Deck 10: Antimicrobial Treatment

Question 1

Which drug is used to treat cases of tuberculosis?

A)penicillin G
B)vancomycin
C)tetracycline
D)synercid
E)isoniazid

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Selective toxicity refers to

A)damage to pathogenic organisms.
B)damage to prokaryotic cell membranes.
C)damage to the target organisms but not host cells.
D)damage to nucleic acids.
E)None of the choices is correct.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The use of a drug to prevent a person at risk of an imminent infection is called

A)competitive inhibition.
B)synergism.
C)prebiotics.
D)prophylaxis.
E)lantibiotics.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Antimicrobials that are effective against a wide variety of microbial types are termed

A)antibiotics.
B)narrow-spectrum drugs.
C)semisynthetic drugs.
D)synthetic drugs.
E)broad-spectrum drugs.

Question 5

Which antimicrobial does not inhibit cell wall synthesis?

A)gentamicin
B)vancomycin
C)cephalosporins
D)penicillins
E)bacitracin

Question 6

What type of chemical will allow some bacteria to be resistant to many penicillins?

A)synercid
B)penicillinase
C)aztreonam
D)clavulanic acid
E)imipenem

Question 7

Substances that are naturally produced by certain microorganisms that can inhibit or destroy other microorganisms are called

A)antibiotics.
B)narrow-spectrum drugs.
C)semisynthetic drugs.
D)synthetic drugs.
E)broad-spectrum drugs.

Question 8

A chemical that inhibits beta-lactamase enzymes is

A)synercid.
B)penicillinase.
C)aztreonam.
D)clavulanic acid.
E)imipenem.

Question 9

Ampicillin,amoxicillin,mezlocillin,and penicillin G all

A)target the cell wall.
B)have resistance to the action of penicillinase.
C)are semisynthetic.
D)have an expanded spectrum of activity.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 10

Sulfonamides

A)interfere with elongation of peptidoglycan.
B)block folic acid synthesis.
C)attach to the 30S ribosomal subunit and disrupt protein synthesis.
D)damage cell membranes.
E)block peptidases that cross-link glycan molecules.

Question 11

Each of the following target bacterial ribosomes except

A)streptomycin.
B)gentamycin.
C)polymyxins.
D)tetracycline.
E)erythromycin.

Question 12

Penicillins and cephalosporins

A)block folic acid synthesis.
B)attach to the 30S ribosomal subunit and disrupt protein synthesis.
C)damage cell membranes.
D)block peptidases that cross-link glycan molecules.

Question 13

What cell wall inhibiting drug is used in cases of penicillin and methicillin resistance?

A)penicillin G
B)vancomycin
C)tetracycline
D)erythromycin
E)isoniazid

Question 14

The use of any chemical in the treatment,relief,or prophylaxis of a disease is called

A)prophylaxis.
B)chemotherapy.
C)selective toxicity.
D)nephrotoxicity.
E)synergism.

Question 15

Aminoglycosides

A)interfere with elongation of peptidoglycan.
B)block folic acid synthesis.
C)attach to the 30S ribosomal subunit and disrupt protein synthesis.
D)damage cell membranes.
E)block peptidases that cross-link glycan molecules.

Question 16

Each of the following affect cell walls except

A)penicillin.
B)isoniazid.
C)vancomycin.
D)erythromycin.
E)cephalosporin.

Question 17

Sulfa drugs work on

A)nucleic acid biosynthesis.
B)ribosome biosynthesis.
C)peptidoglycan biosynthesis.
D)folic acid biosynthesis.
E)None of the choices is correct.

Question 18

Clavulanic acid

A)inhibits B-lactamase activity.
B)inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis.
C)inhibits formation of peptidoglycan cross linkages.
D)inhibits cell membrane synthesis.
E)None of the choices is correct.

Question 19

Antibiotics are derived from all of the following except

A)Penicillium.
B)Bacillus.
C)Staphylococcus.
D)Streptomyces.
E)Cephalosporium.

Question 20

Important characteristics of antimicrobial drugs include

A)low toxicity for human tissues.
B)high toxicity against microbial cells.
C)do not cause serious side effects in humans.
D)stable and soluble in body tissues and fluids.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 21

Which of the following is not true of polymyxins?

A)disrupt the cell membrane
B)have a narrow spectrum
C)toxic to kidneys
D)target cell walls
E)can treat severe urinary tract infections

Question 22

Acyclovir is used to treat

A)influenza A virus.
B)HIV.
C)herpes simplex virus.
D)respiratory syncytial virus.
E)hepatitis C virus.

Question 23

Mebendazole is a drug used to treat _____ infections.

A)bacterial
B)fungal
C)protozoan
D)helminthic
E)viral

Question 24

Which of the following antibacterial drug groups does not target protein synthesis?

A)clindamycin
B)erythromycin
C)aminoglycosides
D)sulfonamides
E)tetracycline

Question 25

Ketoconazole,fluconazole,clotrimazole,miconazole are broad-spectrum azoles used to treat _____ infections.

A)bacterial
B)fungal
C)protozoan
D)helminthic
E)viral

Question 26

Antimicrobials that are macrolides

A)disrupt cell membrane function.
B)include tetracyclines.
C)include azithromycin,clarithromycin and erythromycin.
D)are very-narrow-spectrum drugs.
E)are hepatotoxic.

Question 27

The cellular basis for bacterial resistance to antimicrobials include

A)bacterial chromosomal mutations.
B)synthesis of enzymes that alter drug structure.
C)prevention of drug entry into the cell.
D)alteration of drug receptors on cell targets.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 28

The multidrug-resistant pumps in many bacterial cell membranes function by

A)bacterial chromosomal mutations.
B)synthesis of enzymes that alter drug structure.
C)removing the drug from the cell when it enters.
D)alteration of drug receptors on cell targets.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 29

Primaquine and chloroquine are drugs used in the treatment of

A)gram-positive infections.
B)gram-negative infections.
C)fungal infections.
D)protozoan infections.
E)viral infections.

Question 30

Which of the following block HIV binding to host cell receptors?

A)AZT
B)acyclovir
C)nevirapine
D)fuzeon
E)amantidine

Question 31

Microbial resistance resulting from mutation occurs because

A)bacterial genomes undergo mutation rapidly.
B)bacterial genomes undergo mutation often.
C)short generation times accumulate mutations in populations.
D)mutations are passed between organisms.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 32

The drug that can cause injury to red blood cells and white blood cells is

A)chloramphenicol.
B)clindamycin.
C)ciprofloxacin.
D)bacitracin.
E)gentamicin.

Question 33

Antiviral drugs that target reverse transcriptase would be used to treat

A)influenza A virus.
B)HIV.
C)herpes zoster virus.
D)respiratory syncytial virus.
E)hepatitis C virus.

Question 34

An antiviral that is a guanine analog would have an antiviral mode of action that

A)blocks penetration.
B)blocks transcription and translation.
C)inhibits DNA synthesis.
D)blocks maturation.
E)bonds to ergosterol in the cell membrane.

Question 35

There are fewer antifungal,antiprotozoan,and antihelminth drugs compared to antibacterial drugs because fungi,protozoa,and helminths

A)do not cause many human infections.
B)are not affected by antimicrobials.
C)are so similar to human cells that drug selective toxicity is difficult.
D)are parasites found inside human cells.
E)have cells with fewer target sites compared to bacteria.

Question 36

Which antimicrobial does not interfere with protein synthesis?

A)aminoglycosides
B)tetracyclines
C)erythromycin
D)trimethroprim
E)gentamicin

Question 37

Which of these drugs has the most narrow spectrum?

A)tetracycline
B)isoniazid
C)erythromycin
D)aminoglycosides
E)cephalosporins

Question 38

Which of the following is not a drug group used to treat fungal infections?

A)quinolones
B)macrolide polyene antibiotics
C)griseofulvins
D)synthetic azoles
E)flucytosines

Question 39

Which of the following is not a mode of action of antiviral drugs?

A)block penetration
B)block transcription and translation
C)inhibit DNA synthesis
D)block maturation
E)bond to ergosterol in the cell membrane

Question 40

Which newer synthetic drug is used to treat MRSA and VRE infections?

A)synercid
B)clindamycin
C)linezolid
D)azithromycin
E)clarithromycin

Question 41

An antibiotic of the penicillin family is penicillin
G.

Question 42

The use of vaginal inserts of Lactobacillus to restore healthy vaginal biota is an example of

A)prebiotics.
B)probiotics.
C)lantibiotics.
D)phytobiotics.
E)riboswitches.

Question 43

Drug susceptibility testing determines

A)the patient's response to various antimicrobials.
B)the pathogen's response to various antimicrobials.
C)if normal flora will be affected by antimicrobials.
D)if the drug is increasing to toxic levels in a patient.
E)None of the choices is correct.

Question 44

A clinical microbiologist makes serial dilutions of several antimicrobials in broth,and then incubates each drug dilution series with a standard amount of a patient's isolated pathogen.What is this microbiologist setting up?

A)Kirby-Bauer
B)antibiogram
C)E-test
D)MIC
E)therapeutic index (TI)

Question 45

A ratio of the dose of a drug that is toxic to humans versus the minimum effective dose for that pathogen is assessed to predict the potential for toxic drug reactions.This is called the

A)Kirby-Bauer.
B)antibiogram.
C)E-test.
D)MIC.
E)therapeutic index (TI).

Question 46

Which therapeutic index value would be the drug of choice?

A)20
B)10
C)1
D)0.1
E)Any value would be equally effective.

Question 47

Each of the following result in drug resistance except

A)drug pumped out of the cell.
B)drug used as a nutrient by the cell.
C)drug binding site altered.
D)drug inactivated.
E)drug blocked from entering cell.

Question 48

A superinfection results from

A)buildup of a drug to toxic levels in the patient.
B)the wrong drug administered to the patient.
C)an immune system reaction to the drug.
D)decrease in most normal flora with overgrowth of an unaffected species.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 49

Each of the following is a mechanism for drug resistance transfer between microorganisms except

A)transposons.
B)R-plasmids.
C)conjugation.
D)mutation.
E)All of the choices provide for transfer of drug resistance.

Question 50

Antimicrobial drugs that inhibit folic acid synthesis work with very few side effects because mammals must get folic acid from their diet.

Question 51

Which two antibiotics affect the DNA and RNA of bacteria?

A)tetracycline and amphotericin B
B)trimethoprim and sulfonamides
C)rifampin and quinolones
D)tetracycline and bacitracin

Question 52

Resistance factor plasmids are transferred to other bacterial cells during transformation,transduction,and conjugation.

Question 53

Side effects that occur in patient's tissues while on antimicrobial drugs include all the following except

A)development of resistance to the drug.
B)hepatotoxicity.
C)nephrotoxicity.
D)diarrhea.
E)deafness.

Question 54

Nutrients that encourage the growth of beneficial microbes in the intestines are known as

A)prebiotics.
B)probiotics.
C)lantibiotics.
D)phytobiotics.
E)riboswitches.

Question 55

Ciprofloxacin is used to treat viral respiratory infections.

Question 56

Broad-spectrum drugs that disrupt the body's normal flora often cause

A)nephrotoxicity.
B)superinfections.
C)allergic reactions.
D)drug toxicity.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 57

When a patient's immune system reacts adversely to a drug,this serious side effect is called a superinfection.

Question 58

Each of the following contributes to emerging drug resistance except

A)overuse of antibiotics.
B)improper use of antibiotics.
C)multiple drug therapy.
D)ingestion of antibiotics with animal feed.
E)addition of antibiotics to common household products.

Question 59

Bacteria can have a natural resistance to a drug that it has never been exposed to.

Question 60

The _____ are drugs that deposit in developing teeth and cause a permanent brown discoloration.

A)streptomycins
B)cephalosporins
C)macrolides
D)tetracyclines
E)penicillins

Question 61

Which of the following is an example of a probiotic?

A)penicillin
B)micafungin
C)yogurt
D)fructans

Question 62

Drug toxicity occurs when an antimicrobial drug acts as antigen and stimulates an allergic response.

Question 63

You indicate to the patient that research has demonstrated that probiotics may also be useful in the management of allergies caused by

A)animal dander.
B)pollen.
C)food.
D)detergents.

Question 64

Indwelling catheter biofilm infections are more resistant to antibiotics than nonbiofilm infections.

Question 65

It is better to use a broad-spectrum drug instead of a more specific narrow-spectrum drug.

Question 66

In the lab,the urine specimen is spread on an agar plate with antibiotic discs placed to determine antimicrobial susceptibility.Following incubation,the clear area around each disc is measured.What term describes the observed area of antimicrobial action around each disc?

A)zone of inhibition
B)zone of susceptibility
C)zone of resistance
D)antibiogram

Question 67

Treatment of urinary tract infections often leads to a superinfection caused by which microbe?

A)Giardia lamblia
B)Lactobacillus acidophilus
C)Escherichia coli
D)Candida albicans

Question 68

You provide education to the patient regarding sulfasoxazole,a sulfonamide that targets folic acid synthesis.The synthesis of which of the following products is affected by inhibition of folate metabolism?

A)DNA
B)RNA
C)DNA and RNA
D)DNA,RNA,and amino acids

Question 69

Following the teaching to patients and families,you assess understanding of the teaching prior to obtaining consent.All of the following are accurate statements by a patient regarding probiotics,except probiotics

A)are live microorganisms.
B)are nutrients to encourage microbe growth.
C)augment the microbes in the intestine.
D)can replace microbes killed during antibiotic therapy.

Question 70

Which of the following reactions by the patient would demonstrate an allergic response?

A)anaphylaxis
B)rash
C)difficulty breathing
D)Anaphylaxis,rash development,and difficulty breathing could all indicate allergic response in a patient.

Question 71

The Kirby-Bauer test uses an agar surface,seeded with the test bacterium,to which small discs containing a specific concentration of several drugs are placed on the surface.

Question 72

You provide education to the patient and his mother regarding the diagnosis.Which of the following statements,by the mother,demonstrates an understanding of the teaching?

A)"My son has an extremely resistant form of MRSA causing his prolonged illness."
B)"My son developed simultaneous bacterial infections."
C)"My son developed a MRSA superinfection,following suppression of normal resident species in his lungs due to his initial infection."
D)"My son has pneumonia caused by a virus."

Question 73

Drugs that are hepatotoxic cause damage to a patient's kidneys.

Question 74

The use of which of the following drugs results in the highest risk of superinfection in a treated patient?

A)broad-spectrum antibiotics
B)narrow-spectrum antibiotics
C)topical antibiotics
D)antivirals

Question 75

The in vivo susceptibility of the pathogen is established,and the patient is maintained on sulfasoxazole.If no in vivo effect of the drug is observed by the patient following the first 7 days of antibiotics,what is the most appropriate action by the medical team?

A)increase the dose of sulfasoxazole
B)discontinue antibiotic therapy
C)discontinue sulfasoxazole and initiate a new antibiotic
D)initiate antiviral therapy

Question 76

Based upon the patient's history,what is the most likely cause of the superinfection?

A)poor hygiene
B)long-term antibiotic therapy
C)fecal-oral contamination
D)community-acquired MRSA

Question 77

An antimicrobial with a low therapeutic index is a safer choice compared to a drug with a high therapeutic index.

Question 78

The MIC is the smallest concentration of an antimicrobial required to inhibit the growth of the microbe.