Deck 11: Imagery and Hypnosis in Sport

Question 1

Base upon research,which of the following is not an example of the demonstrated efficacy of imagery in helping the athlete?

A)Enhances the thoughts and emotions of the athlete.
B)Facilitates cognition and motivation.
C)Facilitates distractibility in attentional focus.
D)Its use by successful athletes.

Answer 1

Facilitates distractibility in attentional focus.

Question 2

Using all the senses to re-create or create an experience in the mind.

A)Self-talk.
B)Thought stopping.
C)Attentional focus.
D)Imagery.

Answer 2

Imagery.

Question 3

Which of the following is not a viable theoretical explanation for why imagery enhances athletic performance?

A)Iconic image theory.
B)Psychoneuromuscular theory.
C)Symbolic learning theory.
D)Attention and Arousal set theory.

Answer 3

Iconic image theory.

Question 4

Which theory posits that imagery results in subliminal neuromuscular patterns?

A)Iconic image theory.
B)Psychoneuromuscular theory.
C)Symbolic learning theory.
D)Attention and arousal set theory.

Question 5

Which statement is false relative to the use of mental practice and time factors?

A)More is not necessarily better when it comes to the use of mental practice.
B)More is always better when it comes to the use of mental practice.
C)Mental practice is more beneficial when it precedes physical practice as opposed to following physical practice.
D)Mentally practicing for 1 to 3 minutes is more beneficial than mentally practicing for 5 to 7 minutes.

Question 6

In a real sense,the brain cannot tell the difference between an actual physical event and the vivid imagery of the same event.

A)False statement.
B)True statement.
C)Partially true statement.
D)Partially false statement.

Question 7

Imagery cannot be used by the brain to

A)See into the future.
B)Provide repetition of events.
C)Elaborate on events.
D)Intensification of experiences.

Question 8

According to symbolic learning theory,imagery works to improve performance because

A)The individual literally plans her actions in advance.
B)It results in subliminal neuromuscular patters.
C)It provides a preview of future events.
D)None of the above.

Question 9

Mentally imaged actions and actual physical execution of actions share the same neurophysiological processes.

A)Iconic image theory.
B)Psychoneuromuscular theory.
C)Symbolic learning theory.
D)Functional equivalence hypothesis.

Question 10

The "what" of imagery describes the _____________ of what is being imaged.

A)Purpose
B)Content (e.g.black & white or color)
C)Use
D)Context

Question 11

Which of the following is false relative to the where and when of imagery use?

A)Most imagery takes place during training as opposed to during competition.
B)Most imagery takes place during competition.
C)Most imagery takes place prior to competition as opposed to during or after.
D)Some imagery takes place at home away from the practice facility.

Question 12

Which of the following is not an example of the content of an image?

A)Imaging in color.
B)Imaging for a specific purpose.
C)Imaging in slow motion.
D)Images are clear and sharp.

Question 13

The use of imagery or mental practice works best in which of the following situations?

A)The athlete is a beginner.
B)The activity has a very small cognitive component.
C)The athlete does not believe in imagery.
D)The athlete is an advanced performer.

Question 14

Which of the following statements is false?

A)Mental practice is superior to physical practice.
B)Mental practice is most effective with tasks that have a large cognitive component.
C)Learning as well as performance is influenced by mental practice.
D)A combination of mental practice and actual practice results in the greatest level of performance and learning.

Question 15

Which of the following statements is not true about imagery?

A)An image can be created in the mind in the absence of external stimuli.
B)An image may involve one or all of the senses.
C)An image cannot be created,it can only be reproduced.
D)An image is created from information stored in the sensory register,working memory,and/or long term memory.

Question 16

Which of the following has not been used as a synonym for imagery?

A)Cognitive rehearsal.
B)Overt practice.
C)Mental rehearsal.
D)Visualization.

Question 17

Research shows that the ability to use imagery to visualize events

A)Is based upon language skills and not any aspect of the brain.
B)Only occurs when we reproduce a recent event.
C)Resides in the brain generally (diffuse).
D)Is based on a specific region in the brain responsible for seeing things in our mind's eye.

Question 18

Which of the following statements is/are false relative to the timing of imagery?

A)Actual physical execution of a task takes longer than the comparable imaged execution of the same task.
B)The speed of a mental image can be manipulated.
C)Time durations of actual and imaged task execution are similar.
D)Complex task images take longer to execute that simple ones.

Question 19

Seven point functional equivalence checkpoints for imaged and actual physical performance.

A)ACTABBD.
B)IACAAIF.
C)PETTLEP.
D)None of the above.

Question 20

Which is not one of the four W's associated with imagery?

A)Where/when.
B)What.
C)Why.
D)Who.

Question 21

Imagery ________ reflects individual differences in the way an individual approaches imagery.

A)Style.
B)Vividness.
C)Controllability.
D)Intensity.

Question 22

Which of the following intervention programs is also referred to as Anxiety Management Training (AMT)?

A)Visualizing Success in Sport Program.
B)Visual Motor Behavior Rehearsal.
C)Stress Inoculation Training.
D)Stress Management Training.

Question 23

Which function of imagery is used to help the athlete experience goal attainment,effective coping,and arousal management?

A)Cognitive functioning.
B)Attentional functioning.
C)Motivational functioning.
D)Internal functioning.

Question 24

In the initial induction phase,hypnotism is physiologically identical to

A)Progressive relaxation.
B)Autogenic training.
C)Meditation.
D)All of the above.

Question 25

Which function of imagery is used to help the athlete experience specific sport skills and to plan strategies in advance of competition?

A)Cognitive functioning.
B)Attentional functioning.
C)Motivational functioning.
D)Internal functioning.

Question 26

Which of the following is not a cognitive-behavioral intervention program discussed in the text?

A)Visualizing Success in Sport Program.
B)Visual Motor Behavior Rehearsal.
C)Stress Inoculation Training.
D)Stress Management Training.

Question 27

Imagery ________ rates the clarity,strength and distinctiveness of images.

A)Style.
B)Vividness.
C)Controllability.
D)Intensity.

Question 28

The athlete imagines herself executing a sport task from within her own body.

A)Internal imagery.
B)Visual imagery.
C)Kinesthetic imagery.
D)Proprioceptive imagery.

Question 29

Paivio clarified that imagery has both a _________ and __________ function.

A)Cognitive,attentional.
B)Motivational,coping.
C)Internal,external.
D)Cognitive,motivational.

Question 30

The athlete imagines himself to be outside of his body watching from a distance.

A)Out of body experience.
B)Visual imagery.
C)Proprioceptive imagery.
D)External imagery.

Question 31

Which of the following relaxation interventions is associated with reductions in oxygen consumption,respiration rate,and heart rate?

A)Progressive relaxation.
B)Autogenic training.
C)Meditation.
D)All of the above.

Question 32

Which of the following is not a viable definition of hypnosis?

A)The uncritical acceptance of a suggestion.
B)A procedure wherein changes in sensations,perceptions,thoughts,feelings,or behaviors are suggested.
C)An altered state of consciousness unrelated to hyper-suggestability.
D)An induced temporary condition of being,a state,that differs mentally and physiologically from a person's normal state of being.

Question 33

In this function (type)of imagery,the athlete imagines herself in a specific setting that is highly motivating,e.g.the athlete imagines herself making the winning basket in an important basketball game.

A)Motivational-Specific (MG-M).
B)Motivational General-Mastery (MG-M).
C)Motivational General-Arousal (MG-A).
D)Cognitive Specific (CS).

Question 34

What important variable moderates the relationship between imagery type and outcome in the Martin et al.(1999)applied model of imagery use in sport?

A)Sport situation.
B)Imagery ability.
C)Imagery vividness.
D)Imagery control.

Question 35

Which of the following is not an example of the purpose or function of imagery use (why)?

A)Edification.
B)Entertainment.
C)Imagery perspective.
D)Motivation.

Question 36

What are the two dimensions in Paivio's conceptual model of imagery?

A)Imagery functioning,imagery practice.
B)Imagery purpose,imagery application.
C)Imagery stability,imagery locus.
D)Imagery vividness,Imagery control.

Question 37

What imagery inventory was developed to parallel Paivio's conceptual model of imagery?

A)Movement Imagery Questionnaire.
B)Individual Differences Questionnaire.
C)Imagery Use Questionnaire.
D)Sports Imagery Questionnaire.

Question 38

There exists two perspectives from which imagery can be applied.The two imagery perspectives are

A)Kinesthetic,visual.
B)Proprioceptive,visual.
C)Internal,external.
D)None of the above.

Question 39

In this function (type)of imagery,the athlete imagines himself reviewing team defensive strategies in volleyball,e.g.the athlete imagines the team shifting the defensive formation to defend against a quick attack from the middle.

A)Motivational General-Mastery (MG-M).
B)Motivational General-Arousal (MG-A).
C)Cognitive Specific (CS).
D)Cognitive General (CG).

Question 40

In order for imagery to facilitate learning and performance,the imagery must be _______,require ________,and be ________.

A)Focused,motivation,and be enjoyable.
B)Relevant,fortitude,deliberate.
C)Relevant,concentration,enjoyable.
D)None of the above.

Question 41

Which of the following is an example of "neutral hypnosis"?

A)The subject is asked to bark like a seal.
B)The subject has just been hypnotized and is experiencing the effects of the relaxation response.
C)The subject is imagining herself serving a volleyball during competition.
D)The athlete is experiencing eustress.

Question 42

Why is negative thought suppression ineffective or counterproductive to positive outcome?

A)It calls attention to the negative thought that is trying to be avoided.
B)It calls attention to the negative thought that is trying to be facilitated.
C)It calls attention to the positive thought that is trying to be facilitated.
D)None of the above.

Question 43

It is during the ___________ that the hypnotist actually hypnotizes the subject.

A)Pre-hypnotic phase.
B)Hypnotic phase.
C)Induction phase.
D)Waking hypnotic phase.

Question 44

Which of the following statements is false relative to hypnosis?

A)An individual does not need to be hypnotized to be responsive to suggestions.
B)Hypnosis is not a dangerous procedure when practiced by a qualified researcher or clinician.
C)While hypnotized,individuals lose the ability to control their behavior.
D)The function of a hypnotic induction is to increase suggestibility to a minor degree.

Question 45

Which of the following statements is not true relative to hypnosis and athletic performance?

A)Positive suggestions are effective in facilitating performance regardless of whether or not the athlete is hypnotized.
B)The deeper the trance the more likely suggestions will be effective.
C)Negative suggestions given during hypnosis generally result in a decrement in performance.
D)Hypnosis is very effective in all kinds of athletic events for improving performance.

Question 46

Which of the following is an example of "waking hypnosis"?

A)The subject has just come out of the hypnotic trance.
B)The athlete has just been hypnotized and is experiencing the effects of the relaxation response.
C)While under the hypnotic trance,the athlete is asked to imagine performing an athletic event.
D)The athlete has not yet been hypnotizeD.

Question 47

Which of the following statements is false relative to hypnosis?

A)The ability to experience hypnotic phenomenon indicates gullibility or personal weakness.
B)Hypnosis is not the same as sleep.
C)Hypnotic responsiveness depends more on the efforts and abilities of the individual being hypnotized than on the skill of the therapist.
D)Spontaneous amnesia or forgetting is relatively rare following hypnosis.

Question 48

Which of the following statements is false relative to hypnosis?

A)Hypnosis does not precipitate a literal re-experiencing of childhood events.
B)Hypnosis is not a dangerous procedure when practiced by qualified researchers or clinicians.
C)Hypnosis can increase the accuracy of memory.
D)Most hypnotized individuals are not faking compliance to suggestions.

Question 49

Which statement is false relative to self-hypnosis?

A)Heterohypnosis is an extension of self-hypnosis.
B)In heterohypnosis,the subject is hypnotizing herself with assistance from the therapist.
C)Self-hypnosis and heterohypnosis are completely different phenomena.
D)All hypnosis is really self-hypnosis.

Question 50

Which of the following would be a poor example of a posthypnotic suggestion?

A)When you get into the batter's box you will feel relaxed and confident.
B)When you prepare to shoot a free throw in basketball you will feel comfortable in the situation.
C)When you prepare to receive a serve in volleyball you will confident in you ability.
D)When you step into the batter's box you will be able to make solid contact with the ball.

Question 51

Hypnosis is identical to autogenic training and transcendental meditation in terms of

A)The procedures used to elicit the relaxation response.
B)The resultant relaxation response.
C)The attitude of the subject.
D)The mental device that is useD.

Question 52

Self-hypnosis is preferable to heterohypnosis in sport because

A)It results in better performance.
B)It is easier to achieve the hypnotic trance.
C)You can get more relaxed.
D)It does not involve dependence on another person.

Question 53

Which statement is false relative to waking up from the hypnotic trance?

A)Subject cannot come out of the hypnotic trance until asked to do so by the therapist.
B)The only reason a subject might not come out of a hypnotic trance is because he/she does not want to.
C)Subject can come out of the hypnotic trance anytime they want to.
D)The trance can be very pleasant,and the subject my not want to come out when asked the first time.

Question 54

Which of the following does not occur during the hypnotic phase of hypnosis?

A)Subject experiences neutral hypnosis.
B)Subject experiences waking hypnosis.
C)Subject given posthypnotic suggestions.
D)Subject carries out posthypnotic suggestions.

Question 55

Which of the following is not an important component of preparation of the subject?

A)Subject must be relieved of fears and apprehensions about hypnotism.
B)Subject must have not eaten food in the previous four hours.
C)Subject must have complete trust in the therapist.
D)Subject must be told that they will remain in control at all times.

Question 56

Which of the following is not a psychological skill used during hypnotic induction?

A)Relaxation.
B)Focused attention.
C)Imagery.
D)Increased sympathetic nervous system stimulation.