bird signs from the top of a tree in its territory attracting a female of the same species to it.
E)A bird gives an alarm call when a hawk approaches,but no other birds are in the area.

Question 72

Choose the letter of the best match from the following:
A.cognition
B.waggle dance
C.navigation
D.filial imprinting
E.fixed action pattern
Move long distances using sun and stars.

Question 73

When a parent herring gull arrives at the nest with food,a chick will orient to and peck at the red spot on the parent's bill.The parent will then regurgitate the food into the chick's open mouth and the chick swallows it.This is an example of a(n)

A)sign stimulus.
B)fixed action pattern.
C)innate releasing mechanism.
D)taxis.
E)stimulus-response chain.

Question 74

Choose the letter of the best match from the following:
A.cognition
B.waggle dance
C.navigation
D.filial imprinting
E.fixed action pattern
Social attachments are formed between parents and offspring.

Question 75

Choose the letter of the best match from the following:
A.cognition
B.waggle dance
C.navigation
D.filial imprinting
E.fixed action pattern
Innate motor program.

Question 76

Which of the following treatment outcomes would not be expected based on our current understanding of the genetic basis of pair bonding in the prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster)and montane voles (Microtus montanus)?

A)Prairie voles mate and form pair bonds.
B)Montane voles mate and do not form pair bonds.
C)Montane voles injected with oxytocin and vasopressin form pair bonds.
D)Prairie voles with blocked oxytocin and vasopressin do not form pair bonds.
E)Transgenic montane voles with the prairie vole version of the "pair bonding" gene form pair bonds.