Deck 13: Psychological Disorders

Question 1

Emil Kraepelin is well-known in the field of psychology because he noticed that not all people with psychopathology were experiencing the same disorder.Further,he could identify different types of psychopathology by grouping clients' symptoms.Because of this classification system,Kraepelin's work is the basis for the

A) study of etiology of mental disorders.
B) biopsychosocial approach.
C) Diagnostic and Statistic Manual of Mental Disorders.
D) diathesis-stress model.

Answer 1

Diagnostic and Statistic Manual of Mental Disorders.

Question 2

When visiting a friend,Carlson notices that she is acting different than usual and she does not seem to realize that her behavior is odd.This makes Carlson feel concerned.Carlson's friend may be experiencing

A) psychopathology.
B) diathesis-stress.
C) etiology.
D) prognosis.

Answer 2

psychopathology.

Question 3

According to the diathesis-stress model,which person is most likely to become depressed?

A) Jane, who experienced neglect as a child and has low levels of stress at work
B) Jaleesa, who had a pleasant childhood but now has high levels of stress at work
C) Janice, who has a family history of mental illness and was recently laid off from her job
D) Jennifer, who has no family history of mental illness and was recently laid off from her job

Answer 3

Janice, who has a family history of mental illness and was recently laid off from her job

Question 4

According to the biopsychosocial model,which of the following is a psychological factor that could influence the development of a mental disorder?

A) imbalances in neurotransmitters
B) abnormal thoughts
C) living in poverty
D) extreme stress

Question 5

Arianna refuses to eat,has stopped bathing,quit going to work and paying bills,and no longer talks to people.Should Arianna be diagnosed with a mental disorder?

A) No, her behavior may be odd, but it is adaptive for her.
B) No, but her behavior differs from the norms of her culture.
C) Yes, her behavior is clearly causing her personal distress.
D) Yes, her behavior is maladaptive.

Question 6

Dr.Janus is seeing a depressed client who recently experienced a relationship breakup.He knows that,as a child,the client suffered abuse.Dr.Janus believes this abuse predisposed her to overreact to life's difficult circumstances,such as her recent breakup,resulting in a depressed state.Dr.Janus's perspective on his client's problems seems to be consistent with the

A) biopsychosocial approach.
B) criteria in DSM-5.
C) diathesis-stress model.
D) dimensional approach.

Question 7

After meeting with Ramie for several sessions,Dr.Morris discusses her prognosis.Dr.Morris is most likely talking about

A) how Ramie's mental disorder is defined.
B) the likely cause of Ramie's disorder.
C) whether he has correctly diagnosed Ramie's disorder.
D) the future course and probable outcome of Ramie's disorder.

Question 8

Dr.Leung gives all of her clients a short questionnaire that asks questions about sleeping and eating habits,daily activities,and emotional states.Based on this information,Dr.Leung is able to assess whether depressive symptoms are present in each client.Dr.Leung is making use of __________ to assess psychopathology.

A) self-reports
B) DSM-5
C) psychological testing
D) observations

Question 9

Dianne is convinced she has developed an anxiety disorder because she has an underlying biological condition that was brought out by living in a stressful environment.Dianne's belief about how she developed psychopathology is most consistent with

A) a biopsychosocial approach.
B) a dimensional approach
C) comorbidity
D) the diathesis-stress model.

Question 10

Many psychologists have noticed that certain mental disorders are more common among people living in lower socioeconomic groups.The approach to psychopathology that best accounts for this observation is the

A) diathesis-stress model.
B) criteria in DSM-5.
C) dimensional approach.
D) biopsychosocial approach.

Question 11

Mellie has not been out of the house in 3 weeks because she is afraid that people are following her and planning on hurting her.Mellie's neighbors are worried about her.Which of the following statements does NOT characterize Mellie's experience?

A) Her behavior may be adaptive.
B) Her behavior is upsetting to others.
C) Her behavior deviates from social norms.
D) Her behavior is personally distressing.

Question 12

Peter is a clinical psychologist.When determining whether a client's behavior shows psychopathology,he should use all of the following criteria except whether the

A) behavior is maladaptive.
B) person recognizes she has a disorder.
C) behavior deviates from cultural norms.
D) person is experiencing distress.

Question 13

Dr.Clarkson is treating a client with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).He learns that the client's parents divorced and she has never felt loved because her father left the family.By looking for the issues that led to the development of her OCD,Dr.Clarkson is

A) making a diagnosis.
B) attempting to assess function.
C) attempting to determine etiology.
D) making a prognosis.

Question 14

Zarina is talking to spirits that no one else can see.She sometimes "channels" the spirits so they can talk with living people.Based on this information,Zarina

A) should be diagnosed with schizophrenia.
B) definitely has a mental health disorder.
C) may be acting normally, depending on her cultural background and beliefs.
D) is showing behavior that is personally distressing and maladaptive.

Question 15

When Marcus rides the elevator at work,he always stands facing the back of the elevator car.Although this goes against standard social practice and makes his coworkers uncomfortable,it is more likely to be psychopathology if it is

A) impairing good daily functioning.
B) odd, but not maladaptive.
C) caused by a stressor.
D) acceptable in different cultures.

Question 16

According to the diathesis-stress model,mental disorders are caused by both __________ and stress.

A) a predisposition to mental illness
B) unconscious conflicts
C) sociocultural factors
D) abnormal thought processes

Question 17

Women experience depression more often than men.This fact is evidence for the idea that __________ factors influence psychopathology.

A) cognitive
B) dimensional
C) comorbidity
D) biological

Question 18

When studying psychological disorders,Ernesto learns that the diathesis-stress model suggests

A) certain biological or environmental factors make us vulnerable to mental illness, but do not directly cause it.
B) that when stress is sufficiently intense anyone can develop a mental disorder.
C) mental disorders are common in families experiencing a high level of stress.
D) an individual's ability to cope with stress is the best predictor of mental disorders.

Question 19

Willie rides the bus to school with many neighbors.Which person is most likely to be diagnosed with psychopathology based on the criteria that his or her behavior impairs good daily function?

A) Jemima, who carves swear words into the bus seats with her pocket knife
B) Marvin, who gets sad if he cannot sit behind the bus driver
C) Elizabeth, who must walk up and down the bus steps 10 times before getting on
D) Bruce, who prefers to look out the window instead of talking to his seatmate

Question 20

Germaine has a nervous personality.This semester,he is enrolled in 18 credit hours and is studying hard for the upcoming medical school exam.For the first time in his life,Germaine begins to experience panic attacks when taking exams.In this situation,the diathesis is __________,and the stressor is__________.

A) the medical school exam; his personality
B) his personality; the medical school exam
C) the first panic attack; his course load
D) his course load; the first panic attack

Question 21

Obsessive-compulsive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder are both characterized by

A) compulsive behaviors.
B) overarousal of the parasympathetic nervous system.
C) damage to the prefrontal cortex.
D) fear in the absence of real danger.

Question 22

Dr.Vissage accurately describes the relationship between panic attacks and agoraphobia in which of the following statements?

A) Having panic attacks has little to do with the development of agoraphobia.
B) Agoraphobia rarely occurs without panic attacks.
C) Panic attacks and agoraphobia have different biological causes.
D) Both panic attacks and agoraphobia result from having specific phobias in childhood.

Question 23

When Valerie leaves her house,she experiences unwelcome thoughts that make her nervous,so she engages in repetitive behaviors that make her feel calmer so she can get into her car.Based on this,Valerie is most likely to be diagnosed with

A) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
B) generalized anxiety disorder.
C) social phobia.
D) panic attacks.

Question 24

Because Simone works with clients who have anxiety disorders,she knows that the key characteristic of this group of mental disorder is

A) changing moods that are not related to events in the environment.
B) disorganized thoughts and high physical activation.
C) feelings of increasing nervousness in the absence of threat.
D) ongoing problems with interpersonal relationships.

Question 25

Jonah and Elias are participants in a research study.One task involves reading an ambiguous story,which participants can interpret in different ways.Jonah interprets the story as threatening.Elias,however,interprets the story as comical.What conclusions can you draw about Jonah and Elias?

A) Jonah is more likely than Elias to experience excessive anxiety.
B) Elias tends to disregard others' feelings, whereas Jonah is highly sensitive to others' feelings.
C) Jonah and Elias are likely to have different disorders of emotion.
D) Elias probably experiences mood dysfunction, but Jonah does not.

Question 26

Nicole frequently has panic attacks.She knows that she is having an attack when she experiences all of the following EXCEPT

A) sweating.
B) feelings of going crazy or dying.
C) fast heart rate.
D) chest pain lasting for hours.

Question 27

Which of the following two disorders are most similar in that they always involve worry over a certain trigger?

A) phobias and generalized anxiety disorder
B) generalized anxiety disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder
C) panic attacks and social anxiety disorder
D) social anxiety disorder and specific phobias

Question 28

Lisa has a normal response to stress when she is worried about losing her job.Lisa's reaction may become an anxiety disorder if it

A) is paired with underarousal of her autonomic nervous system.
B) lasts for more than a few weeks.
C) is excessive in the absence of a true threat.
D) goes undiagnosed.

Question 29

Research has found that a consequence of suffering from persistent panic attacks is a(n)

A) increased risk of suicide.
B) decrease in having other anxiety disorders.
C) decrease in amygdala functioning.
D) increased risk of developing a disorder of thought.

Question 30

Jared had to quit his job because while he was at work,he constantly worried about a wide variety of things,including what his wife and children were doing at home.In addition,he is easily distracted,often irritable,and sleep deprived.Jared is most likely to be diagnosed with

A) posttraumatic stress disorder.
B) agoraphobia.
C) generalized anxiety disorder.
D) panic attacks.

Question 31

Fernando cannot stop worrying that a thief is going to break into his apartment,so he keeps checking the doors to make sure they are locked.Fernando's worrisome thoughts about a break-in are a(n)__________.The fact that Fernando checks the locks over and over is a(n)__________.

A) compulsion; obsession
B) obsession; compulsion
C) phobia; ritual
D) ritual; phobia

Question 32

Lillian is experiencing an anxiety disorder in which she is afraid of not being able to escape what she perceives to be a threatening situation.Based on this,Lillian is most likely to be diagnosed with

A) a specific phobia.
B) agoraphobia.
C) generalized anxiety disorder.
D) social phobia.

Question 33

Research has found that the cause of obsessive-compulsive disorder may be linked to all of the following EXCEPT

A) genetics.
B) classical conditioning.
C) operant conditioning.
D) observational learning.

Question 34

Dr.Arrigan treats many clients with schizophrenia.Some of them function very well and are able to hold jobs and maintain social relationships.Others are mostly confined to their houses and rely on the care of others.Which approach to diagnosing mental disorders allows Dr.Arrigan to classify all of these clients as having schizophrenia based on the different degree of severity of their symptoms?

A) the diathesis-stress model
B) the biopsychosocial approach
C) the dimensional approach
D) the psychological testing approach

Question 35

Jonah experiences nearly constant anxiety that is not associated with a specific thing.Jonah is most likely to be diagnosed with

A) panic disorder.
B) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
C) agoraphobia.
D) generalized anxiety disorder.

Question 36

A woman is sitting on a bench.She is sweating profusely,is short of breath,has numbness in her feet and hands,and feels as though she is dying.The woman is most likely suffering from

A) generalized anxiety disorder.
B) a panic attack.
C) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
D) a specific phobia.

Question 37

Stephanie has social phobia.The more social fears she has,the more likely she is to

A) respond poorly to treatment.
B) develop depression.
C) develop a specific phobia.
D) avoid drugs and alcohol.

Question 38

Gloria sometimes finds herself experiencing episodes of overpowering terror and worry that come on quickly and make her short of breath.Based on this,Gloria might be diagnosed with

A) generalized anxiety disorder.
B) agoraphobia.
C) panic disorder.
D) posttraumatic stress disorder.

Question 39

The psychological disorder that is probably least disruptive to daily life is __________ because __________.

A) panic disorder; one's daily life is only minimally affected
B) generalized anxiety disorder; the fearful feelings are usually mild and last only a short time
C) specific phobia; the feared object or situation can often be avoided
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder; this disorder involves thoughts that are often easy to ignore

Question 40

Malcolm refuses to shake hands with strangers (or anyone else for that matter)because he is fearful that they will infect him with germs.Malcolm is displaying signs of

A) panic attacks.
B) social phobia.
C) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
D) agoraphobia.

Question 41

Which psychological disorder literally means "splitting of the mind" and is characterized by a split between thoughts and emotions?

A) dipolar disorder
B) obsessive-compulsive disorder
C) depressive disorder
D) schizophrenia

Question 42

Dr.Clark is treating clients with schizophrenia who have disorganized speech.She notices that their speech

A) is similar to that of people with depressive disorders.
B) is always very simple, like that of a child.
C) shifts rapidly between topics with no obvious logic.
D) is delayed in its development by several years.

Question 43

Lithium has been demonstrated to be effective in the treatment of __________.However,clients frequently refuse to take this drug because it __________.

A) bipolar disorders; reduces their positive feelings
B) depressive disorders; increases their appetite for food
C) bipolar disorders; decreases their sexual motivation
D) depressive disorders; decreases the length of depressive episodes but makes them more severe

Question 44

Carrie recently quit her job,packed up her car,and drove to Las Vegas where she gambled away her entire life savings in 24 hours.Based on this,Carrie may be experiencing

A) a manic episode.
B) depression.
C) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
D) a panic attack.

Question 45

Women in developing countries,such as India,Brazil,and Chile,experience more __________ than women in developed countries.

A) mania
B) obsessive-compulsive disorder
C) specific phobias
D) depression

Question 46

A woman says the following illogical sentences: "The eagle takes flight at three o'clock and flies here from General Electric.I get my check from the eagle; he goes from the mailbox to make a payment.He's a secret spy for my husband and makes a shotgun sound." Based on what she says,this woman is most likely experiencing __________ and is displaying a __________ symptom.

A) schizophrenia; negative
B) bipolar I; negative
C) schizophrenia; positive
D) bipolar I; positive

Question 47

Dwight is very apathetic toward others.He does not show much outward emotion,his speech is slow,and he speaks in a monotone.If Dwight has been diagnosed with schizophrenia,then what he is displaying are __________ symptoms.

A) positive
B) disorganized
C) negative
D) delusional

Question 48

Phoenix hears voices in his head that tell him to punch holes in the walls of his room.Because Phoenix is perceiving the voices without actually hearing an auditory stimulus,he is experiencing

A) a delusion.
B) a hallucination.
C) apathy.
D) loosening of associations.

Question 49

According to Aaron Beck,a person who is experiencing depression is most likely to have which of the following thoughts after failing an exam?

A) "I did not have enough time to study, I will do better next time."
B) "Oh well, it was a hard test. Most of the class probably did poorly, too."
C) "This professor is out to get me."
D) "I am so stupid. There is no way that I can pass this course."

Question 50

Nash believes he is a part of a secret spy organization that sends coded messages to its informants through television commercials.Based on this,Nash is most likely experiencing

A) hallucinations.
B) delusions.
C) negative symptoms.
D) disorganized behavior.

Question 51

Caroline acts strangely and it interferes with her life.She uses an old grocery cart to collect trash from the street.She wears multiple layers of clothing even when it is hot outside.She frequently talks to herself in public.Caroline is most likely

A) experiencing severe bipolar disorder.
B) going to be diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder.
C) showing both obsessions and compulsions.
D) displaying the disorganized behavior that is associated with schizophrenia.

Question 52

According to the learned helplessness model of depression,some depressed people

A) think they have no control over the outcomes of events they experience.
B) attribute outcomes to situational factors that are specific and temporary.
C) explain negative events as a result of their own negative personality traits.
D) make errors in logic when explaining outcomes they have experienced.

Question 53

Depressed individuals tend to attribute negative outcomes to __________ and positive outcomes to __________.

A) others; themselves
B) personal shortcomings; luck
C) chance; chance
D) errors in logic; their unconscious self

Question 54

Mary experiences long periods of time when she feels very depressed.However,she occasionally goes through phases where she is highly focused on her painting and she creates beautiful works that provide a rewarding experience to her.It is most likely that Mary would be diagnosed with

A) major depressive disorder.
B) bipolar II.
C) persistent depressive disorder.
D) bipolar I.

Question 55

John was recently diagnosed with schizophrenia.He frequently makes statements that are not logical and contain repeating rhyming words,such as "The train brain rained on me." In this example,John is displaying

A) disorganized speech.
B) hallucinations.
C) delusions.
D) negative symptoms.

Question 56

You are worried because you have been feeling very down lately.Which of the following would most likely decrease your risk of developing major depressive disorder?

A) having a sibling who has been diagnosed with panic attacks
B) attributing positive events in your life to your own hard work
C) entering REM sleep more often and staying in REM sleep longer
D) feeling that you are not capable of changing your life's course

Question 57

In clients with schizophrenia,men are more likely than women to experience

A) positive symptoms.
B) disorganized behavior.
C) delusions.
D) negative symptoms.

Question 58

Tommy has obsessions about cleanliness and is a compulsive hand-washer.Which of the following pieces of evidence would support the view that his obsessive-compulsive disorder is related to operant conditioning?

A) Although Tommy has been punished by his parents for hand-washing many times, he continues to engage in the behavior.
B) Tommy sees his brother engage in compulsive hand-washing, so he also engages in the behavior.
C) Tommy experiences a large reduction in anxiety whenever he washes his hands, so he continues the behavior whenever he becomes anxious.
D) Tommy read a sign saying that hand-washing helps prevent illness.

Question 59

Sarah is a practicing clinical psychologist.She should expect to see

A) roughly equal numbers of bipolar and depressed clients.
B) many more depressed clients than bipolar clients.
C) more females than males with bipolar disorder.
D) more males than females with depression.

Question 60

People who suffer from major depressive disorder are affected primarily by __________.People who suffer from bipolar I disorder are affected primarily by __________.

A) both mania and low mood; either mania or low mood
B) low mood; mania
C) low mood; low mood and mania
D) mania; low mood

Question 61

Everything on Floyd's desk is kept in its exact place.He straightens his things each day and gets very upset when something is not put back in its proper place.He does not like to bring work home with him because it means the paperwork is not properly filed when he gets to work the next morning.Based on this,Floyd is likely to be diagnosed with a personality disorder in the __________ cluster.

A) eccentric
B) dramatic
C) dissociative
D) anxious

Question 62

Which of the following is NOT a factor that is thought to influence schizophrenia?

A) exposure to viruses
B) birth order
C) abnormal levels of dopamine
D) stressful home life

Question 63

Ted was diagnosed at age 18 with severe schizophrenia.His functioning has progressively gotten worse since his diagnosis.Compared with people who have more mild cases of schizophrenia,neuroimaging of Ted's brain would reveal that he has

A) enlarged temporal lobes.
B) smaller ventricles.
C) a reduced amount of brain tissue.
D) an underactive dopamine system.

Question 64

Angie often has relationships that are full of drama,and her emotions in these relationships range from extremely loving to angry and depressed.Other people view her as intense and unstable.Which cluster of personality disorders is Angie's behavior most likely to fall under?

A) antisocial
B) eccentric
C) dramatic
D) anxious

Question 65

Simon is certain that every time he unlocks his front door,he is actually being tricked into opening up his mind to allow aliens to spy on his thoughts.Simon is most likely experiencing which type of delusion?

A) control
B) referential
C) guilt
D) persecution

Question 66

One of your roommates comes from a small rural town and the other is from a large city.Does this factor affect their probability of experiencing a schizophrenic episode?

A) No, genetic factors override environmental factors in schizophrenia.
B) Maybe, depending on how stressful each person's environment is.
C) Yes, the person from the urban area may be at higher risk for developing schizophrenia.
D) Yes, the person from the rural area may be at higher risk for developing schizophrenia.

Question 67

Dr.Black is interviewing a client.The client displays only the following symptoms: he rarely responds to the doctor's questions,shows no emotions,and does not make eye contact.Is Dr.Black able to make a diagnosis of schizophrenia?

A) Yes, because he is displaying negative symptoms.
B) No, because he is not displaying any hallucinations.
C) Yes, because he is displaying at least two of the five major symptoms.
D) No, because he is only displaying one of the five major symptoms.

Question 68

Research has shown that schizophrenia is influenced by biological factors.Specifically,brain imaging studies have shown that in people with schizophrenia

A) the brain's ventricles become smaller over time.
B) the frontal and occipital lobes show a dramatic increase in activity.
C) the amount of overall brain tissue is reduced.
D) both the amygdala and the hippocampus are not very active.

Question 69

Carmen believes that she has the amazing power to control the thoughts of her classmates and make them do what she wants.Mandy believes that all her classmates are trying to manipulate her thoughts.Carmen is experiencing __________ delusions,while Mandy is experiencing __________ delusions.

A) grandiose; control
B) referential; grandiose
C) persecution; referential
D) control; persecution

Question 70

Sharon has a history of having highly negative emotional reactions when her relationships are disrupted and she often acts impulsively.Sharon is most likely to be diagnosed with __________ personality disorder.

A) dependent
B) borderline
C) antisocial
D) narcissistic

Question 71

Aaron has been diagnosed with borderline personality disorder.Aaron is most likely experiencing

A) disturbances in identity, emotional instability, and impulse control.
B) low intelligence and a lack of remorse.
C) an overly strong sense of self and aggression.
D) strong pleasure-seeking tendencies and aggression.

Question 72

Mario has always tended to have "love-hate" relationships with people who are close to him and constantly worries about people leaving him.Thus,he smothers them with affection only to feel rejected and disappointed when they back away from this behavior.Mario has threatened to commit suicide several times and most people view him as emotionally unstable.Based on this,Mario might be diagnosed with __________ personality disorder.

A) narcissistic
B) paranoid
C) borderline
D) obsessive-compulsive

Question 73

Kelly is studying for her introductory psychology exam and is struggling to learn the personality disorders.Her roommate helps her by explaining that all of the following disorders are part of the anxious cluster (cluster C)EXCEPT

A) avoidant.
B) paranoid.
C) obsessive-compulsive.
D) dependent.

Question 74

Lamont thinks his neighbor sends subliminal messages to his brain.In order to prevent these messages,Lamont believes he should not shower or change his clothes every day.Lamont does not meet the criteria for a diagnosis of schizophrenia,but he may be experiencing long-lasting,maladaptive patterns of interacting with the world around him.In this case,Lamont may be diagnosed with

A) negative symptoms.
B) diminished brain ventricles.
C) dissociative identity disorder.
D) a personality disorder.

Question 75

Klaus has schizophrenia and believes that the ketchup dispenser at McDonalds sends him messages every Tuesday.Klaus's belief about this object being particularly special to him is an example of which type of delusion?

A) control
B) referential
C) grandiose
D) identity

Question 76

Rory knows that the etiology of borderline personality disorder is primarily associated with

A) a genetic predisposition.
B) reduced physical response to anxiety.
C) a history of trauma.
D) a lack of empathy.

Question 77

Which of the following conditions would place you at the greatest risk of developing schizophrenia during your lifetime?

A) Both of your parents have the disorder.
B) Your fraternal twin has the disorder.
C) Your spouse has the disorder.
D) There are generally higher rates of schizophrenia in your culture.

Question 78

When Billy meets with his therapist,he makes statements showing that he likes to manipulate other people,is a good liar,and always needs immediate gratification.Billy's disregard for social norms and the feelings of others means that his therapist is most likely to diagnose him with __________ personality disorder.

A) antisocial
B) borderline
C) narcissistic
D) histrionic

Question 79

Sherry is distrusting of the government and is suspicious that they have had her apartment bugged to hear what she is doing when she is at home.Sherry's odd behavior is consistent with personality disorders in the eccentric cluster,specifically __________ personality disorder.

A) avoidant
B) schizoid
C) histrionic
D) paranoid

Question 80

Compared with people who develop mood or anxiety disorders in adulthood,people who develop schizophrenia

A) show more negative emotions and motor disturbances as children.
B) seek treatment at a younger age.
C) are more likely to take their medications.
D) tend to be higher functioning intellectually as children.