Deck 11: Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis

Question 1

The pairing of chromosomes along their lengths which is essential for crossing over is referred to as

A)syngamy.
B)synapsis.
C)prophase.
D)recombination.
E)centromerE.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

In one of the first steps in meiosis,the

A)clearly defined spindle apparatus appears in the center of the cell.
B)chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the cell.
C)half chromosomes are made inactive.
D)homologous pairs of chromosomes pair up along their length.
E)chromosomes become invisiblE.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Evidence of crossing over can often be seen under the light microscope as a structure known as a ________.

A)chromosome
B)centromere
C)chiasma
D)histone

Answer 3

C

Question 4

P.J.van Beneden proposed that an egg and a sperm,each containing half the complement of chromosomes found in somatic cells,fuse to produce a single cell called a(n)_______.

A)zygote
B)karyotype
C)embryo
D)oocyte

Question 5

______ cells such as gametes contain one set of chromosomes.

A)Muscle
B)Somatic
C)Diploid
D)Haploid

Question 6

The zygote has

A)one copy of each chromosome.
B)one full haploid complement of chromosomes.
C)chromosomes identical to those of a sperm cell.
D)chromosomes identical to those of an egg cell.
E)two copies of each chromosomE.

Question 7

Sexual reproduction is significant in increasing genetic ______.

A)similarity
B)diversity
C)robustness
D)connections

Question 8

The fusion of male gamete cells with female gamete cells is called

A)syngamy.
B)meiosis.
C)mitosis.
D)recombination.
E)synapsis.

Question 9

_______ is a process of nuclear division in which the number of chromosomes in certain cells is halved during gamete formation.

A)Mitosis
B)Meiosis
C)Spermatogenesis
D)Glycolysis

Question 10

Sexual reproduction and the close association between homologous chromosomes that occurs during meiosis probably evolved as a mechanism to repair _________ damage.

A)chromosomal
B)mitotic
C)cell
D)membrane

Question 11

In animals,the cells that will eventually undergo meiosis to produce gametes are set aside early in the development.These are

A)haploid cells.
B)germline cells.
C)sex cells.
D)zygotes.
E)sperm and egg cells.

Question 12

The cell produced by the fusion of an egg and a sperm is the

A)gamete.
B)haploid.
C)zygote.
D)germ line cell.
E)somatic cell.

Question 13

Organisms that undertake sexual reproduction alternate between ______ and fertilization.

A)mitosis
B)meiosis
C)spermatogenesis
D)growth

Question 14

All of the following animal cells are diploid except

A)gametic.
B)muscles.
C)nerves.
D)skin.
E)reproductive organ.

Question 15

Unlike meiosis I,there is no doubling of ______ before the start of meiosis II.

A)zygotes
B)chiasma
C)DNA
D)cells

Question 16

Which of the following produces identical cells?

A)meiosis
B)mitosis
C)gamete formation
D)syngamy
E)fertilization

Question 17

The point of connection between the two sister chromatids before anaphase of mitosis separates them is called the

A)homologue.
B)kinetochore.
C)centromere.
D)microtubule complex.
E)synapsis.

Question 18

The reduction division that separates two haploid complements from each other is called

A)mitosis.
B)meiosis.
C)syngamy.
D)haploid division.
E)binary fission.

Question 19

Diploid organisms use meiosis for the development of gametes.Meiosis consists of how many rounds of nuclear division?

A)one
B)two
C)three
D)four
E)none of these

Question 20

The two homologous chromosomes pair along their length early in the first nuclear division.During this physical joining genetic exchange occurs between them in a process called _________.

A)fusion
B)mitosis
C)meiosis
D)recombination

Question 21

Meiosis and mitosis are both processes that involve nuclear division.What is the difference between the two?

A)Mitosis is nuclear division,which ultimately leads to haploid gametes.Meiosis is nuclear division,which ultimately leads to diploid somatic cells.
B)Mitosis is nuclear division,which ultimately leads to diploid somatic cells.Meiosis is nuclear division,which ultimately leads to haploid gametes.
C)Mitosis is nuclear division,which ultimately leads to diploid gametes.Meiosis is nuclear division,which ultimately leads to haploid somatic cells.
D)Mitosis is nuclear division,which ultimately leads to syngamy.Meiosis is nuclear division,which ultimately leads to zygotes.

Question 22

Which of the following is an explanation for independent assortment,a factor in producing genetic variability?

A)In anaphase I,where how one pair separates does not affect how any other pair separates.
B)Chromosomes are divided into daughter cells in a random fashion.
C)In prophase I,which chromosomes pairs with which other one is completely random.
D)Each chromosome is capable of a different function.
E)Chromosomes can have different functions in various types of cells of the same organism.

Question 23

The majority of the meiosis I is spent in prophase I and metaphase I.After metaphase I is completed,anaphase I and telophase I quickly proceed,thus ending meiosis I.What immediately follows meiosis I?

A)DNA synthesis
B)prophase II
C)metaphase II
D)developing of a synapsis
E)crossing over of the homologues

Question 24

The homologous chromosomes (homologues)pair up during meiosis I.Each homologue pairs along its entire length.This process is called

A)syngamy.
B)synapsis.
C)meiosis.
D)mitosis.
E)crossing over.

Question 25

Livestock owners and breeders have most likely maximized their abilities to greatly improve size and speed of the animals that they raise.This is a consequence of

A)too many crossing over events in previous livestock generations.
B)not enough crossing over events in previous livestock generations.
C)existing genetic combinations have been nearly exhausted as well as the limited amount of genetic variability that existed to begin with.
D)using artificial insemination instead of allowing animals to breed on their own.

Question 26

Crossing over occurs during prophase I of meiosis I.The two sister chromatids of each homologous pair of chromosomes remain attached by

A)a common centromere and the synapsis.
B)a common centromere and the chiasmata.
C)a common centromere and the recombination synapsis.
D)a common centromere and the synaptonemal complex.
E)a common centromere and the spindle fibers.

Question 27

Chromosomes exchange genetic information by

A)fertilization.
B)mitosis.
C)syngamy.
D)DNA replication.
E)crossing over.

Question 28

After fertilization,the resulting zygote develops by which of the following processes?

A)mitosis
B)meiosis
C)syngamy
D)synapsis
E)reduction division

Question 29

The four haploid cells resulting from meiosis may further divide by mitosis in all of the following organisms except?

A)plants
B)fungi
C)many protists
D)animals

Question 30

Crossing over of chromosomes takes place in

A)prophase II.
B)prophase I.
C)interphase II.
D)interphase I.
E)metaphase II.

Question 31

All of the following are processes that promote new genetic combinations except

A)crossing over.
B)random fertilization.
C)independent assortment.
D)mitosis.
E)natural selection.

Question 32

Meiosis also has been called reduction division because

A)new somatic cells are produced but with a reduction in the required amount of time,which promotes faster wound healing.
B)new gametes are produced but their numbers are reduced.
C)there is a reduction in the chromosome number during two separate nuclear and cell divisions to produce gametes.
D)there is a reduction in the chromosome number during two separate nuclear and cell divisions to produce somatic cells.
E)there is an initial reduction in the chromosome number during the first division followed by an increase in chromosome number,the second division quickly follows the increase in number of chromosomes.

Question 33

One of the most likely explanations for the evolutionary origin of sexual reproduction is that

A)organisms could then move onto land.
B)DNA replication errors could be corrected by recombination.
C)more and larger offspring could be produced.
D)haploid cells require less energy and raw materials.

Question 34

Sexual reproduction increases genetic variability through all of the following except

A)crossing over in prophase I of meiosis.
B)independent assortment in meiosis.
C)fertilization.
D)mitosis.

Question 35

Between the two divisions of meiosis there is

A)a full cell cycle.
B)a pairing of homologues.
C)replication of some parts of the chromosomes.
D)no S phase.
E)random combination among chromatids.

Question 36

At the end of telophase II of meiosis,each of the four resulting cells contains

A)one full set of chromosomes,each with two chromatids.
B)two full sets of chromosomes,each with two chromatids.
C)one full set of chromosomes,each a single chromatid.
D)two full sets of chromosomes,each a single chromatiD.
E)a different number of chromosomes.

Question 37

One of a pair of chromosomes with similar genetic information and from different sources like the sperm and egg.

A)chiasma
B)homologue
C)kinetochore
D)synapsis
E)synaptonemal

Question 38

Structures that may be visible under the microscope and indicate where crossing over has occurred.

A)chiasma
B)homologue
C)kinetochore
D)synapsis
E)synaptonemal

Question 39

The synaptonemal complex develops early in meiosis.It is

A)a cluster of chromatids at the end of the cell.
B)a framework of microtubules that organize chromatids.
C)a lattice of proteins that holds homologues together.
D)a set of two homologues lined side by side.
E)the wound up regions of DNA molecules.

Question 40

A reproductive biologist is examining reproductive cells at the end of meiosis I.She notices that each of the two resulting cells are haploid.She also knows that meiosis II will produce haploid cells.How can her observations be explained?

A)There must be an error and she needs to refocus her microscope and look again.
B)The cells that resulted from meiosis I are in fact haploid,but are composed of two sister chromatids.The sister chromatids will be pulled apart during meiosis II,producing haploid gametes.
C)The cells that resulted from meiosis I are in fact diploid and this explains her observational error and also her knowledge of the meiosis II resulting in haploid cells.
D)The cells that resulted from meiosis I are in fact haploid,but her knowledge of the result of meiosis II is not accurate,at least for this particular cell type.
E)The cells that she observed are abnormal and will require further observations.

Question 41

You are studying meiosis in an organism that has 28 chromosomes as its diploid number.How many chromosomes will the cell have after meiosis II,but before cytokinesis?

A)14
B)28
C)56
D)cannot determine from the information provided

Question 42

What evidence supports the observation that sister centromeres behave as a unit during meiosis I?

A)Data from electron microscopy studies suggests that the centromere/kinetochore complex of sister chromatids is compacted.The kinetochores then capture microtubules in a way that allows the kinetochores of sister chromatids to function as a single unit.
B)Data from electron microscopy studies suggests that the centromere/kinetochore complex of homologous chromosomes is diffuse.The kinetochores then release microtubules in a way that allows the kinetochores of homologous chromosomes to function as a single unit.
C)Data from electron microscopy studies suggests that the chromosomes are compacted.The chromosomes then capture microtubules in a way that allows the them to function as a single unit.

Question 43

You are working with a yeast strain that carries a Rec8 mutation.Based on what you know about Rec8,you most likely would expect to observe

A)meiosis I segregation defects.
B)meiosis II segregation defects.
C)failure of sister chromatid separation during meiosis I.
D)failure of sister chromatid separation during meiosis II.

Question 44

You are studying meiosis in an organism that has 28 chromosomes as its diploid number.How many chromosomes will each nucleus have after meiosis I,but before cytokinesis?

A)14
B)28
C)56
D)cannot determine from the information provided

Question 45

In 95% of cases of Down's syndrome,there is an entire extra chromosome 21 in every cell.This aneuploid condition is the result of

A)improper crossing over.
B)independent assortment.
C)nondisjunction.
D)achiasmate segregation.

Question 46

If you came across a life form that had a life cycle involving haploid cells (n),gametes (n),and a zygote (2n),you would most likely be looking at

A)an algae.
B)a fungus.
C)an animal.
D)a plant.

Question 47

During anaphase I,which of the following pairs will move to opposite poles? (For purposes of this question,assume that there were no crossing over events. )

A)A B C D E F G and A B C D E F G to one pole;a b c d e f g and a b c d e f g to the other pole
B)A B C D E F G and a b c d e f g to one pole;A B C D E F G and a b c d e f g to the other pole
C)By anaphase I,only two chromatids remain,so A B C D E F G will go to one pole and a b c d e f g will go to the other pole.
D)Neither.The pairs separate in anaphase II,not anaphase I.

Question 48

If there was a single crossing over event between the second and third chromosomes from the top,the resulting chromosomes (in order)would be

A)A B C D E F G;A B C D E F G;a b c d e f g;a b c d e f g.
B)A B C D E F G;A B c d e f g;A B C D E F G;A B c d e f g.
C)A B C D E F G;A B c d e f g;a b C D E F G;a b c d e f g.
D)A B C D E F G;A B c d e F G;a b C D E f g;a b c d e f g.

Question 49

Which of the following is likely to occur if you were to prevent cyclin B from associating with its cyclin-dependent kinase near the end of meiosis I?

A)failure to maintain sister chromatid cohesion at the centromere
B)failure to form initiation complexes necessary for DNA replication to proceed
C)suppression of DNA replication
D)premature DNA replication

Question 50

If you could examine closely a recombination nodule,you may find

A)enzymes necessary to break and rejoin homologous chromosomes.
B)
B)crossing over between sister chromatids.
C)sites of DNA replication.
D)cyclin

Question 51

Why does sexual reproduction require both meiosis and syngamy?

A)The process of mitosis results in the production of gametes in which the number of chromosomes remains the same.During sygamy,two gametes fuse to form a new cell,and the number of chromosomes is restored to the full amount.Therefore,by coupling meiosis and syngamy,the organism ensures that the proper number of chromosomes will be maintained.
B)The process of mitosis results in the production of gametes in which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half.During sygamy,two gametes fuse to form a new cell,and the number of chromosomes is restored to the full amount.Therefore,by coupling meiosis and syngamy,the organism ensures that the proper number of chromosomes will be maintained.
C)The process of mitosis results in the production of gametes in which the number of chromosomes is doubled.During sygamy,gametes are reduced by half,and the number of chromosomes is restored to the full amount.Therefore,by coupling meiosis and syngamy,the organism ensures that the proper number of chromosomes will be maintained.

Question 52

You are studying mitosis in an organism that has 28 chromosomes as its diploid number.How many chromosomes will the cell have after mitosis,but before cytokinesis?

A)7
B)14
C)28
D)56

Question 53

Which of the following statements regarding reduction division is false?

A)Paired homologous chromosomes segregate to different nuclei thus reducing the chromosome number by one half.
B)Reduction division occurs refers to both meiosis I and II.
C)It occurs with an absence of centromere division.
D)The daughter nuclei each have one-half as many centromeres as the parental nucleus.

Question 54

Which of the following statements about crossing over is false?

A)Crossing over takes place between non-sister chromatids.
B)Crossing over takes place between sister chromatids.
C)Recombination nodules may be observed.
D)Sites of crossing over are called chiasmata.

Question 55

A process in which pairs of homologous complex chromosomes line up side by side.

A)chiasma
B)homologue
C)kinetochore
D)synapsis
E)synaptonemal

Question 56

Four chromatids are held together by a zipper-like structure.

A)chiasma
B)homologue
C)kinetochore
D)synapsis
E)synaptonemal

Question 57

A lattice of protein holds two replicated chromosomes in precise register with one another.

A)chiasma
B)homologue
C)kinetochore
D)synapsis
E)synaptonemal

Question 58

You are comparing the events of meiosis I in cells from several different organisms.You come across one species in which you do not observe any chiasmata.Based on this information you are observing

A)independent chiasmata formation in Drosophila males.
B)independent chiasmata formation in Drosophila females.
C)achiasmata segregation in Drosophila males.
D)achiasmata segregation in Drosophila females.