Deck 13: Aggression and Violence in Sport

Question 1

At this stage of moral development,the individual is concerned with rewards,punishment,and their own welfare.

A)Pre-moral stage.
B)Preconventional stage.
C)Conventional stage.
D)Postconventional stage.

Answer 1

Preconventional stage.

Question 2

The level of morality necessary for ethical everyday life is often partially suspended during athletic competition.

A)Aggression.
B)Assertiveness.
C)Immorality.
D)Bracketed morality.

Answer 2

Bracketed morality.

Question 3

The notion that an athlete's willingness to engage in acts of aggression is related to the athlete's stage of moral development.

A)Theory of cognitive development.
B)Bredemeier's theory of moral reasoning.
C)Piaget's theory of cognitive restructuring.
D)Marten's theory of moral development.

Answer 3

Bredemeier's theory of moral reasoning.

Question 4

Which of the following is not a mechanism of moral disengagement that allows an athlete to disengage from usual moral standards and engage in transgressive behavior?

A)Years of playing experience.
B)Advantageous comparison.
C)Dehumanization of target of aggression.
D)Displacement of responsibility.

Question 5

The "readiness for aggression" notion of Berkowitz's reformulation of the F-A hypothesis is that

A)A frustrating event leads directly to an overt aggressive response.
B)A frustrating event creates a readiness for aggression.
C)Aggression is learned.
D)Aggression is "readied" or prepared as a result of catharsis.

Question 6

Which of the following is not a postulate of the instinct theory of aggression?

A)Aggression is an innate drive like sex or hunger.
B)Aggression can be regulated through discharge (catharsis)or fulfillment.
C)Aggression is a learned behavior.
D)Humans have the same aggressive instincts as animals.

Question 7

The notion of considering the "legitimacy" of aggressive behavior is a good example of a/an

A)Good question to be studied.
B)Poor question to be studied.
C)Oxymoron.
D)None of the above.

Question 8

At this stage of moral development,the individual is concerned with group or team norms.

A)Pre-moral stage.
B)Preconventional stage.
C)Conventional stage.
D)Postconventional stage.

Question 9

Which of the following descriptors do not belong relative to describing hostile aggression?

A)Intent to harm.
B)Goal to harm.
C)Anger.
D)Legitimate force.

Question 10

Which of the following descriptors does not belong relative to describing assertive behavior?

A)Goal to harm.
B)No intent to harm.
C)Legitimate force.
D)Unusual effort and energy expenditure.

Question 11

Which of the following is an example of instrumental aggression?

A)The ball carrier is injured while in the process of being tackled.
B)In an effort to break up a double play,the base runner purposely tries to slide into the shortstop covering the play.
C)In a fit of rage,the pitcher throws a beanball at the batter.
D)The offensive linesman in football injures an opposing player while carrying out his blocking assignment.

Question 12

Which theory of aggression is most closely associated with the notion that aggression serves as a catharsis?

A)Instinct theory.
B)Frustration-aggression theory.
C)Social learning theory.
D)Moral reasoning theory.

Question 13

Research in aggression in ice hockey reveals that the perceived legitimacy of aggressive behavior increases

A)As a function of increased age and competitive level.
B)As a function of whether games are played at home or away.
C)As a function of the quality of parenting.
D)Coaches NFL experience.

Question 14

Which of the following would be an example of overt aggression?

A)Doing destructive violence to an inanimate object.
B)Unintentionally injuring another person during competition.
C)Sliding into second base with cleats high.
D)Aggressive behavior in which there is no chance for the intended victim to be injureD.

Question 15

Which statement is false relative to the catharsis effect in sport?

A)The cathartic effect represents a release of pent-up frustration that often makes one feel better.
B)It is a purging of the anger and frustration associated with not being able to accomplish a goal.
C)Aggression in sport is a legitimate way to release pent-up frustration and anger.
D)Aggression and violence in sport generally leads to more aggression.

Question 16

Consistent with the reformulated F-A hypothesis,which of the following would not heighten the impulse for an aggressive response?

A)Objects having aggressive meaning.
B)Arousal and negative affect.
C)Low aggressive disposition.
D)Influences lowering aggressive restraint.

Question 17

Which of the following is not a mechanism of moral disengagement that allows an athlete to disengage from usual moral standards and engage in transgressive behavior?

A)Minimizing or ignoring consequences.
B)Diffusion of responsibility.
C)Moral justification.
D)Catharsis effect.

Question 18

Intent to harm others through such things as social ostracism and malicious rumors.

A)Misplaced aggression.
B)Instrumental social aggression.
C)Hostile social aggression.
D)Relational aggression.

Question 19

In order for an overt act to be labeled aggression,three of the following conditions must be present.Which condition or item does not belong?

A)Any act involving unusual effort and energy expenditure that results in physical harm to an opponent.
B)Aggression must be against a living target.
C)Intent to harm must be evident.
D)Reasonable expectation that aggression will be successful.

Question 20

Which of the following is not a mechanism of moral disengagement that allows an athlete to disengage from usual moral standards and engage in transgressive behavior?

A)Displacement of responsibility.
B)Social economic status.
C)Attribution of blame.
D)Euphemistic labeling.

Question 21

Which of the following is not likely to be a factor in encouraging aggression in sport?

A)Personality characteristics of athlete (reactive anger,anti-social behavior,etc. ).
B)Mastery climate for practices and games.
C)Sport differences (perceived legitimacy of aggression in sports such as ice hockey).
D)Coaches personality,behavior,and attitudes about aggressive play.

Question 22

Which of the following is/are examples of ways to curtail aggression among athletes?

A)The penalty or punishment that an athlete receives for an act of aggression must be of greater punitive value than the potential reinforcement for committing the act.
B)External stimuli or cues capable of evoking aggression should be removed.
C)Coaches and referees should be encouraged to attend in-service training workshops for dealing with aggression on the part of players.
D)All of the above.

Question 23

Which of the following is not an example of how to reduce athlete aggression and violence in sport?

A)Provide young athletes with models of nonaggressive behavior on the part of "great" athletes.
B)Athletes who engage in overt acts of aggression should not be reprimanded to harshly since this will discourage such behavior and reduce fan appeal.
C)Coaches and referees should be encouraged to attend inservice workshops for dealing with aggression and violence.
D)Athletes who experience problems with violence should practice emotional control over acts of hostile aggression.

Question 24

Base on research,which of the following inventories designed to measure trait aggression and self-described tendencies towards aggression is predictive of actual state aggression in sport?

A)Aggression Questionnaire.
B)Competive Aggressiveness and Anger Scale.
C)Athletic Aggression Inventory.
D)Moral Behavior in Youth Sport Questionnaire.

Question 25

Recognizing and identifying mechanisms of moral disengagement are important,because

A)Humans can rarely justify acts of aggression.
B)Humans possess an innate need to find justification for unethical behavior.
C)This helps to reduce aggression.
D)None of the above.

Question 26

Which of the following is not an example of how to reduce spectator violence associated with sport?

A)Keep fans happy by providing plenty of entertainment and alcoholic beverages.
B)Attendance at athletic events should be promoted as a family affair.
C)Acts of spectator aggression must be quickly and severely dealt with.
D)Media should not attempt to promote friction or hatred between two teams prior to competition.

Question 27

Which of the following is not an example of a way to curtail aggression and violence among fans?

A)The sale,distribution and use of alcoholic beverages at sporting events should be limited and controlled.
B)Fan aggression must be swiftly and severely punished.
C)Media should be encouraged to embellish and magnify acts of violence.
D)Potential troublemakers should be closely supervised or denied admission.

Question 28

Which of the following represents an accurate way to measure actual aggression in athletes? (b)

A)Interview before game to determine level of anger and aggressive tendencies.
B)Record actual attempts to inflict physical harm during a contest.
C)Keep track of number of fouls given to an athlete during a basketball game.
D)Administer the Buss Aggression Inventory prior to the game.

Question 29

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a hockey fan most likely to take part in violence?

A)Young male.
B)History of fighting.
C)Large in stature.
D)React impulsively.

Question 30

Which of the following is not predictive of actual state aggression in sport?

A)Autonomous motivation.
B)Team norm for aggression.
C)Stage of moral development.
D)Self-described likelihood to engage in acts of aggression.

Question 31

The psychological connection that individuals have with their sport teams.

A)Player identification.
B)Fan identification.
C)Fan violence.
D)Athlete violence.

Question 32

The ____________________ emboldens individuals with a disposition for violence to believe that other fans share their infatuation for fighting and would willingly join them in precipitating an altercation.

A)Positive consensus effect.
B)False consensus effect.
C)Anxiety spiral effect.
D)Anger facilitation effect.

Question 33

Which of the following is not likely to be a factor in encouraging aggression in sport?

A)Environmental temperature.
B)Perception of victim's intent.
C)Fear of retaliation.
D)Playing surface.

Question 34

Which of the following is not a factor linked to increased aggression among athletes?

A)Playing surface in baseball.
B)Frequent competition among teams that are geographically close together.
C)Athletes who are high in ego goal orientation.
D)Absence of fear of retaliation.

Question 35

Which of the following statements is false relative to the effects of aggression on performance?

A)If unpunished,aggressive acts can give the aggressor an unfair advantage and appear to enhance performance.
B)In ice hockey,penalized acts of aggression result in a power play which is very punishing to the penalized team.
C)Aggression on the part of athletes actually enhances performance due to the intimidation factor.
D)Generally,aggression on the part of an athlete will constitute a distraction and result in a decrement in performance.