Deck 23: Pregnancy, Growth, and Development

Question 1

Fertilization usually occurs in the

A) ovary.
B) uterine tube.
C) uterus.
D) vagina.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The hormone oxytocin aids the birth process by stimulating

A) fetal muscular movements.
B) uterine wall contractions.
C) an increase in progesterone secretion.
D) an increase in estrogen secretion.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The postnatal period extends from

A) the fertilized egg until the end of life.
B) fertilization to birth.
C) birth to death.
D) the beginning of the fetal period until the beginning of childhood.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The placental membrane is composed of

A) the embryonic disc.
B) a single layer of epithelial cells.
C) a double layer of epithelial cells.
D) the amnion and chorion.

Question 5

Which of the following layers is considered loosely organized connective tissue?

A) Mesoderm
B) Endoderm
C) Ectoderm
D) Epidermis

Question 6

Compared to adult hemoglobin, fetal hemoglobin

A) binds iron more strongly.
B) has more hemoglobin subunits.
C) binds oxygen more readily.
D) has more heme units.

Question 7

The cells of a blastocyst that help form the chorion constitute the

A) blastomere.
B) inner cell mass.
C) trophoblast.
D) zona pellucida.

Question 8

In fetal circulation the descending aorta carries the less oxygenated blood from the _________.

A) foramen ovale.
B) ductus arteriosus.
C) ligamentum arteriosum.
D) ductus venosus.

Question 9

Labor is regulated by

A) negative feedback control.
B) positive feedback control.
C) prolactin.
D) estrogen.

Question 10

At the blastocyst stage, the cells are considered

A) totipotent.
B) extraembryonic.
C) pluripotent.
D) endodermal.

Question 11

The nuclei from the approaching sperm and egg are called

A) prenuceli
B) mononuclei
C) pronuclei
D) gametocytes.

Question 12

Muscle contractions of the uterine walls and ________ in the semen aid sperm cell movement through the uterus and uterine tubes.

A) estrogen
B) progestins
C) prostaglandins
D) epinephrine

Question 13

Human prenatal development takes ___ weeks.

A) 28
B) 32
C) 38
D) 44

Question 14

An enzyme that sperm secretes that is important for egg penetration is

A) hyaluronidase
B) collagenase
C) peptidase
D) acetylcholinesterase

Question 15

The foramen ovale is an opening that allows fetal blood to pass from the

A) right atrium to the left atrium.
B) left atrium to right atrium.
C) right ventricle to the left ventricle.
D) left ventricle to the right ventricle.

Question 16

Embryonic stem cells are derived from the

A) outer cell mass of the morula.
B) inner cell mass of the blastocyst.
C) middle layer of the zygote.
D) trophoblast.

Question 17

The ductus venosus is a fetal vessel that transports blood from the umbilical vein to the

A) umbilical artery.
B) aorta.
C) inferior vena cava.
D) superior vena cava.

Question 18

The fetus is protected from certain infections, to which the mother is immune, by

A) antibodies from the mother's immune system.
B) antibodies from its own immune system.
C) its own innate defenses.
D) the extraembryonic membranes.

Question 19

The hormones that maintain the uterine wall during the last 5 to 6 months of pregnancy are

A) FSH and LH.
B) human chorionic gonadotropin and synthetic estrogen.
C) placental lactogen and relaxin.
D) placental estrogen and progesterone.

Question 20

The hormone measured in a pregnancy test is

A) estrogen.
B) progesterone.
C) hCG.
D) ADH.

Question 21

Dizygotic twins result from

A) one egg cell and one sperm cell.
B) one egg cell and two sperm cells.
C) two egg cells and one sperm cell.
D) two egg cells and two sperm cells.

Question 22

A major difference between fetal blood flow and adult blood flow is that in the fetus the

A) inferior vena cava contains blood high in oxygen.
B) pulmonary artery delivers blood to the lungs.
C) femoral vein contains blood low in oxygen.
D) internal iliac arteries are known as umbilical arteries.

Question 23

The external genitalia of the fetus can be distinguished as male or female by about ___ weeks after fertilization.

A) 3
B) 6
C) 12
D) 24

Question 24

The placenta allows

A) oxygen and nutrients to diffuse from maternal blood to the embryo.
B) carbon dioxide and other wastes to diffuse from the maternal blood to the embryonic blood.
C) maternal blood to mix with fetal blood.
D) the fetus to enlarge without rupturing the mother's abdomen.

Question 25

A blastomere is a _____ and a blastocyst is _____.

A) hollow ball of cells; a cell resulting from cleavage
B) fetal organ produced by cleavage; an embryonic organ produced by cleavage
C) fetal membrane; an embryonic membrane
D) cell produced by cleavage; a hollow ball of cells

Question 26

Monica takes the drug Accutane throughout her pregnancy, and her child has birth defects, due to the exposure. Accutane is a(n)

A) estrogen.
B) mutagen.
C) teratogen.
D) carcinogen.

Question 27

The major body part(s) derived from ectoderm is/are

A) nervous system and skin.
B) muscle tissue.
C) bone tissue.
D) liver and pancreas.

Question 28

The implantation of the blastocyst results from

A) enzymes digesting the endometrium around the blastocyst.
B) hyaluronic acid breaking down the myometrium around the blastocyst.
C) hCG stimulating the growth of trophoblast blood vessels.
D) the cessation of the reproductive cycle.

Question 29

Teratogens are substances that

A) stimulate embryonic growth.
B) cause congenital malformations.
C) protect against infections.
D) cause genetic disease.

Question 30

The major body parts derived from endoderm are the epithelial lining of

A) the digestive tract.
B) the respiratory tract.
C) the urinary bladder.
D) all of the above.

Question 31

Which of the following is a function of hCG?

A) It breaks down the corpus luteum.
B) It helps protect the blastocyst against being rejected.
C) It prevents the developing placenta from secreting hormones.
D) It stimulates the release of enzymes that enable the blastocyst to implant into the endometrium.

Question 32

During the embryonic stage, the primary germ layers develop from the

A) placenta.
B) blastocyst.
C) embryonic disc.
D) morula.

Question 33

The placenta is composed of tissues from the

A) mother only.
B) embryo only.
C) mother and embryo.
D) chorion only.

Question 34

The ductus arteriosus allows fetal blood to move from the

A) right atrium into the left atrium.
B) left atrium into the right atrium.
C) aorta into the pulmonary trunk.
D) pulmonary trunk into the aorta.

Question 35

Which of the following is (are) true in regard to the fetal stage of development?

A) It begins 8 weeks after fertilization.
B) The organ systems are mostly formed, although immature.
C) The head is disproportionately large compared to the rest of the body at the beginning of the stage.
D) All of the above

Question 36

The fetal blood that passes through the ductus venosus is relatively

A) low in oxygen and nutrients.
B) high in oxygen and nutrients.
C) low in oxygen but high in nutrients.
D) high oxygen but low in nutrients.

Question 37

As a result of the foramen ovale, blood is allowed to bypass the

A) aorta.
B) liver.
C) lungs.
D) kidneys.

Question 38

Which of the following adult structures is not derived from the same primary germ layer as the others?

A) Nerves
B) Blood vessels
C) Muscles
D) Bones

Question 39

The major body parts derived from mesoderm are the

A) nervous system and sense organs.
B) muscle tissue, bone tissue, and bone marrow.
C) epidermis, hair, nails, and glands of skin.
D) respiratory tract, urinary bladder, and urethra.

Question 40

The inner cell mass

A) helps form the placental membrane.
B) helps form the amnion.
C) helps form the chorion.
D) gives rise to the embryo.

Question 41

The chorion _____ and the amnion _____.

A) is the outer protective membrane around the embryo; is the site where an embryo is implanted into the uterus
B) projects into the endometrium and helps form the placenta; is a membrane that encircles a developing embryo
C) is the site from which primary germ layers develop; is the site from which secondary germ layers develop
D) is the part of the blastocyst that is not the inner cell mass; is the inner cell mass

Question 42

Postmortem sperm retrieval is useful if

A) a woman has inadvertently taken a teratogenic drug when pregnant.
B) a man is infertile.
C) a man dies after making it known he would want his sperm to be used to conceive a child.
D) a man has an incurable disease.

Question 43

The three leading causes of death in the United States are

A) infection, kidney disease, and influenza.
B) heart disease, cancer, and stroke.
C) diabetes, heart disease, and cancer.
D) COPD, diabetes, and Alzheimer disease.

Question 44

As a rule, during adulthood

A) skeletal muscles tend to lose strength.
B) the circulatory system becomes less efficient.
C) the skin becomes less elastic.
D) all of the above.

Question 45

The period of preactive dying takes

A) up to six months.
B) up to three months.
C) about a month.
D) two weeks for cancer, two months for heart disease.

Question 46

Repair enzymes correct

A) the degeneration of collagen and elastin.
B) mutations that occur when DNA replicates.
C) free radical build-up.
D) lipofuscin build-up.

Question 47

Following birth, the infant's metabolic rate

A) increases and its oxygen consumption increases.
B) increases and its oxygen consumption decreases.
C) decreases and its oxygen consumption increases.
D) decreases and its oxygen consumption decreases.

Question 48

Jeremy cannot ejaculate because of an injury he sustained in a car accident. An assisted reproductive technology that might help him to become a biological father is

A) intrauterine insemination using donor sperm.
B) gamete interfallopian transfer.
C) intracytoplasmic sperm injection using his sperm into his partner's secondary oocyte.
D) a surrogate mother.

Question 49

After birth, the foramen ovale is closed as a result of

A) increasing pressure in the right atrium.
B) increasing pressure in the left atrium.
C) increased resistance in the pulmonary circuit.
D) decreased blood volume in the pulmonary veins.

Question 50

Amniotic fluid

A) stores nutrients for the fetus.
B) absorbs wastes the fetus excretes.
C) protects the embryo against being jarred by movements.
D) provides nutrients to the fetus from the maternal part of the placenta.

Question 51

The yolk sac

A) forms blood cells in early development.
B) provides nutrients to the fetus when the umbilical cord is disconnected.
C) stores metabolic wastes until the fetus is born.
D) gives rise to the primary germ layers.

Question 52

Apoptosis occurs

A) only in the aged.
B) only in adults.
C) from the embryo onward.
D) only when someone has a disease.

Question 53

The term "newborn" refers to the period from birth through _____, whereas the term "infant" refers to the period from _____.

A) 3 months; 3 months to 6 months
B) the first four weeks; the first month to 1 year
C) one week; the second week through the second year
D) the first year; the first year to the second year

Question 54

Which of the following factors stimulates a newborn's first breath?

A) Increasing concentration of carbon dioxide
B) Decreasing pH
C) Low oxygen concentration
D) All of the above

Question 55

Which of the following is not a characteristic of childhood?

A) Secondary teeth replacing primary teeth
B) Becoming reproductively functional
C) Establishing bowel control
D) Developing a high degree of voluntary muscular control

Question 56

Changes that occur as death approaches include

A) limbs become cool and numb.
B) accumulation of secretions in the respiratory tract.
C) blood pressure falls.
D) all of the above.

Question 57

Human life span is ___ years.

A) 80
B) 90
C) 100
D) 120

Question 58

Which of the following provides the main source of energy for a newborn during its first few days?

A) Glucose
B) Glycogen
C) Fat
D) Protein

Question 59

Fetal hemoglobin becomes largely replaced with adult hemoglobin

A) after the first trimester.
B) at birth.
C) from 4 months after birth.
D) when a child starts school.

Question 60

Passive aging is

A) a result of a person being much less active in later years.
B) decay of tissues.
C) a breakdown of structures and slowing of functions.
D) a buildup of structures and speeding of functions.

Question 61

The neonatal period of development extends from birth to the end of the first year.

Question 62

Compared to cow milk, human milk has

A) 1/3 the protein.
B) 1/2 the protein.
C) 2 times the protein.
D) 3 times the protein

Question 63

The fetal stage of development begins at the end of the eighth week.

Question 64

Proteolytic enzymes from the trophoblast aid implantation of an embryo.

Question 65

Some factors that help to stimulate the newborn's first breath are increasing CO₂, decreasing pH, decreasing O₂, decreasing body temperature, and mechanical stimulation.

Question 66

Single genes that are important in determining how long a person lives affect

A) glucose and lipid metabolism.
B) cell cycle control.
C) immune system functioning and response to stress.
D) all of the above.

Question 67

After birth, the ductus arteriosus constricts and becomes the ligamentum arteriosum.

Question 68

Progesterone in semen stimulates the movement of sperm cells.

Question 69

Conjoined twins result from incomplete twinning, which occurs during the first month of gestation.

Question 70

Development is a continuous process and includes growth.

Question 71

In a fetus, the umbilical arteries arise from the renal arteries.

Question 72

The ductus arteriosus allows fetal blood to bypass the lungs.

Question 73

The primary function of surfactant is to increase surface tension in the newborn's lungs.

Question 74

Thalidomide is

A) a drug that causes fetal alcohol syndrome.
B) a drug that causes fetal limb defects, but is used to treat leprosy.
C) a drug that causes mental retardation in fetuses, but is used to treat acne.
D) a type of bacterial infection.

Question 75

The adolescent period begins at the end of the first year and completes at puberty.

Question 76

Factors that can cause congenital malformations by affecting an embryo during its periods of rapid growth and development are called teratogens.

Question 77

The umbilical cord contains two umbilical veins.

Question 78

Aging-related changes include shrinking of the prostate in men and enlargement of the breasts in women.

Question 79

Centenarians are

A) people who live past 90.
B) people in the military.
C) people who live past 100 years.
D) people who die just before their 100^th birthdays.

Question 80

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis works because

A) the donor and recipient are siblings and therefore they share most of their genetic material.
B) each cell in a human at any stage can give rise to a separate individual.
C) the missing genes are injected into cell nuclei of the recipient.
D) a cell can be removed from an 8-celled human embryo and the remaining 7 cells can continue developing.