Deck 9: Business in Politics

Question 1

A coalition refers to business interests-including corporations,trade associations,and peak associations-united to pursue a political goal.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The First Amendment to the U.S.Constitution gives businesses the right to pursue their agenda with the federal government.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The U.S.Constitution is a federal system in which governmental powers are divided between a national government and 50 state governments.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The largest and most powerful peak association is the U.S.Legislative Exchange Council,which was founded in 1912.

Question 5

Lobbyists often meet with a legislator's staff and sometimes work with them to draft legislation.

Question 6

Much New Deal legislation was profoundly unequal and uncompassionate and reasserted the tradition of industrial idealism.

Question 7

In 1907,Progressive reformers passed the Adamson Act,making it a crime for banks and corporations to directly contribute to candidates in federal elections.

Question 8

Business involvement in politics can take the form of lobbying,in which business exercises influence by advocating positions to lawmakers and officials.

Question 9

A peak association refers to a group that represents the political interests of the industrial market leader.

Question 10

Immediately after the U.S.Civil War,big business dominated both the federal government and the state governments to an extent that has not been seen since that time.

Question 11

According to the Lobbying Disclosure Act,individuals and corporations engaged in lobbying have to disclose their political contributions to candidates,parties,and committees four times a year.

Question 12

Lobbyists have huge power over broad liberal and conservative tides and headline issues to which the public is attentive.

Question 13

After 1974,subcommittees could hold hearings on any subject they wished.

Question 14

The organized labor was the strongest supporter of the industries.

Question 15

The technique of generating the public's support for the position of a company is called grassroots lobbying.

Question 16

During the 1960s and 1970s,national politics became dominated by a conservative agenda.

Question 17

Lobbyists have been regulated since 1946,when they were first required to register with the clerks of the House and Senate.

Question 18

The U.S.Constitution allows for judicial review of laws to determine if officials of the government exceed their authority.

Question 19

The Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S.Constitution gave women the right to vote.

Question 20

Illegal gratuity refers to an agreement to exchange something of value for an official act.

Question 21

The power of judges to review legislative and executive actions and strike down laws that are unconstitutional or acts of officials that exceed their authority is known as:

A) judicial supremacy.
B) judicial review.
C) merit review.
D) legislating.

Question 22

Which of the following is true regarding the U.S.Constitution?

A) It sets up a unitary state.
B) It establishes a system under which the legislative,executive,and judicial functions of the government are integrated with each other.
C) The judges have no power to review legislative and executive actions.
D) It makes the federal government more powerful than the governments of the individual states.

Question 23

Which of the following is true about the business scenario during the 19^th century?D.C.

A) After the Civil Wars,agriculture started dominating industries.
B) West Virginia and Kentucky were controlled by railroads.
C) The presence of business was least in Washington,
D) The Southern American states were more dependent on agriculture prior to the Civil Wars.

Question 24

Which of the following is accurate regarding the rise of antagonistic groups?D.C.started becoming more centralized.

A) New groups that focused on consumer,environmental,taxpayer,civil rights,and other issues were on the rise.
B) Corporations continued dominating Washington politics with quiet,behind-the-scenes influence over key leaders.
C) The public interest movement's focus is now on legislation,not on forms of civil regulation.
D) The power in Washington,

Question 25

Which amendment to the U.S.Constitution gave women the right to vote in elections?

A) The First Amendment
B) The Seventeenth Amendment
C) The Nineteenth Amendment
D) The Tenth Amendment

Question 26

Which of the following is a major reason for the diffusion and decentralization of power in the government?

A) Congress dominated by a few major leaders.
B) Lack of reforms in Congress.
C) The rise of political parties.
D) Increased complexity of government.

Question 27

Separation of powers is the constitutional arrangement that separates the power of the:

A) federal government from the state governments.
B) central government of a sovereign state from the government at a subnational level.
C) elected legislature from other estates which are subservient to it.
D) legislative,executive,and the judicial functions of the national government into three branches.

Question 28

During the 19^th century,the Anti-Saloon League:

A) advocated the use of alcohol.
B) became a strong national adversary of business.
C) was destined to be the strongest single element opposing industry over the following century.
D) accepted money for granting favors to corporations.

Question 29

Which of the following statements about the Seventeenth Amendment is true?

A) It instituted the direct election of senators by voters in each state.
B) It gave women the right to vote.
C) It gave companies the freedom to lobby.
D) It defined monetary campaign contributions as a form of speech.

Question 30

An amount of money for a project added into an appropriations bill by any member of the Senate or House of Representatives is known as a(n):

A) budget proviso.
B) grant fund.
C) earmark.
D) competitive grant.

Question 31

The First Amendment:

A) gives each state sovereign immunity from being sued in federal court by someone of another state or country.
B) allows the Congress to levy tax without appointing it among the states or basing it on Census results.
C) protects rights of free speech,freedom of the press,and freedom of assembly.
D) gives defendants in criminal cases the right to a speedy trial.

Question 32

The _____ in the Constitution,Article VI,Section 2,sets forth the principle that when the federal government passes a law within its powers,the states are bound by that law.

A) First Amendment
B) separation of powers clause
C) supremacy clause
D) Tenth Amendment

Question 33

The New Deal was a political sea change born out of the Great Depression.Which of the following is a lasting legacy of the era?

A) The government should spend more on infrastructure programs that promoted business rather than social programs.
B) The philosophy that government should be used to correct the flaws of capitalism and control the economy.
C) The view that government should lay the groundwork for a large,powerful,and activist worker's state.
D) The government should not interfere with corporations.

Question 34

Which of the following were formidable business adversaries that emerged during the 19^th century?

A) Organized labor and the Anti-Saloon League
B) The Progressive movement and the Modern Whig Party
C) The Populist movement and the Progressive movement
D) The Anti-Saloon League and the Populist movement

Question 35

Which of the following is true regarding the government structure created by the American Constitution?

A) It concentrates power.
B) It invites business and other interests to attempt to influence the government.
C) It does not require cooperation between levels and branches of government that share power.
D) It creates a single point of access.

Question 36

The First Amendment is an amendment to the Constitution added in 1791 as part of the:

A) Bill of Rights.
B) Declaration of Independence.
C) USA PATRIOT Act.
D) Natural and Legal Rights.

Question 37

After 1974,subcommittees:

A) typically had to seek permission from the Congress before taking any actions.
B) were dominated by a few leaders.
C) could hold hearings on any subject they wished.
D) started having small staffs.

Question 38

A government in which powers are divided between a central government and subdivision governments is called a(n):

A) federal system.
B) unitary system.
C) confederation system.
D) devolved system.

Question 39

FranklinD.Roosevelt's efforts to regulate banking and industry,strengthen labor unions,and enact Social Security came to be known as the:

A) Fair Deal.
B) Square Deal.
C) Great Society.
D) New Deal.

Question 40

The _____ protects the right of business to organize and press its agenda on the government.

A) Sixteenth Amendment
B) First Amendment
C) Sixth Amendment
D) Eleventh Amendment

Question 41

A governmental committee formed by a company that makes campaign contributions by getting money from individual employees,not the corporate treasury,is called a:

A) political action committee.
B) subcommittee.
C) progressive change committee.
D) joint committee.

Question 42

Which of the following is true regarding bribery?

A) Ordinary contributions given to curry general favor are prosecuted.
B) Whether something is a bribe depends heavily on context and situation.
C) When lobbyists entertain legislators at receptions,they are engaging in criminal bribery.
D) A campaign contribution that does not involve an agreed upon exchange is still considered a bribe.

Question 43

Which of the following statements is true about the regulation of lobbyists?

A) Lobbyists have been regulated since 1946,when they were first required to register with the clerks of the House and Senate.
B) The Lobbying Disclosure Act requires individuals and corporations engaged in lobbying to register with the House of Commons.
C) Four times a year,the individuals and corporations engaged in lobbying must disclose their political contributions to candidates.
D) The House and the Senate have adopted different rules to prevent the appearance of impropriety.

Question 44

A group that represents the political interests of many companies and industries is called a:

A) peak association.
B) business association.
C) trade association.
D) sector association.

Question 45

When a business hires a person in order to advocate a position to the government,it is said to be indulging in:

A) corruption.
B) campaigning.
C) lobbying.
D) coalescing.

Question 46

The technique of generating public support for the position of a company,industry,or any interest is known as:

A) background lobbying.
B) grassroots lobbying.
C) channel lobbying.
D) contact lobbying.

Question 47

What is the election cycle?

A) It is the two-year period between state elections.
B) It is the time period between the declaration of the election date to the campaigning.
C) It is the two-year period between federal elections.
D) It is the time period between casting the ballot to the declaration of the results.

Question 48

A Washington Office is:

A) set up by a corporation to pursue a political goal.
B) set up by a corporation and staffed with experts in advocating the firm's point of view to lawmakers and regulators.
C) an office that represents the political interests of many companies and industries.
D) an office that represents the interests of an industry or industry segment.

Question 49

_____ occurs when a lawmaker or official seeks or receives anything of value because of an official action taken in the past or to be performed in the future.

A) Illegal gratuity
B) Rigging
C) Bribery
D) Lobbying

Question 50

Direct interaction with government officials or staff through meetings,phone calls,or e-mails is known as:

A) background lobbying.
B) grassroots lobbying.
C) media lobbying.
D) contact lobbying.

Question 51

What are the two broad areas of business involvement in politics?

A) Lobbying and electoral activity
B) Lobbying and bribery
C) Gratuity and electoral activity
D) Bribery and gratuity

Question 52

_____ occurs when a lawmaker or official asks for,is offered,or receives something valuable in return for being influenced to perform an official act.

A) Lobbying
B) Bribery
C) Illegal gratuity
D) Rigging

Question 53

In background lobbying,lobbyists:

A) try to raise awareness of a particular cause at the local level.
B) carry out activities that are designed to build friendly relations with lawmakers,officials,and staffs.
C) try to generate public support for the position of a company,industry,or any interest.
D) carry out direct interaction with government officials or staffs through meetings,phone calls or e-mails.

Question 54

Which Act,did the Progressive reformers pass in 1907,making it a crime for banks and corporations to directly contribute to candidates in federal elections?

A) The Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act
B) The Hatch Act
C) The Tillman Act
D) The Federal Election Campaign Act

Question 55

A _____ is a group representing the interests of an industry or industry segment.

A) business roundtable
B) peak association
C) business alliance
D) trade association

Question 56

Money that is raised and spent under the strict contribution limits and rules in federal election law is called:

A) soft money.
B) earnest money.
C) easy money.
D) hard money.

Question 57

Which of the following is the largest and most powerful peak association in the United States?

A) The National Federation of Independent Businesses
B) The National Association of Manufacturers
C) The U.S.Chamber of Commerce
D) The Business Roundtable

Question 58

In case of ____,the action might have been or might be taken even in the absence of the gift.

A) rigging
B) bribery
C) illegal gratuity
D) lobbying

Question 59

A combination of business interests-including corporations,trade associations,and peak associations-united to pursue a political goal is known as a(n):

A) institution.
B) legation.
C) coalition.
D) agency.

Question 60

Money contributed to political candidates that is unregulated as to source or amount under federal election law is called:

A) direct money.
B) soft money.
C) earnest money.
D) hard money.

Question 61

What are the major reasons for the diffusion of power in the government? Discuss.D.C.Three major reasons for this are (1)reforms in Congress,(2)the decline of political parties,and (3)increased complexity of government.
Reforms in Congress: Traditionally,a few party leaders and powerful committee chairs ran the House and Senate autocratically.In 1974,there was an uprising of junior legislators who passed procedural reforms to democratize Congress.After 1974,subcommittees could hold hearings on any subject they wished;they developed large staffs and often became small fiefdoms of independent action.Business lobbyists had to contact nearly every member of a committee or subcommittee to get support for a measure,rather than just the chair.
The decline of political parties: The media,particularly television,began to supplant the parties as a source of information about candidates.After 1974,increasingly independent legislators appealed directly to corporations and interests for contributions.The electorate grew more educated and independent than in past eras.More people split their ballots and used decision cues other than party labels.For all these reasons,the power of parties has ebbed over time.
Increased complexity of government: With the growth in size and complexity of the federal government,Washington today is a maze of competing power centers.Relations among these power centers continuously shift as emerging issues glide across the political landscape.The sum of government activity has growing significance to business;corporations are far more politically active than in past eras.The government's actions are critical to company operations.Bills passed by Congress directly affect earnings.Legislation affects taxes,import/export rules,defense spending,health care costs,the dollar exchange rate,and more.

Question 62

What is meant by a "Washington office"?
D.C. ,set up by a corporation and staffed with experts in advocating the firm's point of view to lawmakers and regulators.

Question 63

An express advocacy communication that is not coordinated with a candidate is known as a(n):

A) independent expenditure.
B) bundle expenditure.
C) hard expenditure.
D) soft expenditure.

Question 64

What are the three main features of the U.S.Constitution?

Question 65

What is a peak association?

Question 66

Which of the following statements about the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act is true?

A) It prohibited the national parties from raising and spending hard money.
B) To compensate for the loss of hard money funds,contribution limits for individuals were raised.
C) It prohibited corporations and unions from directly funding "issue ads."
D) It made it illegal for corporations and unions to make contributions from their treasuries to advocacy groups.

Question 67

What is the New Deal? Discuss the impact of the New Deal measures on businesses.D.Roosevelt tried to usher in after being elected.Corporations fought his efforts to regulate banking and industry,strengthen labor unions,and enact Social Security.Leaders of many firms formed the anti-Roosevelt American Liberty League campaign against the New Deal measures.But,corporate opposition to New Deal measures ran counter to public sentiment.It became ineffective and was sometimes disgraceful.Much New Deal legislation was profoundly egalitarian and humanitarian and reasserted the tradition of agrarian idealism.Because business lacked a positive philosophy for change,its political power was greatly diminished.The New Deal was a political sea change born out of the Great Depression.One lasting legacy of the era was the philosophy that government should be used to correct the flaws of capitalism and control the economy.Government would also be used to create a "welfare state" to protect citizens from want.Whereas,in the past,government had kept its hands off corporations,now it would actively use interest rates,regulation,taxes,subsidies,and other policy instruments to control them.Whereas,in the past,most domestic spending had been for infrastructure programs that promoted business,spending would increasingly focus on social programs such as Social Security.These changes laid the groundwork for an increasingly large,powerful,and activist federal government.

Question 68

Define lobbying.

Question 69

Discuss the ascendancy of business,corruption,and reform during the 19^th century.

Question 70

Discuss the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 (BCRA).What are its three main provisions?

Question 71

Define the following lobbying methods: contact lobbying,background lobbying,and grassroots lobbying.

Question 72

Define the federal system.

Question 73

What is the First Amendment and how is it critical to business? What rights are guaranteed by the First Amendment?

Question 74

How did the rise of antagonistic groups impact the business environment?

Question 75

_____ advocacy presents a political view or comment on an electoral race.

A) Issue
B) Ideological
C) Bureaucratic
D) Express

Question 76

_____ occurs when an individual solicits multiple contributions for a candidate,then bunches them together and passes them on.

A) Trading
B) Lobbying
C) Bundling
D) Peaking

Question 77

Define peak associations,trade associations,Washington offices,and coalitions.

Question 78

How did the political and business climate change after World War II?

Question 79

What is meant by separation of powers?

Question 80

_____ advocacy suggests the election or defeat of a candidate using specific words like "vote for," "defeat," or "support."

A) Ideological
B) Express
C) Bureaucratic
D) Issue