Deck 12: Genetic Engineering and the Molecules of Life

Question 1

X-ray diffraction is a method for

A)determining the atomic structure of molecules.
B)sequencing the primary structure of polymers.
C)separating cleaved products from a polymer.
D)dividing the DNA molecule into pieces for analysis.

Answer 1

determining the atomic structure of molecules.

Question 2

The level of protein structure directly determined by the sequence of nucleotides on DNA is

A)primary
B)secondary
C)tertiary
D)double helix

Answer 2

primary

Question 3

The critical pieces of information that helped Watson and Crick decipher the structure of DNA were
I.Chargaff's rule.
II.the X-ray structure of DNA.
III.anti-Chargaff's rule.
IV.ultraviolet spectrum of DNA.

A)I and II only
B)I and III only
C)II and III only
D)I and IV only

Answer 3

I and II only

Question 4

The tertiary structure of a protein is the

A)overall shape or conformation of the molecule.
B)intermediate level of molecular organization.
C)identity and sequence of amino acids present.
D)association of one protein chain with another.

Question 5

The year 2003 marked the 50th anniversary of the discovery of the

A)structure of DNA.
B)structure of RNA.
C)protein structure of insulin.
D)DNA sequence for the human gene that encodes insulin.

Question 6

Replication relates to the synthesis of

A)RNA from DNA.
B)RNA from RNA.
C)DNA from DNA.
D)DNA from RNA.

Question 7

Deoxyribose is the ______ in DNA.

A)ribonucleotide
B)deoxyribonucleotide
C)sugar
D)phosphate

Question 8

A protein is a linear polymer composed of

A)sugar-amino acid-sugar-amino acid.
B)base-sugar-base-sugar.
C)amino acid-amino acid.
D)lipid-base-lipid-base.

Question 9

In this type of a representation,the arrow points to what type of unit in the backbone of DNA?

A)nitrogenous base
B)phosphate group
C)monosaccharide
D)deoxyribonucleotide

Question 10

The backbone structure of DNA is

A)sugar-base-sugar-base.
B)base-phosphate-base-phosphate.
C)base-base-base-base.
D)sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate.

Question 11

Sickle cell anemia
I.is caused by mutation in the human gene that codes for a protein expressed in the red blood cells.
II.is a genetic disease,inheritable from one's parents.
III.can cause red blood cells to become sickle shaped.
IV.can clog organs,reducing their blood supplies.

A)I and II only
B)I and III only
C)I,II,and III only
D)I,II,III,and IV

Question 12

The human genome is organized into

A)50 compact structures.
B)46 compact structures.
C)1 Y chromosome and 1 X chromosome.
D)23 structures.

Question 13

How many DNA bases in any one gene have to be changed for a mutation to have a serious effect?

A)one
B)two
C)five
D)at least 100

Question 14

If the adenine (A)content of DNA is 33%,what is its guanine (G)content?

A)33%
B)17%
C)50%
D)22%

Question 15

The level of protein structure that involves hydrogen bonding between the atoms of the polypeptide backbone is

A)primary.
B)secondary.
C)tertiary.
D)double helix.

Question 16

The task of the Human Genome Project was to

A)map all of the genes in the human organism.
B)determine only the expressed protein sequences in the human organism.
C)determine only the expressed RNA sequences in the human organism.
D)determine the expressed DNA sequences in the human organism.

Question 17

The primary structure of a protein is the

A)overall shape or conformation of the molecule.
B)intermediate level of molecular organization.
C)identity and sequence of amino acids present.
D)association of one protein chain with another.

Question 18

The identity and sequence of the amino acids present in a protein is its

A)primary structure.
B)secondary structure.
C)tertiary structure.
D)quaternary structure.

Question 19

The secondary structure of a protein is the

A)overall shape or conformation of the molecule.
B)intermediate level of molecular organization.
C)identity and sequence of amino acids present.
D)association of one protein chain with another.

Question 20

What forces hold the two strands of DNA together?

A)covalent bonds
B)ionic bonds
C)salt bridges
D)hydrogen bonds

Question 21

If the thymine (T)content of DNA is 29%,what is the content of guanine (G)?

A)21%
B)29%
C)58%
D)71%

Question 22

The DNA from all humans is identical at the level of ______ percent.

A)90
B)95
C)99
D)99.9

Question 23

Plasmids are

A)linear pieces of DNA.
B)linear pieces of RNA.
C)circular pieces of DNA.
D)circular pieces of RNA.

Question 24

An enzyme's active site must contain R groups that
I.complement the shape of the substrate.
II.match the polarity of the substrate.
III.facilitate the bond-breaking of bond-making of the substrate to form the product.
IV.form hydrogen bonds with water.

A)I and II
B)I,II,and IV
C)I,II,III,and IV
D)I,II,and III

Question 25

Small changes in ___________ protein structure may lead to big changes in ________ protein structure.

A)secondary;tertiary
B)primary;secondary
C)primary;tertiary
D)tertiary;secondary

Question 26

A codon is three

A)bases in DNA.
B)bases in RNA.
C)sugars in DNA.
D)sugar-phosphates.

Question 27

The level of protein structure that involves interactions between atoms in the amino acid R groups is

A)primary.
B)secondary.
C)tertiary.
D)double helix.

Question 28

A cell receives a message to make a new gene product.Which processes must happen?
I.transcription
II.replication
III.translation
IV.growth

A)I and II
B)I and III
C)I,II,and III
D)I,II,III,and IV

Question 29

What is meant by the term,recombinant DNA?

A)incorporating pieces of DNA from one organism into the cell of another organism
B)getting recombination to happen within a cell,with nothing new added
C)transcribing DNA into RNA
D)mixing DNA within one organism

Question 30

The ___________ of an enzyme holds a molecule,called the ________,that specifically binds to this site.

A)active site;conformation
B)passive site;conformation
C)active site;substrate
D)passive site;substrate

Question 31

Among the goals for developing transgenic plants are to
I.reduce the environmental impacts of intensive and extensive agriculture.
II.give nutritional benefits to the consumer.
III.increase the availability of pharmaceuticals and vaccines.
IV.improve production stability.

A)I and III only
B)II and IV only
C)I and IV only
D)I,II,III,and IV

Question 32

DNA has four different bases.Which of the following are other structural characteristics of DNA?
I.The bases are attached to the phosphate groups.
II.The bases are attached to the sugar molecule,deoxyribose.
III.The bases A and T are complementary,and C and G are complementary.
IV.The bases A and C are complementary,and T and G are complementary.

A)I and III
B)II and III
C)I and IV
D)II and IV

Question 33

Translation is the process by which

A)copies of DNA are made.
B)RNA is copied from DNA.
C)an RNA template is used to assemble amino acids into a protein.
D)substrates are converted into products.

Question 34

A transgenic organism is
I.an animal that shares the genes of another species.
II.a plant that shares the genes of another species.
III.easier to create than traditional crossbreeding.
IV.harder to create than traditional crossbreeding.

A)I only
B)II only
C)I,II,and III only
D)I,II,and IV only

Question 35

Small changes in _________,called mutations,may lead to big changes in _________ protein structures.

A)RNA;tertiary
B)DNA;secondary
C)DNA;tertiary
D)RNA;secondary

Question 36

Identify the base sequence that is complementary to the following DNA sequence:
TACGGCTTAAG

A)TAGCCTTAAC
B)ATGGGGAATTC
C)TTCDDGTTTTC
D)ATGCCGAATTC

Question 37

Identify the base sequence that is complementary to the following DNA sequence:
TTAAGGCC

A)AATTCCGG
B)GGCCAATT
C)AATTGGCC
D)TTAACCGG

Question 38

Which process provides chromosomes for new cells during growth or repair?

A)transcription
B)translation
C)replication
D)denaturation

Question 39

Replication is the process by which copies of _______ are made.

A)RNA
B)protein
C)DNA
D)replisomes

Question 40

Transcription is the process by which

A)copies of DNA are made.
B)RNA is copied from DNA.
C)an RNA template is used to assemble amino acids into a protein.
D)substrates are converted into products.

Question 41

What are the three types of units that must be present in a deoxyribonucleotide used in forming DNA?
I.base
II.deoxyribose
III.ribose
IV.phosphate
V.water

A)I,II,and V
B)I,II,and IV
C)I,III,and V
D)I,III,and IV

Question 42

Crops developed by transgenic means in the United States and Canada have which attributes?
I.increased shelf life for fruits and vegetables
II.enhanced resistance to pests and viruses
III.increased tolerance to herbicides

A)I only
B)II only
C)II and III only
D)I,II,and III

Question 43

DNA has a backbone that consists of alternating

A)base pairs.
B)sugars and proteins.
C)phosphates and sugars.
D)proteins and bases.

Question 44

What functional groups are present in all amino acids?

A)alkyl group and amino group
B)carboxylic acid and amino group
C)alcohol and carboxylic acid
D)alcohol and amino group

Question 45

The distance between base pairs in DNA is 0.34 nm.How many base pairs are there in a chromosome that is 12.0 cm long? (Note: 10⁹ nm = 1 m)

A)2.8 × 10⁷
B)3.5 × 10¹⁰
C)3.5 × 10⁸
D)3.5 × 10⁹

Question 46

Engineered biomolecules
I.are not possible at this point in time.
II.can be made by recombinant DNA technology.
III.could include enzymes that are better designed for functions than their naturally occurring counterparts.
IV.could include modified hormones.

A)I only
B)I and III only
C)II and IV only
D)II,III,and IV only

Question 47

Which is/are concerns about genetically modified food crops
I.GM plants will spread into the wild
II.GM crops threaten the natural balance.
III.Use of genetically engineered crops will force pests to evolve
IV.GM crops may stop producing food because of damage to their genes.

A)I and II only
B)I and IV only
C)I,II,and III only
D)I,II,III,and IV

Question 48

A nucleotide consists of which of the following?
I.bases
II.complimentary base pairs
III.deoxyribose molecule
IV.phosphates

A)I and III
B)II,III,and IV
C)I,III,and IV
D)II and IV

Question 49

Recombinant insulin
I.is helpful in the treatment of diabetes in humans.
II.controls the levels of glucose in the blood.
III.can be produced in the bacterium,

A)I only
B)II and III only
C)I and II only
D)I,II,and III
E)coli.

Question 50

The carbon to nitrogen bond in a peptide does not freely rotate.What is the best explanation for this?

A)It is a single bond.
B)It is an ionic bond.
C)It is a partial double bond.
D)It is a hydrogen bonD.

Question 51

A collection of cells or molecules identical to an original cell or molecule is best described as a

A)base pair.
B)plasmid.
C)virus.
D)clone.

Question 52

Some beneficial uses of recombinant DNA technology include production of insulin for diabetes patients and
I.hepatitis B vaccine.
II.erythropoietin,a protein used to stimulate red blood cell production (for instance in cancer patients treated with chemotherapy).
III.tissue plasminogen activator for dissolving blood clots in cardiac patients.

A)I only
B)II only
C)III only
D)I,II,and III

Question 53

What elements are found in a protein sequence other than carbon and hydrogen?

A)oxygen and nitrogen
B)sulfur and oxygen
C)sulfur and phosphorus
D)phosphorus and nitrogen

Question 54

The bases in DNA are attached by covalent bonds to a

A)sugar.
B)complementary base.
C)protein.
D)phosphate.

Question 55

Which of the following is not a concern of opponents of genetically modified foods?

A)"Natural" plants could be changed forever.
B)Health problems could develop in animals.
C)GM food could end up in the human food chain.
D)The research in this area is flaweD.

Question 56

The molecule(s)being acted upon by catalysts is(are)

A)active sites.
B)substrates.
C)RNA.
D)DNA.

Question 57

Which is(are)the benefit(s)of developing fruit that ripens more slowly?
I.increased profits for producers
II.enhanced nutrition for the consumer
III.less environmental impact

A)I only
B)I and II only
C)II and III only
D)III only

Question 58

Protein enzymes act as

A)active sites.
B)catalysts.
C)substrates.
D)cells.

Question 59

A catalytic effect occurs at

A)DNA.
B)RNA.
C)substrates.
D)active sites.