Deck 10: Personality

Question 1

Cookie Monster,one of the characters on the children's TV show Sesame Street,has an intense urge to consume cookies,even when doing so is irrational and maladaptive.Eating cookies gives Cookie Monster a great source of pleasure and satisfaction.Freud would say that his behavior reflects the fact that Cookie Monster is ruled by his _____.

A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) Oedipus Complex

Answer 1

id

Question 2

According to Freud,the _____ is your conscience,or internal judge of your behavior.

A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) collective unconscious

Answer 2

superego

Question 3

Which of the following defense mechanisms involves directing unacceptable impulses at a less threatening target?

A) Displacement
B) Sublimation
C) Repression
D) Fixation

Answer 3

Displacement

Question 4

Which of the following perspectives emphasizes that personality is primarily unconscious?

A) Social cognitive perspectives
B) Psychodynamic perspectives
C) Humanistic perspectives
D) Personological and life story perspectives

Question 5

Which of the following statements is false?

A) The id operates according to the pleasure principle.
B) The ego operates according to the reality principle.
C) The id and the ego are completely unconscious.
D) The superego is our conscience, or internal judge of our behavior.

Question 6

The most powerful and pervasive defense mechanism is _____.

A) displacement
B) sublimation
C) repression
D) fixation

Question 7

Which of the following represents the correct sequence of Freud's psychosexual stages of development?

A) Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
B) Anal, oral, phallic, latency, genital
C) Phallic, oral, anal, genital, latency
D) Genital, oral, phallic, anal, latency

Question 8

_____ is a defense mechanism that involves pushing threatening impulses out of conscious awareness.

A) Thanatos
B) Sublimation
C) Repression
D) Fixation

Question 9

According to Freud,the _____ operates according to the pleasure principle,whereas the _____ operates on the reality principle.

A) superego/ego
B) id/superego
C) id/ego
D) ego/id

Question 10

Michelle was reared in a home where high moral principles dominated.She has attended Sunday school and church since early childhood.In high school,her boyfriend asked her to miss school and go on a cruise with him,but something from inside her told her not to.She felt very proud of herself afterward for holding her ground.Which Freudian personality structure made Michelle feel proud of her response?

A) Superego
B) Preconscious
C) Id
D) Ego

Question 11

Which of the following is true of the three structures of personality described by Freud?

A) According to Freud, the id is completely conscious, whereas the ego is partly unconscious.
B) In Freud's view, the id has contact with reality.
C) The superego acts as a mediator between the conflicting demands of the id and the ego.
D) According to Freud, the ego abides by the reality principle.

Question 12

Freud considered _____ to be the primary motivating force of human behavior.

A) the conscious
B) the unconscious
C) rewards and punishments
D) self-actualization

Question 13

According to Freud,the ego _____.

A) is the first to form and therefore the most senior personality structure
B) operates on the "pleasure principle"
C) must balance the needs of the id, superego, and reality
D) has no contact with reality

Question 14

Six-month-old Ian loves to suck on anything he can get his hands on (e.g.,fingers,dolls,blocks,rattles).The fact that Ian receives pleasure and comfort by exploring the world with his mouth suggests that he is in the _____ stage of psychosexual development.

A) phallic
B) oral
C) anal
D) genital

Question 15

Which of the following is true of defense mechanisms?

A) Defense mechanisms are conscious in nature.
B) When used in moderation or on a temporary basis, defense mechanisms are necessarily unhealthy.
C) Defense mechanisms are tactics the ego uses to increase anxiety.
D) Repression is the foundation for all of the psychological defense mechanisms.

Question 16

Which structure of personality did Freud refer to as the "it"?

A) Id
B) Ego
C) Superego
D) Collective unconscious

Question 17

Darin had an automobile accident in which his brother and another passenger were killed.Though Darin wasn't seriously hurt in the accident,he can't remember any of the accident details.Darin is exhibiting which ego defense mechanism?

A) Displacement
B) Rationalization
C) Reaction formation
D) Repression

Question 18

Clarissa always needs to have something in her mouth.She is trying to give up smoking,but can't get throughout the day without sucking or chewing on her nails,pencils,or any other object she can get her hands on.Freud would suggest that Clarissa may be fixated in the _____ of psychosexual development.

A) anal
B) oral
C) phallic
D) latency

Question 19

In Freud's view,_____ is the boy's intense desire to replace his father and enjoy the affections of his mother.

A) castration anxiety
B) Electra complex
C) penis envy
D) Oedipus complex

Question 20

According to Freud,the _____ represents the moral system of our personality because it consists of our conscience and ego ideal.

A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) hypothalamus

Question 21

Ethan is short and thin.Although he's not very strong or athletic,he excels in academics and has a great sense of humor.According to Adler,Ethan's attempts to overcome physical weaknesses by developing strengths in other areas are an example of _____.

A) repression
B) displacement
C) sublimation
D) compensation

Question 22

Trait theories of personality _____.

A) state that situational factors override personal characteristics
B) focus on the role of the unconscious
C) take a more optimistic view of human nature than humanistic psychologists do
D) examine personal characteristics that are stable across situations

Question 23

According to Rogers,we are all born with a need for _____,or a need to be liked,loved,and accepted by those around us.

A) unconditional positive regard
B) conditions of worth
C) the collective unconscious
D) catharsis

Question 24

Which of the following statements was made by Freud's critics on his ideas about sexuality,early experience,social factors,and the unconscious mind?

A) The ego and conscious thought processes do not play a dominant role in our personality as Freud believed.
B) Personality is set by age 1.
C) The first five years of life are not as powerful in shaping adult personality as Freud thought.
D) Biological basis of personality is much more important than Freud thought.

Question 25

According to Freud,penis envy and the Oedipus complex is experienced during which of the following psychosexual stages of development?

A) Oral
B) Anal
C) Phallic
D) Latency

Question 26

Brittney is a counselor who believes that her clients have the innate ability to make good choices.She accepts each individual as they are and as a person in the process of change.It is important to her that her clients learn to evaluate themselves and not depend on the opinion of others.Brittney is practicing _____.

A) trait exploration
B) psychoanalytic counseling
C) social cognitive counseling
D) humanistic counseling

Question 27

According to Jung,the deepest,impersonal layer of the conscious mind that is shared by all humans is called the _____.

A) primal memory
B) id
C) collective unconscious
D) normative unconscious

Question 28

Adler's view that people are motivated by purposes and goals and that perfection,not pleasure,is thus the key motivator in human life is known as _____.

A) individual psychology
B) humanistic theory
C) trait theory
D) social cognitive theory

Question 29

Ivan is a child who experiences regular punishment from parents and is only rewarded for good behavior.According to Rogers,Ivan is likely to develop knowledge of _____.

A) conditions of worth
B) positive self-regard
C) unconditional positive regard
D) situational worth

Question 30

Jung used the term _____ to refer to the "feminine" side of our personality and the term _____ to refer to the "masculine" side of our personality.

A) animus/anima
B) anima/animus
C) mandala/persona
D) persona/mandala

Question 31

Freud believed that the prime motive in human existence is _____,Karen Horney believed that the prime motive in human existence is _____.

A) security/sex
B) sex/security
C) self-actualization/unconditional positive regard
D) sex/self-actualization

Question 32

Which of the following is true of Adler's individual psychology?

A) In Adler's view, pleasure is the key motivator in human life.
B) Alfred used the terms anima and animus to identify two common archetypes.
C) Adler believed that compensation is abnormal.
D) Adler argued that people have the ability to take their genetic inheritance.

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT a method proposed by Rogers to develop a more positive self-concept?

A) Unconditional positive regard
B) Empathy
C) Genuineness
D) Defense mechanisms

Question 34

Which of the following is true of Carl Rogers's approach to personality?

A) According to Rogers, conditions of worth cannot become part of who we think we ought to be.
B) Rogers believed that each person is born with natural capacities for growth and fulfillment.
C) Roger believed that personality psychology should focus on understanding healthy, well-adjusted individuals.
D) Rogers believed that the person must not reconnect with his or her true feelings and desires.

Question 35

At home Carrie was moody,self-centered,and bossy.At social events,Carrie was the life of the party.She was funny,happy,and demonstrated social graces that none of her family ever saw at home.What is Jung's explanation of Carrie's behavior?

A) Carrie adopted her persona at parties.
B) Carrie became her mandala at parties.
C) Carrie was her anima at home.
D) Carrie was her archetype at home.

Question 36

Freud's view that gender differences in personality development are due to anatomical differences between males and females was criticized by Karen Horney primarily for _____.

A) ignoring cultural and environmental influences on personality development
B) underestimating cognitive differences between males and females
C) dismissing the importance of parenting style on personality development
D) overestimating intelligence differences between males and females

Question 37

Gladys is a therapist who is constantly reminding her clients that people have a natural capacity for personal growth and positive qualities.Gladys likely endorses the _____ of personality.

A) psychodynamic perspective
B) humanistic perspective
C) learning perspective
D) trait perspective

Question 38

Alfred Adler would be most likely to endorse which of the following explanations for human behavior?

A) People are primarily motivated by their desires to seek pleasure and avoid pain.
B) People are primarily motivated by factors of which they are not consciously aware.
C) People are primarily motivated by their desire to overcome perceived shortcomings.
D) People are primarily motivated by sexual and aggressive instincts.

Question 39

According to Jung,the collective unconscious contains _____.

A) archetypes
B) the id
C) positive regard
D) self-actualization

Question 40

According to humanistic theory,a child who receives _____ from her parents is likely to avoid the problems associated with _____,which determine the circumstances under which people approve or disapprove of themselves.

A) unconditional positive regard/self-actualization needs
B) conditions of worth/positive self-regard needs
C) self-consistency/threats
D) unconditional positive regard/conditions of worth

Question 41

Which of the following statements accurately describes how factor analysis is used to identify personality traits?

A) Factor analysis allows researchers to create operational definitions of theoretically generated personality traits.
B) Factor analysis permits trait inferences by examining people's responses to ambiguous stimuli.
C) Factor analysis identifies clusters of highly correlated specific behaviors that are assumed to reflect a single factor.
D) Factor analysis guides researchers who use projective tests.

Question 42

"Personology" refers to _____.

A) an old, outdated term for personality psychology
B) the study of the whole person
C) the study of how individuals operate within groups
D) the study of healthy, well-adjusted individuals

Question 43

Which of the following exhibits openness to experience?

A) Sarah, who is very successful in the business she has started
B) Phoebe, who donates generously only to programs sponsored by her church
C) Jenny, who experiences more negative states than positive states
D) Maria, who dresses very stylishly and attends parties with her friends every weekend

Question 44

Ernie is an extrovert.Bert is an introvert.What can you predict about Ernie and Bert given your knowledge of personality research?

A) Bert will be happier than Ernie.
B) Ernie will be happier than Bert.
C) Ernie will be happier than Bert, but only in social situations. When Ernie is alone his happiness level will be similar to that of Bert.
D) Ernie has been denied unconditional positive regard.

Question 45

Allport used _____ to conduct research on personality.

A) an experiment
B) the lexical approach
C) projective tests
D) a thematic apperception test (TAT)

Question 46

Gordon Allport believed that healthy,well-adjusted individuals _____.

A) show a positive but objective sense of self and others, and have a sense of humor, common sense, and a unifying philosophy of life
B) use their innate strengths to fulfill their conscious and unconscious instincts for pleasure, and focus primarily on subjective reality to determine their own sense of truth
C) have achieved self-actualization, are truthful, work for the common good, and believe in social justice
D) do not use defense mechanisms, are logical, independent, and financially successful

Question 47

Which statement best describes the relationship between neuroticism and emotion?

A) Neuroticism is a personality trait and therefore not related to emotional experience.
B) Neuroticism is related to feeling more positive emotion.
C) Neuroticism is related to feeling more negative emotion.
D) Neuroticism is related to extreme emotions, both positive and negative.

Question 48

Who is considered the "father of American personality psychology"?

A) Carl Rogers
B) Alfred Adler
C) Gordon Allport
D) Albert Bandura

Question 49

Which of the following individuals illustrates the trait of extraversion?

A) Julius, who always dresses neatly but not very stylishly
B) Patrick, who displays superior cognitive functioning and IQ
C) Archie, who maintains a very good romantic relationship with his girlfriend
D) Ethan, who communicates with all the members of his choir group lightheartedly

Question 50

_____ is a person's assessment of his or her own level of positive affect relative to negative affect,and an evaluation of his or her life in general.

A) Unconditional positive regard
B) Self-efficacy
C) An archetype
D) Subjective well-being

Question 51

Maria is a generous and altruistic woman who has a strong religious faith.According to the big five model of personality,Maria would likely score high on which of the following traits?

A) Openness
B) Extraversion
C) Agreeableness
D) Neuroticism

Question 52

Which of the following traits is related to generosity and altruism to reports of religious faith and to more satisfying romantic relationships?

A) Openness to experience
B) Extraversion
C) Conscientiousness
D) Agreeableness

Question 53

You are a personality researcher and want to continue after the tradition of Henry Murray.This means you will be more interested in _____.

A) the whole person rather than specific traits
B) sexual fantasies rather than overt behaviors
C) overt behaviors rather than personal diaries
D) personality traits rather than self report questionnaires

Question 54

Results of cross-cultural and animal studies on the big five model of personality _____.

A) fail to support the fundamental predictions of the big five model
B) are mixed in that cross-cultural studies support the big five model but animal studies do not
C) are mixed in that animal studies support the big five mode, but cross-cultural studies do not
D) support the fundamental predictions of the big five model

Question 55

Your best friend Kelly is liberal and tolerant.Which trait is she likely high on?

A) Emotional stability
B) Agreeableness
C) Conscientiousness
D) Openness

Question 56

Which of the following is NOT one of the Big Five personality factors?

A) Neuroticism
B) Agreeableness
C) Dominance
D) Extraversion

Question 57

Alex is shy and keeps to himself most of the time.Alex would score low on what trait?

A) Openness
B) Extraversion
C) Agreeableness
D) Neuroticism

Question 58

Your Grandma initiates regular get-togethers at her neighborhood community hall.She also believes it's important to experience gratitude and be thankful for the wonderful life she has lived.According to the big five model of personality,Grandma would likely score high on which of the following traits?

A) Openness
B) Extraversion
C) Conscientiousness
D) Neuroticism

Question 59

_____ are enduring characteristics of our personality._____ are briefer or more temporary experiences.

A) States/Traits
B) Traits/States
C) Conditions of worth/Archetypes
D) Archetypes/Conditions of worth

Question 60

Which of the following individuals illustrates the trait of conscientiousness?

A) Edmund, who suffers in silence
B) Anne, who forgives her son for his poor academic performance
C) Peter, who has a high IQ level and pursues entrepreneurial goals
D) Alvin, who loves talking to many people constantly

Question 61

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)was created by _____.

A) Sigmund Freud
B) Karen Horney
C) Alfred Adler
D) Henry Murray

Question 62

According to Bandura's concept of _____ determinism,the person,the person's behavior,and the environment all influence one another.

A) reciprocal
B) causal
C) humanistic
D) psychodynamic

Question 63

According to _____,our thoughts and emotions about ourselves and the world affect our behavior and become linked in ways that matter to behavior.

A) the big five model of personality
B) the biological approach to personality
C) the psychodynamic approach to personality
D) the cognitive affective processing systems (CAPS) theory of personality

Question 64

Modern criminal profiling is based on the personological approach of _____.

A) Sigmund Freud
B) Carl Rogers
C) Henry Murray
D) Albert Bandura

Question 65

Walter Mischel's view of situationism states that _____.

A) situations are more important than traits
B) personality varies considerably from one context to another
C) an individual's personality is more important in one situation than another
D) reinforcers in the environment help shape personality traits

Question 66

According to Dan McAdams,our _____ are our identities.

A) unconscious urges
B) genetic predispositions
C) life stories
D) conditions of worth

Question 67

Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with neuroticism?

A) Dopamine
B) Serotonin
C) Acetylcholine
D) GABA

Question 68

_____ nearly derailed the scientific study of personality by challenging the assumption that personality traits are _____.

A) Mischel/consistent
B) Freud/consciously expressed
C) Horney/masculine
D) Bandura/learned

Question 69

Self-report personality measures _____.

A) rely on a professional's diagnosis or opinion
B) ask the test taker to interpret ambiguous stimuli
C) are based on behavioral observation
D) directly ask the test-taker to respond to statements about himself or herself.

Question 70

Which of the following psychologists is famous for developing a psychological profile of Adolf Hitler?

A) Carl Jung
B) Henry Murray
C) Karen Horney
D) Carl Rogers

Question 71

Shawn graduated from college with honors and approaches most aspects of life with the expectation that he will be successful.He expects a great deal of himself and sets his goals high.After his interview for a job in the most prestigious company in his state,he was convinced that he would get the job.You could say that he _____.

A) has a strong external locus of control
B) displays low self-efficacy
C) has a strong tendency to be conceited
D) displays high self-efficacy

Question 72

Eysenck suggested that the _____ of extraverts and introverts differs with respect to the baseline level of arousal.

A) somatosensory cortex
B) thalamus
C) reticular activation system
D) occipital lobe

Question 73

The cognitive affective processing systems (CAPS)approach to understanding personality was developed by which of the following psychologists?

A) Sigmund Freud
B) Henry Murray
C) Walter Mischel
D) Albert Bandura

Question 74

According to Gray's reinforcement sensitivity theory,_____ the basis of personality.

A) the behavioral approach system (BAS) and the behavioral inhibition system (BIS) are
B) the cognitive affective processing systems (CAPS) are
C) the id, ego, and superego are
D) the reticular activation system (RAS) is

Question 75

The _____ approach to personality places emphasis on conscious awareness,beliefs,expectations,and goals.

A) psychodynamic
B) humanistic
C) trait
D) social cognitive

Question 76

According to Eysenck's theory,introversion and extraversion are characteristic patterns of behavior that _____.

A) are shaped through behaviorism
B) aim to regulate arousal around baseline
C) should be measured using projective tests
D) determine a person's sense of unconditional positive regard

Question 77

According to Gray's reinforcement sensitivity theory,the behavioral inhibition system is _____.

A) sensitive to rewards in the environment
B) predisposes one to feelings of positive emotion
C) underlies the trait of extraversion
D) sensitive to punishments

Question 78

Social desirability is _____.

A) a major problem with self-report assessments
B) being considered as an addition in the big five personality inventory
C) correlated with self efficacy
D) a major motivational component of the psychodynamic approach

Question 79

Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with extraversion?

A) Dopamine
B) Serotonin
C) Acetylcholine
D) GABA

Question 80

Results of behavioral genetics twin studies suggest that heritability estimates for the big five personality factors are about _____.

A) 20 percent
B) 35 percent
C) 50 percent
D) 70 percent