Deck 1: Introduction: Evolution and Themes of Biology

Question 1

A localized group of organisms that belong to the same species is called a

A)biosystem.
B)community.
C)population.
D)ecosystem.
E)family.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following is (are)true of natural selection?

A)It requires genetic variation.
B)It results in descent with modification.
C)It involves differential reproductive success.
D)It results in descent with modification and involves differential reproductive success.
E)It requires genetic variation, results in descent with modification, and involves differential reproductive success.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Which of the following types of cells utilize deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)as their genetic material but do not have their DNA encased within a nuclear envelope?

A)animal
B)plant
C)archaea
D)fungi
E)protists

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Organisms interact with their environments, exchanging matter and energy. For example, plant chloroplasts convert the energy of sunlight into

A)the energy of motion.
B)carbon dioxide and water.
C)the potential energy of chemical bonds.
D)oxygen.
E)kinetic energy.

Question 5

A water sample from a hot thermal vent contained a single-celled organism that had a cell wall but lacked a nucleus. What is its most likely classification?

A)Eukarya
B)Archaea
C)Animalia
D)Protista
E)Fungi

Question 6

To understand the chemical basis of inheritance, we must understand the molecular structure of DNA. This is an example of the application of which concept to the study of biology?

A)evolution
B)emergent properties
C)reductionism
D)the cell theory
E)feedback regulation

Question 7

The main source of energy for producers in an ecosystem comes from

A)solar energy.
B)other animals as a food source.
C)the atmosphere.
D)plants.
E)water.

Question 8

Through time, the lineage that led to modern whales shows a change from four-limbed land animals to aquatic animals with two limbs that function as flippers. This change is best explained by

A)natural philosophy.
B)creationism.
C)the hierarchy of the biological organization of life.
D)natural selection.
E)feedback inhibition.

Question 9

Which of these individuals is likely to be most successful in an evolutionary sense?

A)a reproductively sterile individual who never falls ill
B)an organism that dies after five days of life but leaves 10 offspring, all of whom survive to reproduce
C)a male who mates with 20 females and fathers one offspring
D)an organism that lives 100 years and leaves two offspring, both of whom survive to reproduce
E)a female who mates with 20 males and produces one offspring that lives to reproduce

Question 10

Which of these provides evidence of the common ancestry of all life?

A)ubiquitous use of catalysts by living systems
B)near universality of the genetic code
C)structure of the nucleus
D)structure of cilia
E)structure of chloroplasts

Question 11

When the body's blood glucose level rises, the pancreas secretes insulin and, as a result, the blood glucose level declines. When the blood glucose level is low, the pancreas secretes glucagon and, as a result, the blood glucose level rises. Such regulation of the blood glucose level is the result of

A)catalytic feedback.
B)positive feedback.
C)negative feedback.
D)bioinformatic regulation.
E)protein-protein interactions.

Question 12

In a hypothetical world, every 50 years people over 6 feet tall are eliminated from the population before they reproduce. Based on your knowledge of natural selection, you would predict that the average height of the human population will

A)remain unchanged.
B)gradually decline.
C)rapidly decline.
D)gradually increase.
E)rapidly increase.

Question 13

Which branch of biology is concerned with the naming and classifying of organisms?

A)informatics
B)schematic biology
C)taxonomy
D)genomics
E)evolution

Question 14

Global warming, as demonstrated by observations such as melting of glaciers, increasing CO₂ levels, and increasing average ambient temperatures, has already had many effects on living organisms. Which of the following might best offer a solution to this problem?

A)Continue to measure these and other parameters of the problem.
B)Increase the abilities of animals to migrate to more suitable habitats.
C)Do nothing; nature will attain its own balance.
D)Limit the burning of fossil fuels and regulate our loss of forested areas.
E)Recycle as much as possible.

Question 15

Prokaryotes are classified as belonging to two different domains. What are the domains?

A)Bacteria and Eukarya
B)Archaea and Monera
C)Eukarya and Monera
D)Bacteria and Protista
E)Bacteria and Archaea

Question 16

A filamentous organism has been isolated from decomposing organic matter. This organism has organelles and a cell wall but no chloroplasts. How would you classify this organism?

A)domain Bacteria, kingdom Prokaryota
B)domain Archaea, kingdom Bacteria
C)domain Eukarya, kingdom Plantae
D)domain Eukarya, kingdom Protista
E)domain Eukarya, kingdom Fungi

Question 17

Which of the following statements is true?

A)A kingdom can include several subgroups known as domains.
B)All eukarya belong to one domain.
C)All prokaryotes belong to one domain.
D)The importance of fungi has led scientists to make them the whole of one domain.
E)Only organisms that produce their own food belong to one of the domains.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes what occurred after the publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species?

A)The book received little attention except from a small scientific community.
B)The book was banned from schools.
C)The book was widely discussed and disseminated.
D)The book's authorship was disputed.
E)The book was discredited by most scientists.

Question 19

Once labour begins in childbirth, contractions increase in intensity and frequency until delivery. The increasing labour contractions of childbirth are an example of which type of regulation?

A)a bioinformatic system
B)positive feedback
C)negative feedback
D)feedback inhibition
E)enzymatic catalysis

Question 20

Charles Darwin proposed a mechanism for descent with modification that stated that organisms of a particular species are adapted to their environment when they possess

A)non-inheritable traits that enhance their survival in the local environment.
B)non-inheritable traits that enhance their reproductive success in the local environment.
C)non-inheritable traits that enhance their survival and reproductive success in the local environment.
D)inheritable traits that enhance their survival and reproductive success in the local environment.
E)inheritable traits that decrease their survival and reproductive success in the local environment.

Question 21

Given the cooperativity of science, which of the following is most likely to result in an investigator being intellectually looked down upon by other scientists?

A)Making money as the result of studies in which a new medication is discovered.
B)Doing meticulous experiments that show data that contradict what has been previously reported by the scientific community.
C)Spending most of a lifetime investigating a small and seemingly unimportant organism.
D)Getting negative results from the same set of experiments.
E)Being found to have falsified or created data to better fit a hypothesis.

Question 22

A controlled experiment is one in which

A)the experiment is repeated many times to ensure that the results are accurate.
B)the experiment proceeds at a slow pace to guarantee that the scientist can carefully observe all reactions and process all experimental data.
C)there are at least two groups, one of which does not receive the experimental treatment.
D)there are at least two groups, one differing from the other by two or more variables.
E)there is one group for which the scientist controls all variables.

Question 23

Why is it important that an experiment include a control group?

A)The control group is the group that the researcher is in control of, the group in which the researcher predetermines the results.
B)The control group provides a reserve of experimental subjects.
C)A control group is required for the development of an "If…then" statement.
D)A control group assures that an experiment will be repeatable.
E)Without a control group, there is no basis for knowing if a particular result is due to the variable being tested.

Question 24

Which of the following best describes a model organism?

A)It is often pictured in textbooks and easy for students to imagine.
B)It lends itself to many studies that are useful to beginning students.
C)It is well studied, easy to grow, and results are widely applicable.
D)It is small, inexpensive to grow, and lives a long time.
E)It has been chosen for study by the earliest biologists.

Question 25

The method of scientific inquiry that draws conclusions from careful observation and the analysis of data is known as

A)hypothesis-based science.
B)deductive reasoning.
C)inductive reasoning.
D)quantitative science.
E)qualitative science.

Question 26

The observation that a whale's front flippers have the same bone structure as all mammalian forelimbs suggests that

A)all mammals descended from a common ancestor.
B)whales once walked on land.
C)whales show remarkable diversity.
D)land mammals originally came from the sea.
E)there must have been land and aquatic ancestors that coevolved.

Question 27

Which of the following is the best description of a control for an experiment?

A)The control group is kept in an unchanging environment.
B)The control is left alone by the experimenters.
C)The control group is matched with the experimental group except for the one experimental variable.
D)The control group is exposed to only one variable rather than several.
E)Only the experimental group is tested or measured.

Question 28

Why is the theme of evolution considered to be the core theme of biology by biologists?

A)It provides a framework within which all biological investigation makes sense.
B)It is recognized as the core theme of biology by organizations such as the National Science Foundation.
C)Controversy about this theory provides a basis for a great deal of experimental research.
D)Since it cannot be proven, biologists will be able to study evolutionary possibilities for many years.
E)Biologists do not subscribe to alternative models.

Question 29

When a hypothesis cannot be written in an "If…then" format, what does this mean?

A)It does not represent deductive reasoning.
B)It cannot be a scientific hypothesis.
C)The subject cannot be explored scientifically.
D)The hypothesizer does not have sufficient information.
E)It cannot be testable.

Question 30

Which of these is an example of inductive reasoning?

A)Hundreds of individuals of a species have been observed and all are photosynthetic; therefore, the species is photosynthetic.
B)These organisms live in sunny parts of this area so they are able to photosynthesize.
C)If horses are always found grazing on grass, they can be only herbivores and not omnivores.
D)If protists are all single-celled, then they are incapable of aggregating.
E)If two species are members of the same genus, they are more alike than each of them could be to a different genus.

Question 31

Why is a scientific topic best discussed by people of varying points of view, a variety of subdisciplines, and diverse cultures?

A)They can rectify each other's approach to make it truly scientific.
B)Robust and critical discussion between diverse groups improves scientific thinking.
C)Scientists can explain to others that they need to work in isolation to utilize the scientific method more productively.
D)This is another way of making science more reproducible.
E)Scientists need to exchange their ideas with other disciplines and cultures so that all groups are in consensus with the course of future research.

Question 32

In a high school laboratory, which of the following constitutes an experiment? I. learning to use a microscope by examining fixed specimens on slides
II. being able to examine swimming protists under a microscope
III. extracting pigments from plant leaves and separating the types of pigments for identification
IV. preparing root tips for examination by staining them

A)I only
B)II only
C)III only
D)II and III only
E)II, III, and IV

Question 33

Which of the following categories of organisms is least likely to be revised?

A)kingdom
B)class
C)order
D)phylum
E)species

Question 34

Why is Darwin considered original in his thinking?

A)He provided examples of organisms that had evolved over time.
B)He demonstrated that evolution is continuing to occur now.
C)He described the relationship between genes and evolution.
D)He proposed the mechanism that explained how evolution takes place.
E)He observed that organisms produce large numbers of offspring.

Question 35

Which of the following are qualities of any good scientific hypothesis? I. It is testable.
II. It is falsifiable.
III. It produces quantitative data.
IV. It produces results that can be replicated.

A)I only
B)II only
C)III only
D)I and II
E)III and IV

Question 36

According to Darwinian theory, which of the following exhibits the greatest fitness for evolutionary success?

A)the species with the longest life
B)the individuals within a population that have the greatest reproductive success
C)the phylum with members that occupy the greatest number of habitats
D)the community of organisms that is capable of living in the most nutrient-poor biome
E)the organism that produces its own nutrients most efficiently

Question 37

Similarities and differences among/between life-forms over time are most efficiently recorded by scientists in which field(s)of study?

A)paleontology
B)paleontology and anatomy
C)paleontology, anatomy, and taxonomy
D)paleontology, anatomy, taxonomy, and genetics
E)paleontology, anatomy, taxonomy, genetics, and ecology

Question 38

Darwin's finches, collected from the Galápagos Islands, illustrate which of the following?

A)mutation frequency
B)ancestors from different regions
C)adaptive radiation
D)vestigial anatomic structures
E)the accuracy of the fossil record

Question 39

The application of scientific knowledge for some specific purpose is known as

A)technology.
B)deductive science.
C)inductive science.
D)anthropologic science.
E)pure science.

Question 40

When applying the process of science, which of these is specifically tested?

A)a question
B)a result
C)an observation
D)a prediction
E)a hypothesis

Question 41

Use the following information to answer the questions below.

You know Figure A is an eukaryote because

A)it has no defined nucleus.
B)a membrane surrounds it completely.
C)internal membrane-bound structures are visible.
D)it is larger than B.
E)it is not perfectly smooth.

Question 42

The following is a list of biology themes discussed in Chapter 1. Use them to answer the questions below.
I. New properties emerge at each level in the biological hierarchy.
II. Organisms interact with other organisms and the physical environment.
III. Life requires energy transfer and transformation.
IV. Structure and function are correlated at all levels of biological organization.
V. Cells are an organism's basic units of structure and function.
VI. The continuity of life is based on heritable information in the form of DNA.
VII. Feedback mechanisms regulate biological systems.
VIII. Evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life.
Which theme(s)is/are best illustrated by an experiment in which a biologist seeks a medication that will inhibit pain responses in a cancer patient?

A)II
B)VII
C)III and V
D)V and VIII
E)VI and VII

Question 43

When you conduct research at a community level, you are generally interested in which major biological theme?

A)Life requires energy transfer and transformation.
B)Structure and function are correlated at all levels of biological organization.
C)Organisms interact with other organisms and the physical environment.
D)New properties emerge at each level in the biological hierarchy.
E)Evolution accounts for the unity of diversity of life.

Question 44

Use the following information to answer the questions below.
You are studying photosynthesis and its overall function and purpose. You choose to use several aquatic plants of the same species and divide them into two tanks. One tank is under a low light regime and the other a high light regime. You grow them in these conditions for several weeks and make observations.
This conclusion can be considered a(n)________ and could be ________.

A)mistake; redone
B)prediction; falsified
C)hypothesis; proven
D)hypothesis; tested
E)theory; supported

Question 45

The following is a list of biology themes discussed in Chapter 1. Use them to answer the questions below.
I. New properties emerge at each level in the biological hierarchy.
II. Organisms interact with other organisms and the physical environment.
III. Life requires energy transfer and transformation.
IV. Structure and function are correlated at all levels of biological organization.
V. Cells are an organism's basic units of structure and function.
VI. The continuity of life is based on heritable information in the form of DNA.
VII. Feedback mechanisms regulate biological systems.
VIII. Evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life.
Which theme(s)is/are best illustrated by a group of investigators who are trying to classify and explain the ecology of the community living within a specific region of prairie grassland?

A)I only
B)II only
C)VIII only
D)IV and VI
E)I and II

Question 46

There are several possible explanations for why these two snakes have similar colouration. Field studies in the Carolinas have shown support for which of the following explanations?

A)They both display warning colouration as they both are venomous.
B)The Carolinas have a unique topography and since both snakes are from the same area they have the same type of markings (co-evolution).
C)They are trying to blend in with their environment.
D)The kingsnake is mimicking the coral snake to protect itself from predation.
E)It is a coincidence.

Question 47

Use the following information to answer the questions below.
Golden algae are a group of photosynthetic protists whose colour is due to carotenoid pigments: yellow and brown. A group of students was given a significant sample of golden algae (Dinobryon); this algae is colonial and has flagella. Their instructions for the project were to design two or more experiments that could be done with these organisms.

The students decide that for one of their experiments, they want to see whether the organisms can photosynthesize. Which of the following is the best hypothesis?

A)If the Dinobryon can live > 5 days without added food, they must be able to photosynthesize.
B)If the Dinobryon can live without exposure to light for > 5 days, they must be able to photosynthesize.
C)If the Dinobryon photosynthesize, they must need no other minerals or nutrients and will be able to live in distilled water and light alone.
D)If the Dinobryon are kept in the dark, one-half will be expected to die in 5 days.
E)If the Dinobryon are able to photosynthesize, the students should be able to extract photosynthetic pigments.

Question 48

In what sense does the comment "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts" apply to biology?

A)The basic unit in biological systems is cells and they must be combined to make more complex organisms.
B)Cooperation and interdisciplinary research allows us to understand systems rather than just parts of the system.
C)As we move up through biological levels, the systems become more complex.
D)As we move up through biological levels, novel properties emerge that could not be identified at lower levels.
E)This statement has nothing to do with biology.

Question 49

Use the following information to answer the questions below.
Golden algae are a group of photosynthetic protists whose colour is due to carotenoid pigments: yellow and brown. A group of students was given a significant sample of golden algae (Dinobryon); this algae is colonial and has flagella. Their instructions for the project were to design two or more experiments that could be done with these organisms.

The students plan to gather data from the project. Which of the following would be the best way to present what they gather from experimental groups as opposed to controls?

A)qualitatively, noting colour, size, and so on
B)measuring the number of new colonies formed during every 12-hour period
C)counting the number of new colonies after a week
D)measuring the size of each new colony in millimetres (mm)of length
E)measuring the dry weight of all new colonies in grams

Question 50

Use the following information to answer the questions below.
Golden algae are a group of photosynthetic protists whose colour is due to carotenoid pigments: yellow and brown. A group of students was given a significant sample of golden algae (Dinobryon); this algae is colonial and has flagella. Their instructions for the project were to design two or more experiments that could be done with these organisms.

For their second experiment, the students want to know whether the Dinobryon have to live in colonies or can be free living. How might they proceed?

A)Observe each day to see whether new organisms are ever reproduced as single cells.
B)Observe whether only specialized cells are able to divide to produce new colonies.
C)Divide a sample into single cells and measure the length of time they remain this way.
D)Divide a sample into single cells and observe them.
E)Divide a sample into single cells and see whether they come back together.

Question 51

Use the following information to answer the questions below.
You are studying photosynthesis and its overall function and purpose. You choose to use several aquatic plants of the same species and divide them into two tanks. One tank is under a low light regime and the other a high light regime. You grow them in these conditions for several weeks and make observations.
After several weeks you notice that the plants in high light are larger (grew more)and there are more air bubbles in the tank than in the low light tank. The most logical conclusion is that

A)more air in the tank has helped the plants to grow.
B)the difference in light must have an influence on growth.
C)you didn't do the study properly and put larger plants in one tank.
D)something in the low light tank must be stopping growth.
E)you need to do more research to fully understand what could be happening.

Question 52

The plant you chose has never been studied before. Perhaps you could have chosen a plant that many researchers are working on so that you could use and add to the body of knowledge about that organism. This type of species is known as a(n)________ and encourages ________ amongst researchers.

A)common research organism; cooperation
B)model organism; cooperation
C)model organism; competition
D)shared species; communication
E)modified organism; competition

Question 53

The following is a list of biology themes discussed in Chapter 1. Use them to answer the questions below.
I. New properties emerge at each level in the biological hierarchy.
II. Organisms interact with other organisms and the physical environment.
III. Life requires energy transfer and transformation.
IV. Structure and function are correlated at all levels of biological organization.
V. Cells are an organism's basic units of structure and function.
VI. The continuity of life is based on heritable information in the form of DNA.
VII. Feedback mechanisms regulate biological systems.
VIII. Evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life.
Which theme(s)is/are illustrated when a group of students is trying to establish which phase of cell division in root tips happens most quickly?

A)IV only
B)V only
C)VII only
D)IV, V, and VI
E)V, VI, and VII

Question 54

A search for information and explanations of natural phenomena is known as

A)hypothesis formation.
B)scientific inquiry.
C)curiosity.
D)non-scientific interest.
E)deduction.

Question 55

Research into evolutionary adaptation considers the following theme(s)

A)organisms interact with other organisms and the physical environment.
B)structure and function are correlated at all levels of biological organization.
C)the continuity of life is based on heritable information in the form of DNA.
D)All of the above are considered in this form of research.
E)None of the above apply to evolution.

Question 56

Use the following information to answer the questions below.
You are studying photosynthesis and its overall function and purpose. You choose to use several aquatic plants of the same species and divide them into two tanks. One tank is under a low light regime and the other a high light regime. You grow them in these conditions for several weeks and make observations.
This is an example of

A)inductive reasoning.
B)deductive reasoning.
C)making a prediction.
D)collecting data.
E)poor science.

Question 57

The following is a list of biology themes discussed in Chapter 1. Use them to answer the questions below.
I. New properties emerge at each level in the biological hierarchy.
II. Organisms interact with other organisms and the physical environment.
III. Life requires energy transfer and transformation.
IV. Structure and function are correlated at all levels of biological organization.
V. Cells are an organism's basic units of structure and function.
VI. The continuity of life is based on heritable information in the form of DNA.
VII. Feedback mechanisms regulate biological systems.
VIII. Evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life.
Which theme(s)is/are illustrated when a biology class is comparing the rates of photosynthesis between leaves of a flowering plant species (Gerbera jamesonii)and a species of fern (Polypodium polypodioides)?

A)I only
B)II only
C)I and III
D)I and VII
E)I, III, and V

Question 58

Use the following information to answer the questions below.

The two cells pictured above have the following in common:

A)organelles used in photosynthesis.
B)are the smallest unit of a complex organism.
C)membranes surrounding their DNA.
D)membranes separating them from their surroundings.
E)cell walls.

Question 59

Use the following information to answer the questions below.

Figure B is a(n)

A)prokaryote.
B)eukaryote.
C)protist.
D)mitochondrion.
E)not enough detail to determine.

Question 60

Use the following information to answer the questions below.
Golden algae are a group of photosynthetic protists whose colour is due to carotenoid pigments: yellow and brown. A group of students was given a significant sample of golden algae (Dinobryon); this algae is colonial and has flagella. Their instructions for the project were to design two or more experiments that could be done with these organisms.

Since these organisms are protists, which of these characteristics could the students assume to be true?

A)The organisms are photosynthetic.
B)All of them are marine.
C)They are single-celled.
D)They have membrane-bound organelles.
E)Each has a single circular molecule of DNA.

Question 61

Which of the following is not an observation or inference on which Darwin's theory of natural selection is based?

A)Poorly adapted individuals never produce offspring.
B)There is heritable variation among individuals.
C)Because of overproduction of offspring, there is competition for limited resources.
D)Individuals whose inherited characteristics best fit them to the environment will generally produce more offspring.
E)A population can become adapted to its environment over time.

Question 62

Which of the following is a correct sequence of levels in life's hierarchy, proceeding downward from an individual animal?

A)brain, organ system, nerve cell, nervous tissue
B)organ system, nervous tissue, brain
C)organism, organ system, tissue, cell, organ
D)nervous system, brain, nervous tissue, nerve cell
E)organ system, tissue, molecule, cell

Question 63

All the organisms on your campus make up

A)an ecosystem.
B)a community.
C)a population.
D)an experimental group.
E)a taxonomic domain.

Question 64

Which of the following is an example of qualitative data?

A)The temperature decreased from 20°C to 15°C.
B)The plant's height is 25 centimetres (cm).
C)The fish swam in a zigzag motion.
D)The six pairs of robins hatched an average of three chicks.
E)The contents of the stomach are mixed every 20 seconds.

Question 65

Which of the following best describes the logic of scientific inquiry?

A)If I generate a testable hypothesis, tests and observations will support it.
B)If my prediction is correct, it will lead to a testable hypothesis.
C)If my observations are accurate, they will support my hypothesis.
D)If my hypothesis is correct, I can expect certain test results.
E)If my experiments are set up correctly, they will lead to a testable hypothesis.

Question 66

Protists and bacteria are grouped into different domains because

A)protists eat bacteria.
B)bacteria are not made of cells.
C)protists have a membrane-bounded nucleus, which bacterial cells lack.
D)bacteria decompose protists.
E)protists are photosynthetic.

Question 67

A controlled experiment is one that

A)proceeds slowly enough that a scientist can make careful records of the results.
B)tests experimental and control groups in parallel.
C)is repeated many times to make sure the results are accurate.
D)keeps all variables constant.
E)is supervised by an experienced scientist.

Question 68

Which of the following best demonstrates the unity among all organisms?

A)matching DNA nucleotide sequences
B)descent with modification
C)the structure and function of DNA
D)natural selection
E)emergent properties

Question 69

Systems biology is mainly an attempt to

A)analyze genomes from different species.
B)simplify complex problems by reducing the system into smaller, less complex units.
C)understand the behaviour of entire biological systems.
D)build high-throughput machines for the rapid acquisition of biological data.
E)speed up the technological application of scientific knowledge.

Question 70

Which of the following statements best distinguishes hypotheses from theories in science?

A)Theories are hypotheses that have been proved.
B)Hypotheses are guesses; theories are correct answers.
C)Hypotheses usually are relatively narrow in scope; theories have broad explanatory power.
D)Hypotheses and theories are essentially the same thing.
E)Theories are proved true; hypotheses are often falsified.