Deck 6: Dimensions of Nation-State Cultures

Question 1

The following are all criticisms of Hofstede's research EXCEPT ______.

A) he identified too many dimensions to define cultures
B) it is based on a too small sample
C) nations are not the best unit for studying cultures
D) the data are old and outdated

Answer 1

A

Question 2

According to Hofstede,in which type of culture does the interest of the group prevail over the interest of the individual?

A) individualistic
B) masculine
C) collectivistic
D) feminine

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Confucian work dynamism or long-term versus short-term orientation includes ______.

A) a sense of shame and ordering relationships
B) tonal languages
C) unstructured situations and compulsive behavior
D) vocal animation

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following is true of Japan?

A) It is 75% Japanese.
B) It is one of the most heterogeneous cultures in the world.
C) All of its schools have the same curriculum.
D) It has a comparatively young population.

Question 5

The Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner dimension of ______ seems to be virtually identical to Hofstede's collectivism-individualism.

A) collectivism-individualism
B) communitarianism-independence
C) communitarianism-individualism
D) collectivism-independence

Question 6

Which dimension does Young Yun Kim characterize as topping the list of theories guiding cross-cultural research in communication,psychology,and anthropology?

A) Confucian dynamism
B) individualism-collectivism
C) masculinity-femininity
D) power distance

Question 7

In comparison to the United States,the population of Japan is about what percentage of the U.S.population?

A) 40%
B) 66%
C) 100%
D) 200%

Question 8

Cultures labeled as ______ strive for maximal distinction between what women and men are expected to do.

A) feminine
B) masculine
C) collectivistic
D) individualistic

Question 9

A country high on the Environmental Sustainability Index (indicating high performance in environmental protection)is ______.

A) China
B) Saudi Arabia
C) Sweden
D) United Kingdom

Question 10

______ is related to the direct style of communication.

A) Femininity
B) Masculinity
C) Collectivism
D) Individualism

Question 11

Which is the dimension that Hofstede added in a 2010 follow-up to his earlier studies?

A) masculinity-femininity
B) power distance
C) long-term versus short-term orientation to life
D) indulgence versus self-restraint

Question 12

Geert Hofstede studied more than 100,000 employees of which multinational in 40 countries?

A) McDonald's
B) Coca Cola
C) IBM
D) Nike

Question 13

What or who are gaijin?

A) a fish popular in Japanese diets
B) children
C) indigenous peoples of Japan
D) outsiders

Question 14

Indulgent cultures have ______.

A) a higher percentage of very happy people than restrained cultures
B) the same percentage of very happy people as restrained cultures
C) a lower percentage of very happy people than restrained cultures
D) shown that there is no connection between the indulgence vs. restraint dimension and happiness

Question 15

According to Hofstede,in which type of culture are overlapping social roles for the sexes permitted?

A) individualistic
B) masculine
C) collectivistic
D) feminine

Question 16

A country ranking ______ in power distance means that power is more equally distributed in that society.

A) high
B) low
C) medium
D) absolute zero

Question 17

Cultures strong in uncertainty avoidance are ______.

A) active
B) contemplative
C) both active and contemplative
D) neither active nor contemplative

Question 18

In comparison to the United States,Japan's land area is about what percentage of the U.S.land area?

A) 4%
B) 10%
C) 33%
D) 50%

Question 19

Long-term orientation encourages ______.

A) thrift
B) spending
C) both thrift and spending
D) neither thrift nor spending

Question 20

A country high in Confucian work dynamism (indicating a long-term orientation)is ______.

A) Canada
B) Great Britain
C) Pakistan
D) South Korea

Question 21

Japan's Westernization was criticized by other Asian countries.

Question 22

Countries that tend toward egalitarian,individualist,and feminine values are more likely to support environmental sustainability.

Question 23

Both power distance and femininity are negatively related to the Environmental Sustainability Index.

Question 24

How baseball is played in Japan reflects the Japanese culture.

Question 25

Because it is an island country,Japan was little affected by foreign influence until the mid-19th century.

Question 26

Individualism is associated with an indirect style of communication.

Question 27

Hofstede's research identified Confucian countries as having a collectivist culture.

Question 28

The masculinity versus femininity dimension refers to how people define themselves and their relationships with others.

Question 29

Geert Hofstede's study identified value dimensions across which cultures vary.

Question 30

From their research,Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner concluded that people from diverse cultures differ from one another in seven dimensions.

Question 31

In particularist cultures,people place importance on laws,rules,values,and obligations.

Question 32

The individualist cultures of North America,Australia,and New Zealand were largely populated by migrants who were sufficiently individualist themselves to leave their native countries.

Question 33

Young Yun Kim characterizes masculinity versus femininity as topping the list of theories guiding cross-cultural research in communication.

Question 34

Restrained cultures have a lower percentage of very happy people and a common perception of helplessness.

Question 35

One criticism of Hofstede's work is that his data are drawn from subsidiaries of only one company.

Question 36

Homogeneity is important for understanding Japan's culture and communication.

Question 37

In low uncertainty avoidance cultures,people are expected to display respect for those of higher status.

Question 38

As a high Confucian work dynamism culture,Singapore values placing the good of the society above that of the individual.

Question 39

Cultures with low power distance have power and influence concentrated in the hands of a few.

Question 40

Japan's culture has been characterized by an inability to adapt imported culture and technology to traditional culture.

Question 41

In an ______ culture,people look after themselves and their immediate families.

Question 42

Hofstede was attempting to locate ______ dimensions across which cultures vary.

Question 43

In ______,1 of the 10 richest economies in the world,its poor constitute half the population but earn only 13% of the national income.

Question 44

Countries with a Germanic language (German,English,Dutch,Danish,Norwegian,Swedish)score ______ in power distance.

Question 45

Marcus and Gould (2000)applied the ______ dimension to website design and found a relationship to the prominence given to countries' leaders.

Question 46

Japan is one of the most ______ countries in the world: more than 98% of its population is Japanese.

Question 47

Feminine cultures are somewhat more frequent in ______ climates.

Question 48

In feminine cultures,the ______ has a stronger say in regards to the number of children.

Question 49

______ is a tendency to allow relatively free gratification of basic and natural human desires related to enjoying life and having fun.

Question 50

In Japanese culture,______ is the feeling of nurturing for and dependence on another.

Question 51

______ is mostly found in East Asia,Eastern Europe,and the Muslim world.

Question 52

The World Commission on Environment and Development (1987)defined ______ as "development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."

Question 53

In cultures with ______ power distance,children are expected to be obedient toward parents and people are expected to display respect for those of higher status.

Question 54

Geert Hofstede studied more than 100,000 employees of the multinational company ______ in 40 countries.

Question 55

______ refers to the extent to which people in a culture feel threatened by uncertain or unknown situations.

Question 56

Cultures that place high values on ______ traits stress assertiveness,competition,and material success.

Question 57

Countries high in ______ work dynamism are Hong Kong,Taiwan,Japan,South Korea,and Singapore.

Question 58

Hofstede's data revealed four associations with the individualism-collectivism dimension: ______,geography,birth rates,and history.

Question 59

______ orientation encourages thrift,savings,perseverance toward results,and a willingness to subordinate oneself for a purpose.

Question 60

One criticism of Hofstede's research has been that ______ are not the best units for studying cultures.

Question 61

Discuss Japan as a homogeneous culture.

Question 62

Discuss Hofstede's uncertainty avoidance dimension and provide examples of strong and weak uncertainty avoidance cultures.

Question 63

Discuss the neutral versus emotional dimension as outlined by Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner.

Question 64

Discuss the four associations related to Hofstede's power distance dimension.

Question 65

Discuss Hofstede's power distance dimension and provide examples of high and low power distance cultures.

Question 66

Discuss identity aspects of Japanese cultural patterns.

Question 67

Discuss the four associations related to Hofstede's individualism-collectivism dimension.

Question 68

Discuss the similarities and differences between the Hofstede dimensions and the Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner dimensions.

Question 69

Compare and contrast indulgence and self-restraint cultures.

Question 70

Discuss what dimensions Hofstede identified in his several studies.

Question 71

Discuss the two associations related to Hofstede's uncertainty avoidance dimension.

Question 72

Discuss Hofstede's individualism-collectivism dimension and provide examples of individualist and collectivist cultures.

Question 73

Compare and contrast long-term and short-term orientation cultures.

Question 74

Relate the Environmental Sustainability Index to the Hofstede dimensions.

Question 75

Discuss Hofstede's masculinity-femininity dimension and provide examples of masculine and feminine cultures.

Question 76

What countries score higher on the Environmental Sustainability Index? Why?

Question 77

What type of country is the United States in regards to power distance? Explain.

Question 78

Discuss the two associations related to Hofstede's masculinity-femininity dimension.

Question 79

Discuss the internal direction versus outer direction dimension as outlined by Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner.

Question 80

What are the criticisms of Hofstede's work? How did Hofstede respond to them?