Deck 11: Leadership Style

Question 1

Individuals with strong Theory X orientation are more predisposed to and comfortable with,a participatory leadership orientation.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

In the study conducted by Miller and Monge,the strongest effects of participation on satisfaction are found in studies of perceived participation focusing on multiple issues and in the nonorganizational studies.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The studies by Miller and Monge have shown that participation is more effective for managers than for lower-level employees.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Affective models predict that participation will have a stronger effect on productivity than on satisfaction.

Question 5

The link between participation and productivity in affective models is more straightforward than that between participation and satisfaction.

Question 6

Cognitive,affective,and contingency models emphasize similar explanatory mechanisms and the three are mutually exclusive.

Question 7

A review of the participation-performance literature reveals that the participation- performance relationship is less complex than the generally positive participation-satisfaction relationship.

Question 8

Existing research suggests that directive leadership is more useful when followers are more experienced as recognized in the path-goal theory of leadership.

Question 9

In their study,Locke and Schweiger concluded that with respect to the productivity criterion,there is no trend in favor of participative leadership as compared to more directive styles.

Question 10

A trauma team is a cross-functional and multidisciplinary knowledge-based action team.

Question 11

Empowering leaders delegate responsibility and authority to team members and provide opportunities for team members to take initiative.

Question 12

The field studies involving complex problems benefited more from participative processes.

Question 13

A trauma team accomplishes its task under a severe information shortage.

Question 14

Miller and Monge found that research setting and type of subject in particular played important roles as moderators in the study.

Question 15

When the effects of leadership on care differ depending on two important situational elements,i.e.,severity of patient trauma and level of team experience,it is considered a contingency form of leadership.

Question 16

Contingency models of participation suggest that no single model of participation is appropriate for all employees in all organizations.

Question 17

In the meta-analytic review performed by Miller and Monge,the studies of leadership style exhibit a relatively strong positive correlation on productivity.

Question 18

Yukl and Fu found that leaders use more delegation when they perceive their subordinates to have high competence and a shorter tenure working under their authority.

Question 19

The laissez-faire leader is not seen as leading per se.

Question 20

Affective models predict that employee participation should center on issues of which employees are particularly knowledgeable.

Question 21

_____ path reveals that job satisfaction and job involvement improve as the result of participation,and that work withdrawal decreases.

A)Cognitive
B)Differential
C)Motivational
D)Inhibitor

Question 22

Kurt Lewin and his studies stimulated an interest in looking at three leadership styles - authoritarian,democratic,and:

A)participative.
B)manipulative.
C)rewarding.
D)laissez-faire.

Question 23

Although Locke and Schweiger's review considered well over 50 empirical research reports on participation,their final conclusions seem somewhat anticlimactic.One of the reasons for this was that:

A)they had given inadequate importance to the strength of participation's effects on satisfaction.
B)they used a very gross classification system in considering effects of participation.
C)most of the studies ignored the contextual category and suggested many other factors.
D)the studies conducted by them were highly differentiated and informal in nature.

Question 24

According to cognitive models,increases in productivity and satisfaction are attributable to:

A)specific inputs from subordinates.
B)cognitive abilities of the leader.
C)cognitive abilities of followers.
D)follower perceptions of leader effectiveness.

Question 25

Climate has traditionally been defined as a(n):

A)affective construct.
B)specific construct.
C)cognitive construct.
D)descriptive construct.

Question 26

Which of the following observations can be attributed to cognitive models of participative effects?

A)Participation in decision making may not be viable in most situations.
B)Participation enhances the flow and use of important information in organizations.
C)Participative decisions could be based on inadequate information.
D)Employees will know less about implementing work procedures resulting from participative decisions.

Question 27

_____ models predict that participation will have a stronger influence on productivity and satisfaction for decisions about which employees have specific knowledge.

A)Affective
B)Contingency
C)Cognitive
D)Normative

Question 28

According to Miller and Monge,one of the reasons for the continuing disagreement over the efficacy of participation is that moral reasoning is often confounded with:

A)practical reasoning.
B)religious beliefs.
C)traditional values.
D)cultural beliefs.

Question 29

A trauma team:

A)is a virtual team consisting of people from diverse backgrounds.
B)accomplishes its task under a severe information shortage.
C)is composed of people who are specialized in a particular field.
D)does not have a formal leader or formal members.

Question 30

In the study conducted by Miller and Monge,it was concluded that:

A)contingency models of participation were the most effective.
B)higher-order ego needs are not supported by participative models.
C)participative models may not be economically viable for organizations.
D)the relatively large correlation between participation and productivity somewhat supports cognitive models.

Question 31

_____ models of participation suggest that participation will lead to greater attainment of high-order needs of employees.

A)Affective
B)Projective
C)Cognitive
D)Contingency

Question 32

Which of the following paths focuses attention upon a series of group maladies that can characterize groups,which often result in negative performance effects stemming from group involvement in decision-making processes?

A)Cognitive
B)Inhibitor
C)Motivational
D)Differential

Question 33

_____ models suggest that participation will satisfy higher-order needs of workers and that,as these needs are satisfied,workers will be more satisfied with their jobs.

A)Cognitive
B)Affective
C)Contingency
D)Normative

Question 34

Affective models predict that:

A)working in a participative climate will have the most beneficial effects on workers' attitudes and productivity.
B)working in a controlled atmosphere would ensure that employee productivity is maintained at a satisfactory level.
C)a participative atmosphere is not recommended for blue-collar jobs.
D)participation will have a stronger influence on productivity and satisfaction for decisions about which employees have specific knowledge.

Question 35

_____ models of participation suggest that participation in decision making enhances the flow and use of important information in organizations.

A)Behavioral
B)Procedural
C)Contingency
D)Cognitive

Question 36

If the leader says,"I will tell you what we are going to do because I am the leader/boss," what style of leadership does it convey?

A)Autocratic
B)Consultative
C)Participative
D)Consensus

Question 37

Employees with high _____ will be the most positively influenced by participation.

A)value for control
B)authoritarianism
C)needs for independence
D)achievement orientation

Question 38

Studies conducted by Miller and Monge,concerned with goal setting,exhibit a _____ correlation with productivity.

A)significant,large,and positive
B)significant,but small,positive
C)significant,but small,negative
D)significant,large,and negative

Question 39

In the study conducted by Miller and Monge,a substantial difference was observed between field and laboratory studies.One reason for this could be that the laboratory studies typically involved:

A)complex and well-structured tasks and functions.
B)complex tasks that required intense study.
C)informal and freely defined tasks.
D)a simple and well-defined manipulated task.

Question 40

Which of the following statements is consistent with the contingency model of participation?

A)Participation should be designed to satisfy higher-order needs of workers.
B)A uniform model of participation can be used to improve employee productivity.
C)Participation is a better method than consultation in attaining leadership effectiveness.
D)A single model of participation will not be suitable for all the employees.

Question 41

Which of the following statements is true of directive leaders?

A)They do not attempt to run the resuscitation themselves.
B)They make virtually all decisions themselves.
C)They will be successful in explaining the logic of their own decisions.
D)The team members have more opportunities to increase their professional expertise under a directive leader.

Question 42

Under a directive leader,trauma team members:

A)have little opportunity to express their opinions.
B)have more freedom to make collective decisions.
C)are more active and productive.
D)work much faster than usual.

Question 43

Differentiate between affective models of participative effects and contingency models of participative effects.

Question 44

What are the suggestions of cognitive models of participative effects?

Question 45

What are the different ways in which the study on contingent leadership and effectiveness of trauma resuscitation teams helped advances in the theory on leadership?

Question 46

_____ theory,as a broad class of more specific theories,has a long history in leadership research and has widespread intuitive appeal.

A)Contingency
B)Ethnographic
C)Resuscitation
D)Cognitive

Question 47

What are the three different paths along which the relationship between involvement-oriented leadership and performance unfolds?

Question 48

Empowering leaders:

A)rarely delegate opportunities.
B)do not support formal education.
C)provide more learning opportunities than directive leaders.
D)use participative model instead of consultation.

Question 49

In the study conducted by Miller and Monge,a substantial difference was observed between field and laboratory studies.What are the probable reasons for this?

Question 50

What were the findings of Vroom and Jago's theory about decision making when followers have sufficient information or knowledge?

A)Joint decision making is more effective when timing is critical but autocratic decision making is more appropriate.
B)Neither joint decision nor autocratic decision making are appropriate or effective.
C)Joint decision making is more appropriate than autocratic decision making,but autocratic decision making is more effective when timing is critical.
D)Joint decision making is more appropriate than autocratic decision making especially when the timing is critical.